A project of Volunteers In Asia

Animal-Driven

Power Gear Division of Narcotic Drugs

Published by United Nations 2.0. Box 500 A-1400 Vienna AusLz ia AvailabSe from: United Nations P.0, Box 500 A-1400 Vienna Austria

Division

of Narcotic

Drugs

Reproduced by permission of the United Division of Narcotic Drugs.

Nations

Reproduction of this microfiche document in any form is subject to the same restrictions as those of the original document.

A new source of energy for rural devetopmen t in opium-growing areas.

Unit@61

Natlams,

IS75

This accordance of Narcotic national control, purpose gear for replace United introduction

pamphlet with Drugs. authorities especially

is one of a series It provides basic with

produced Nations information the problem

in Division for of drug Its power to the

the policy

of the United

concerned in the crop authorities

substitution in facilitating

sector.

is

to assist

at the village processing new crops may also

level which

of animal-driven are intended crops. to the particularly

the cultivation Nations specialized

of narcotic agencies, with

The pamphlet UNIDO, which and crop application Drugs, Palais Further

be of interest agricultural regions Division

FAO and implements

are concerned copies of this

substitution

in remote Nations

of the world. by of Narcotic

pamphlet Geneva.

may be obtained

to the United des Nations,

CONTENTS

Page IN'?RODUCTION Technical Description ............ 3

7

Small Power Unit 1axg-e Power Unit Threshing Grinding Yinnower Root Cutter
C()NCJJJS;ON

.............. ..............

11 13
17 19
25

Machine .............. Chaff-cutting or Chopping Machine ...... Mill ................ .................

.................

..................

25 27

----o(-J(-J-Jooo-----

INTRODUCTlqN

The world-wide problem of controlling illicit drugs is being tackled in many ways through different disciplines. Iaw enforcement act forcefully is one, but it against illicit is difficult cultiva.tion and inhumane to of the plants are

from which drugs such as opium, coca and cannabis

produced - drugs which are the source of most international illicit traffic - when farmers are heavily dependent on these crops for cash income. The United Nations, co-operating their with Specialized therefore,

Agencies and the'governments

concerned are,

trying to introduce alternative crops and other sources of they are already meeting with some success in income: Thailand. A major obstacle mechanical efficient combustion to progress, in the'remote areas

where most of these plants processing

are grown, is the lack of needed for

energy to power the machinery

There is no electric

of a greater quantity of farm produce. of the internal power. Introduction because of the heavy

engine is almost impossible

-l-

capital

xtlay,

hi&

Jxrating

costs and maintenc21: "ener,T crisis", available in order to the use of may power Variants I;F';: c?fforts kinds of

diffic>Alties. As a result of the recent have been made to gznerate sun, the wind or other fuel. itself land, illicit seeking The United Eations power by using Division the h~zt of the drugs is

cheap and readily

of Narcotic of iniprovizg

an "energy breakthrough" difficulties that

overcome the tnherenx crops.

water and human resources It is believed

in areas whim::: now produce this br-akthrough of ani3:ai-driven

be achieved with modern adaptations

gear* This has played a major part in boosting agricultural progress over wide areas of ISurcpe. Nachineqy for more efficient processing, recent tractors, however, which'are assistance research diesel by the Division engines small-scale of NareJtic crop

have also been used in the Nile basin from time immemorial. which has been developed ani modernized after

Drugs with

from the Government of Poland, cr electric is concerned with

can be powered by The Division, motors. of illicit crops

the replacement

gown in areas out of reach of such equipment. a source of power which can use local Animals are nearly always available to generate energy for other the operation sources of equipment until

The aim is to fled sources of energy. of simple agricultural energy gradually

which can be harnessed

become available,

-2-

TECHNICAL

DESCRIPTION

Animal-driven power gear works on the same principle as a bicycle which is basically an arrangement of levers and gears that transforms slow leg-movement into the speedy rotation of a wheel. EI one type (Fig. l), there is a compact set of iron gears which need only be firmly based on a clearing large horizontal of level input land, each about 4 metres long, wooden bars or levers, are bolted to the centre of the
TWO

gear.

