CFturbo en

CFturbo8
User manual for CFturbo8 software
CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH
CFturbo8
Introduction
This manual describes the usage of the software CFturbo8 and corresponds to the online help with regards to content.
CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH, 2010

All rights reserved. No parts of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems - without the written permission of the publisher. Products that are referred to in this document may be either trademarks and/or registered trademarks of the respective owners. The publisher and the author make no claim to these trademarks. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this document, the publisher and the author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of information contained in this document or from the use of programs and source code that may accompany it. In no event shall the publisher and the author be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damage caused or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by this document.
Contents
Table of Contents
Part I CFturbo 8 Part II General
Request license ........................................................................................................................... Activate license ........................................................................................................................... Select license ........................................................................................................................... Show license information ........................................................................................................................... 2 Batch mode ...................