They extend like

two spokes

of a large wheel. A horse or other animal is hitched to the outer end of each bar, and it can be easily trained to walk slowly bullor,ks, turning times, in a circle. can be powered by horses, etc, cows9 camels, donkeys, The gear unit

Walking at a comfortable pace, the animal can make three complete circles per minute, thus the input gear at that speed. The series of of say 25 or 44 the is of

meshing gears gives a speed multiplication so the output gear rotates per minute. !I?he output number and the strength usually

at 75 or 135 revolutions

is, of course, dependent.on of the animals used, but it for operating a variety

more than sufficient

-39

li

individual grinding extraction.

processing mill,

machines,

such as a thresher, or a press for oil

a or juice

a chaff-cutter

These machines are preferably close to the power gear unit. with gear by a drive-shaft

placed under cc,izr,

Each can be connected to the two sections linked by universal

joints. The section of the shaft nearest the gear runs flat along the ground, SO that the animals can step over it easily as they circle round. angled up to couple it The outer section can then be to the processing machine. \

-6-

SMALL

POWER

UNIT

The machine
tW0

(shown in Fig. to the outer

2) can be driven to the large input three

by gear. circuits to The per

animals

bitched

ends of two wooden bars

4 metres animals minute. the output drive

long which sre bolted walk in a circle This unit shaft

a,nd can complite and this attachments.

has a gear ratio is 75 r.p.m.

of 24 : 1.

The speed o.f

is sufficient The over-all stages step-up

most of the processing There are three

speed multiplication power unit. with pinion a small The large

is 50 times. speed multiplication input the first in the axis meshes This gear on a vertical bevel-toothed but has a higher the final

spur gear for with

in speed.

is integral

a larger

crown gear peripheral

which rotates drives The axis so that away. a small

at the same rate, greater pinion shaft bevel last for

speed because of its of this the output

diameter.

The crown gear then multiplication. to the others, to 10 metres and thus able about angles

gear is at right which are placed

can be horizontal

power the attachments,

-7-

-c

_i.~_i_-rr__

.,.

.^I-^-

The two horizontal inserted in a simple carrying the jcxmnals

gears turn metal for the pinion

on vertical on its output

spindles shaft. is with

'

basz ,,7ate, the assembly,

which also

supports

As a found?!+iofl

the base plate

bo1te.i to two thick

their could top surfaces also

wooden beams. just level with in a simple to which input with

These are buried the ground. concrete the animals base,,

The plate are hitched bolts near

be anchored

The two wooden bars are fastened ." " , the centre, to the large

gear by single shouldered

.!l'hey are held by close-fitting rod e and tensioned

channels flanges at the by turnbuckles

moulded into the casting, Stays made of iron rim.

are connected between

the outer

ends of the wooden bars and

I, ,), ,. ?/ f <' i: c 1;. I $i [ '_I II

attachment eyes on the gear rim behind the supporting flanges* These are placed behind the direction of movement of the bars and take the strain of the pulling animals
which can be placed on either side of the bars, according

to the directirx either clockwise output drive

The output

of rotation. or anti-clockwise.

The machine can be rotated of operation, side bevel pinion the extends

To accommodate this shaft carrying

flexibility the final

can be taken from either

of the machine.

*: ..^ I '.

along the entire base of the machine, and the drive-shaft leading to the attachments can be coupled to either end. It is, of course, important that rotation of the output shaft is in the correct direction to drive the attachment!

The drive-shaft universal joint, at sn angle. two pieces swivel-pins. castings hinged flexibility. The shaft five metres shallow inner tilted covered section

is coupled which enables

to the output formation

shaft

by a

the power to be transmitted consisting These and member by

This joint piece joined are positioned The iron

is of normal at right to a central parts

of a U-shaped metal are independently or forgings arrangement

at the end of each shaft. angles cross-shaped are simple

to each other

of the joint produced. in torsion

and easily is rigid

This doubleangular

but provides each about

is made in two sections, The first trench, runs along joint so that A universal

long. easily.

the ground or in a animals can thi:E can be a then couples one, which

the circling

step over it

of the shaft

to the outer

up at any angle machine.

to be coupled

to the required for use at a

processing radius it.

The shaft can be left

can be moved so that in position

number of machines

of 10 metres from the power unit

and spaced around

-Y-

- 10 -

LARGE

POWER

UNIT

This unit four three animals. circuits (Fig.

can be adapted The gear ratio per minute 3):

for

use with shaft

two or turns at about one of the use there but with to the one

is 1 : 44 and with' shows only normal unit,

the output

130 r,p.m. should

The photograph in place. as with of this For full the smaller

two wooden drawbars be two bars, hitched design The basic for with there spindle spindle elasticity beams that blacksmith's with a larger two animals, the greater are three The large resting two animals

to each one. machine is similar the components

although

arc larger to cope Here again power which is generated. speed multiplication crown-type input on a fabricated stages. gear runs on a vertical The top of the iron base. which is rnoT!e smoothly. iron a desirable the parts amount cf

is supported

by a wooden cross-member, so that between

easy to make and which provides to the equipment can be bent forge, This wooden member is bolted

two I-section U-shape in a which

to the required a small

The crown gear drives

pinion

is integral spindle.

spur gear on a common horizontal - 11 -

This output

large

gear then rotates which carries leading drive-shaft

the small the universal

final

pinion joint for

on the the

shaft,

two-piece Once again, simple ground, ircn

to the various

attachments. are fairly is bedded in the

most of the parts of this unit E-E? entire assembly castings. in a simple coIlcrete

preferably

or wooden base.

Fig. 3 - Tivesher

with work-table remwed to retpeal some of the inner rnechar~isnz

- 12 -

THRESHING

MACHINE

The basic separate and other cereal

threshing crops.

unit

(Fig,

4) is designed
of wheat,

to barley

the ears of grain

from the straw

There is a 1ong;ltudinal drum 1800 mm long and 230 mm in diameter rotated at about 1100 to 1250 r.p,m, This has six beater and is partially it is wider bars fixed around its is iadjustable, than at ._ encircled and cylinder by a concave wire

circumference, grid.

The gap between the grid outlet. Typical

and is set so that the lower With and drum, forced beater kernels

at the upper inleit

settings in place

are 22-24 mm at the top (Fig.

and 4-5 mm at the bottom, the work-table

5) the harvested
the grid are the hopper the grain stalk? and the

crop is fed evenly down into fall

by hand into the narrowing the wire behind

the space between rotates g-,p. grid

A, the drum slowly

At the same time, into a collecting

bars knock the grain through a chute full The straw

out of the husks,

at the back. drops out into per hour, 2 to 3 horse larger

then passes around the drum and the machine. of 300 kg of grain requires about by the be used, easily it

The thresher For this power.

has a maximum output capacity though

This can be provided the smaller

power gear unit

can also

- 13 -

Fig. 5 - Thresher it: use with work-tuble irt position.

14 -

Simple reduction
the correct

gearing

on the input speed. A foot

shaft pedal

gives enables

the drum the drum

rotational

to be braked by the operator

wire with rod, and iron castings.

at any time. of wood, sheet metal, !!Jhe unit constructed to place. engine. for The use

The machine is made mainly

power gear weighs

equipped

615 kg and is mounted on four wheels

with a pulley ?r electric and may be powered

which enable it
machine is also

to be towed from place or by a diesel

by a tractor,

- 15 -

- 16 -

CHAFF-CUTTING

OR CHOPPING

MACHINE

This unit into short

(Fig. for

6) cuts straw,
animal feed.

hay or similar It

fodder

lengths

can be powered by with into The

the same power gear unit. The machine has a flywheel two radial (possibly rollers rollers it forward knives on its inner from the adjacent which slowly rotate 1 metre in diameter face. are fed directly a pair of toothed directions. Armfu!-s of straw

thresher)

the hopper , and pushed by hand towards in opposite compress the straw bundle, ,towards the knives. With each half-revol,ution knives slices off

at the same time drawing one of the or other on the rollers,

of the flywheel falls into a container or chaff that

the ends of the compacted straw of the cuttings

fodder.
ground.

The cut material The length

may be either

10 or 18 mm, depending which determines each cut. can be mixed with The flywheel the rollers through To produce

on the speed of the toothed improved cattle fodder,

the amount of straw silage, is turned a simple

is fed in before the cuttings nutrients. speed and drives gears.

meal or other at a constant train

of cast-iron

- 17 -

Replacing

or shifting
allows

one pair for

of gears m the input their rotational the entire

train speed.

to the rollers

changing

Aside from the flywheel, gears and rollers, machine is made of wood.

- 18 -

GRINDING

;MILL

This

machine

(Fig.

7) for use with

flour

the animal-driven There are facing each

power gear unit two circular other I grindstones A drive-shaft stone, ,. about .:. vi bottom central

produces

from grain. axis.

grindstones is stationary passing it

of 500 mm diameter

on a common horizontal

The first of these and has a hole in the centre. this hole supports the second of step-up joint. which holds by a series universal the hoGper,

through

and rotates Grain it

at 600 r.p.m, aA the coupling L,

gears from the input

50 kg at a time.

is poured by hand into falls

I%.rough an adjustable opening in the down a t!be which feeds it through the stone.

hole

drops into is crushed

From here the grain the space between the two grindstones, where it rotates against theother. outward by the 017 inside into a force pushes the ground particles which At the same time, stone create air, several a foxed plus

in the stationary

and ground as one stone the two stones,

Centrifugal from between box-like enclosure.

are then contained draught

fan blades

the rim of the rotating the enclosurep action, forces

This circulating the particI.es

the centrifugal an opening

out through
- 19 -

20 -

metal

duct which The,fineness

supports

a sack in which

the flour by an

can be

collected. of the flour which alters can be varied the spacing adjustment rotating nut at the end of the drive-shaft grindstone stone. supporting between it the and

the stationary

- 21 -

22

WINNOWER

Before cleaned. (Fig. husks, series little It could

the threshed This could

grain

is ground it kernels

should

firs+,

be

be done with the grain The material while

a hand-driven

winnower a to

8) which separates sand and dirt. of wire screens

from the chaff, draught requires by hand.

is shaken through a forced The action operated

creating waste. for

blow away the light-weight however be adapted

potirer and the machine is easily use with

the animal-driven into the hopper horizontal crank wire is is turned fall of screens and

power gear. Grain from the thresher is poured

drops into the topmost of a stack s&--~x~s spaced about 80 mm apart.

shaken OI= vibrated sideways

of four

This array

as the operating

The ingredients at about 45 to 60 r.p.m. throug& or are retained by the different

then either screens.

The mesh tif the screens varies from top to bottom, with the coarsest at ti;e top. This one holds the chaff. Everything else falls onto-the second screen which is of less coarse mesh, This retains the husks, but allows the grain to pass through to the third screen. At the same
time, the hand-crank turns a large fan at the back of the and husks off the two '\

machine, which blows the light

-

chaff

23

top

(and forward The two lower

tilted) screens grain

screens

and out through slightly on the finer to flow

a to the rear, third one

broad opening so that

at the front

of the machine. are tilted collected of air. back down container. The output

the heavier

is not affected Continuous the inclined is about dirt wLch screen All different The four slotted machine. The winnower sheets, with gears that arrangement screens around their turn

by the blast vibration screen

causes the grain

to a collecting

600 kg per hour. is mixed with

At the same time, any sand or the grain sifts through the third one, which has the finest have the same dimensions, a set of eight. various types grain All are order. of the have of grain.

and drops on to the bottom the wooden-framed meshes to permit screens into selected the vibrating are slotted screens with use with for into carrier

mesh of all. and each winnower is supplied

any particular a rack

in the correct on the side

Spare screens

is made almost the fan,

entirely

of wood and metal and a pair of there is a simple that give the and can be

the exception

of the crank-shaft

In addition, of rods and reeking levers vibrating a pair motion.

The machine weighing handles.

*30 kilogrammes

is mounted on two wheels of barrow-like

moved around with

24

ROOT

CUTTER

This machine beet and other animal conical blades flywheel speed. feed. discs root It

(Fig. crops

9) slices into

potatoes, pieces

turnips, suitable are a pair

sugar for of of curved slow and own

small

is hand-operated each other, rotate

and has an output each with

500 kg per hour.

projecting

At the base of the hopper from the surface.

facing

26 short

The crank

is on a

which helps

the cones at a steady roots, by their

The hopper can hold guide plates weight rotated, through against ensure that

22 kg of harvested they are pressed chips

the moving blades. gouge out short below the discs.

As the discs which

are then drop

the blades the opening

25

Fig. 9

Root cutter, jbr making animal feed.

- 26 -

CONCLUSION

The construction simple, production not present All generally fouldries. difficulty. finishing mould. forged parts

of the basic

power gear unit parts, countries

is and should

There are no complex or precision of the components serious be produced problems. castings, facilities in developing

the gears are rough iron Only melting

which could would be no or other joints could be

from scrap metal and pouring sand moulds should and are used just parts like universal skilled

in existing present

needed and suitable operations Other metal

They need no milling,

grinding

as they come from the

by a reasonably are lightly

blacksmith. slow speeds and the close for tolerances arc! the machining bolts requirements used to join transport parts of

The machine runs at relatively stressed to cut its so that the only the holes unnecessary. would be a drill various dismantled into In general,

components.

The entire to another.

assembly

is easily

component p,,trts

to simplify

from one location the assembly. shaF:, and gives

Wood is used for

the base and some structural available, elasticity

Timber is normally some desirable

is easy to to the equipment.

- 27 -

In the case of heavier base would be required.

gear units

a simple wood or concrete

The plain bearing supporting Maintenance is simple. the large input gear requires only occasional lubrication; animal fat can be used for this if commercial grease is not

available. drip-feed

For the other arrangements,

gears

there should dirt

are oil

holes

or

The gear teeth

themselves attract * *

not be lubricated, and cause abrasive

because this
wear.

would only

* processing machines The Polish samples of Nations. of the de

The power gear and the various

described in this booklet were made in Poland. Government generously provided and transported the equipment to Geneva as a gift
!I!hese are set up for demonstration Nations to the United et Horticoles Office

in the grounds

hboratoire
Ch&telaine,

de Techniques @icoles
near the United

in Geneva. Government,

By special

arrangement with the Polish

there are no licensing requirements for local manufacture of the power gear. This also applies to the processing machines, which could likewise be manufactured in most developtig countries.
The processing machines, which are considered in any very

useful

by farmers because they are reliable

- 28 -

circumstances, can be attached to the power unit as well as to other driving engines. Variants of these machines already exist, for example, those for pressing seed for oil or sugar cane for husking, are well easily units.
juice. Others, like those used for countries, rice known in most Asian and could

be adapted for use with

animal-driven

power gear
oil seed very

Manual methods in the processing and other crops in developing countries

of grain,

are normally

The animal-driven power gear, by labour-intensive and slow. directly to freeing human labour resources, could contribute This in turn would increase the increasing crop production. farmers' incomes, a matter of major concern to the Division of Narcotic Drugs in its activities to counter the illicit These same power gear units production of narcotic crops, could also be adapted for generating electricity in villages

and for powering small cottage industries, The major advantage of this equipment

is

that

it

can be

produced at a relatively low cost, and can then be sold at I prices which are compatible with farmers' low incomes. The additional cost of operation and maintensnce is minimal The equipment is where fm animals are already available. simple and the principles known in many countries. on which it
operates

are already

- 29 -

The release burdensome role with taking their articles community. handicrafts this the welfare an opportunity natural traditional

of women from their in agricultural is potentially populations. work,

traditional of great

basic importance

and to

which csn be achieved and machines would have then use

equipment, of rural

With animals cottage industries Women could talents jewellery

over from human muscle, skills

to grow and flourish. and aesthetic carpets, woven fabrics,

in the making of or leather such the entire

the sale

of which would benefit an increasing which the wozld. with

There is also throughout

demand for

In the communities

the Division This in turn necessary equipment,

of Narcotic could lead

Drugs is concerned,
important operate motors to the acquisition diesel

effective

use of animal

power is an to buy and electric

step towards

these goals.

of the capital

engines, generating . These sources or tractors. with

of power become a real of the national prosperity in increased

possibility

a change in the pattern

economy and agriculture developing countries.

bringing

30

Printed at U.N. Geneva GE.75-1457-February 1975-500

AGRICULTURALMAC~YFORUS WITH GEAR

WHEllT GRIIJPDEMILLS - Tsps Ho., SD.U (Al23) .'.. 'phe t%lii grinding mill is designed for grinding or milling rye, barley, oats or the seede of leguminous plants. After adjastmant of the grindstones, it can be used for mill* wheat, it yields a ooaree: flour. . Teoknioal swcifioztions 1. 1. Hopper capaoity 2. .- Drsve - -: Weight 3. 49 , Height Width 5 6. Length . . &ad 70 Grindstonerotation 8, Grindstone diameter about 50 kg by a team of horses abcyt 210 kg 119 am 100 cm I.15 om 600 rpm niaxb 500 lm

Two

grin&3tones,

one fixed and one movable, poatiiuned vertically,

form a

working unit. The fineness of the flour dependa on the intwval between the grincLstones9 which is set by meau of an adjusting sorew. The power to drive the moving grindstone ia supplied by a team of boxes and transmitte..l through toothed wheels. Or& is plaoed in the hopper above the mill; when the catch is r~jleaseci, thus grain into a spiraltu'be. The grain slips don the spir&L between the grindstones. .The f3.ow is throw. out from the grixxdstones lqy centrifigal force and 5~3 thw aollect2d by sarapers a-i; the outlet, to whioh a sack is attached.
fall8

a+ instruotions These

have been translated from Polish wd arcs a wxnuwy of IESXN&I g%w a detaltled description of the machties. Xode9.eof the wchiaeq have been supplied b the Goverrm~~t of Pcfand as a contri%ution in kind tc the United Hatfons Fund for Drug Abuse Control, Geneva.

.
l

-2Prwarationanduse Tha mill must be anchored to the ground. Before stzz*ting up0 a. &m.al check should be made to enswe that the grindstones are not too close toge5hero The mil!. must not be set in motion with the driven grind&one flush against the o-there when the mill is in opwation, sare must be t&m to t3rlsure that the grain hopper is not empty and that the hopper outlat ia unlatched. Tf the hopper is allowed to empty completely or the Back becomes over-full, themillmaybreekdown. The mill is not equipped with aqy device for cleaning tha grain before grindine;. All hazd objec%s, such as fr*agmetis of metal, must be removed to avcici dam@3to the grind3ton8s, The driven minds-tone rotates clock-wh~, as shown by the red txrmw painted on the mill. !Phedrivirx team must move a&i-clookwise.

car8 anti maintanance

when the will is in operation, it must be lubricated 3vsqy few houre. Lubrication paints are marked in red. The grooves in the grind& ones shcmld be ahea?mdfrom time to tzi.me, If the grkxlstones are not im ELsat isfactory ccmdit ion thq should ba removed and xowt. The mill should noit be left for too long in a veq deutpplaoe, or.the grindstcnes m;l~rdet eriorate:aud break-up in ~33~
2. ttlNmxm - ma lvo. wRLo5 (M-305f1)1

This Widower ill used to winmw gscrin oomiq from a threshing machine whioh is nOt equipped with a crloaning device. The winnower is operated by two persons. Teohnical sgacifioati~ mm Leagth Width Heigbrt uM.!ght Birmber of uppar sienree
Si,a80f+ Upper eisnii3s

600 kg/h
2,150 10m

1,210 mm 1,320 mm
about 130 kg 7 500 x 5%

-,;.:5 , l,. i:::,; 'Jr.>

':.: ;;", ,<'.' .).. :~"-. -.--,'"J &: -$?A :::z y.#., ~-,

$;__ ,*.'I ,p:,C". .:;:::.

l?ildhr of lower siedes size Of lower eievee

2 + 1
586 x ~00

-3-

Theprincipaloomponerrts ofthawinnowero 1. Fksme. 2. Input hopper. 3. Set of upper sieves. $- Set of lower &eves. 5. Vertical shsker. 6. Horizontal shaker. 7a Movable waste chute. 8. Rotmo 9* Damper. 10. Shsker-ejector. The working party of the winnow3r: 5. Vertioal shsker. 6. Horizontal shaker- 8, 11. Toothed whsel. 12. Crank. ODeration The grail is peursd into the hopper, from which it passes through an adjustable slit onto the shaker, whioh spreads it evenly over the top sieve. The draught from the rotor (fan) blows off dust and chaff, fif%er this first olsaning, the grain passes through the top sieve to the seoond sieve, whiohhas avergmmhfinermesh. The waste separated by the second sieve is carried anay by the ohute. The grab then passes to the third sieve of the winnower, which slopes forWBCZZ. This sieve has an svsn finer mesh, through whiuh sand and other wastes.pass. The grain, bg now almost oompletely clean, slidos from the third sieve into the bottom sieve. Here it is divided into two gradeso siftings, whioh pass through th3 mesh and fall on to the ground below the winnower, and pure grain9 whioh slides forwards down the sisve aud is oolleoted by the operratop. Rotor10, Shaker-ejector.

The winnower must be iurohorsd to the mound. It should not be on a alope but should be set level, so that the grain will fall easily on to the sieves* The msohinstillnotworkpropsrlyina highwind. If it is in the open air it should faoe into the wind. The sieves used for olesning and grading the grain sre in the following zs3shsizes (in mm): @per sisvssr chd3ag sievesa ti fdeOtiag
20 x 20, 10 x 10, 8 x 8, 7.1 x 7.1, 6.3 x 6.3, 5 x 5s 2 3,2 x 3.2, 2.5 x 2.5, 1.8 x 1.8.
x

2.

sieves, the data below should be t&en as a guide,

Sieves wheat upper sieves Top 2nd frcmthe top 3rd from the top Bottom sieves I 20 x 20 ~ 20 x 20 6.3 x 603 5x5 2x2 2x2 2*5 x 2+5 2.5 x 2.5 or 1,8 x 1.8 20 3c20
701 x 7.1

rye

barley

oats 20 x 20 7.1x 7.1 2x2 2.5 x 2.5

2x2 2.5 x 2.5

The mesh sisss givsn in this table are intended only far guidance. Sieves should be selected aocordiq to the siee and degree of impurity of the grain. !Vhedraught is rsgulated by adjust* the opening from the fan. If there am amor ears of wheat in the duet, it should be raised; if, on the'othk hqd, there is chaff in the duct, it should be lowered, T3.etilt of the uppsr sieves can also ba adjusted to EGdif5-t ik;2 smooth flow . ?f the grain to the lower sieves. The crank should be turned evenly at a speed of 45-60 -qm. The winnowsr should be lubricated aooording to the frequency of its use* Vegetable oil should not be used, and no grease should be appl&ed to toothed wheels. The two wheels srs used whsnths machine has to be moved a short distance. The -05 winnower is not designed for towing bcthind a trautor or other vehiole.
3.

ROUI! CUTPER Tvrm No. H-107/1 -

The root outtsr is used for outting up beets, potatoes9 turnips and other vegetables. ~e~htliosl sDeoif%oatisns lliameter of outt;irrg plate Humberof bl8dc38 Hopper oapaoity
450 Jl?nl 56

-plrt =j&h,
Width

;,

&bout 22 kg about 500 kg/h 990 'lQm 800 mm 1,150 XRn

The root

autter

Bhauld

be amhored

to

the gmund

by Pam

mt~

as shcmx

temporerilybymesne of a rod. Vegetables plated in the hopper fall under -their own weigh% b&uee~~the plates, whioh are; fitted with blades~ Tha vegetables cuw out by crtitiq The haA3.0 ix rotate the conical plates. The ~small pieces fall on to tha lower walls of the root attea and then slide into the rmeptaole positioned below the machine.

If the machine is lubricated regularl~~, the plates till. be easier to turn0 The bearings of the PC& utxtter m fi%Lxd tzith ~appsd grease-nipples. After filling with gmaae, the cap of the gxassm-tipple should be screwed dawn on the body until no more grease is visible on the cut~ide of the bearingO The blades should be oheoked from ,t;ine to time to axrum that they me not loows. E-there is atqy play, a hand atxvil should be placed under the head of the rivet and the rivet hammeredfrom the other Bide, The root c&ter should be thoroughly ol~a~~edafter use; if it is root to ba use1 again in the near futur6ro thas oonicsal plates and. blades should be coated with greafse. The free grease shculd be cleamd off h&one the: machina is lmm,&-~ baqk
ilrto use*

The MX38/'0 threshilagr machins is designa tirawfajirly straight. Tmhnica3 meoif ication
kmgthsfdrum

for threshing wheat; it leaves the

Mameter of drum BtmiBer of beaters Width crf beaters Drive IFnRlberof operator8 .kpart
Length

1,800 m 330 rflm 6 35 lm E&l~lff by al tea of 3-4 horses or by a 3-4 hp motor

5.to 7

."

Width

3QOk-.g&.npe~huur 2,930 mm 1,020 mm 3,500 mm ahnrt 620 kg

t&e figme of the threshing

uppm bars,

machine is mcLdE argle and sheet ironu of

&I the

front and rear0 there are two seatiq;s, hcllding Wr3 ball-b--s or; whicth a shsuft rot&es with the drum. Ths -t:hrde ri&t beaters lmd the three left beaters me fixed to the drum- ;I part u:? :he d.xwi 2s w~4rcled by a basket wh1c:1 consists of two curved pieces and OIW,kio, ;rsined 13~L~~.LW (be&ore), DELVS The 96 rods which pass through the bars farm the grate 0% the ba&~~t, which I.8 mounted on adjustable beariqs. The basket can ba moved towa.~ds or aww from the beaters of the dnua by me~ulsof a lever and the adjusi;i~~ screws on the b~&rg~~ BO aa to reduce or increase the gap into which thn sheaves are fed and 2x1which
threshing tek%s place. The dmm can be halted by meai2s sf a foci?-bralre.

The thresher is mounted on four taheals ti can be HOW&from place to p'laoe, The threshes frame carries z hopper, from which the wheat in fed &to the machine, and a weak table. The atraw ia ejected behind the saohine. The wheat for threw shcu3d be spread on the tsbl.e nrxd fed evanl.y MC the gap between the drw anti the basket, The bake-5 shoi!d be adjunxed so %hcct t,ze inlet gap is abut 22-24 mmtide and the axtfst gap 4-5 mmwide* Tf the grain ia damaged, the width of the g&p should be iicreased. After wh adjustment, the machine should be uheeked to ens*cure tha? the beaters are not rubb5ng again& the bars of the basset. zf the threi&xr rotates too rapidly, tfne gr&~. will be! wed; if it turns If the thrishtig machine is fao sldwly, the thre&:'urrg till n& be satisfa&ory. drivet~ by a team of hamsee, the horses must make 2 to i+S cticuitGt per minuta in order to rahte the drum at'&! rpm. The thrsdmr shauld be properly immobilizled by cho&%ng the wheels. All maving pa&-s &o@d be well ltiricated before use. The fdareshing machine &uld be run empty for about ten minutes and watched cavefklly to enam that the beararc mt heating up an3 the r&um lea not making a3qytunmu3X riaiser.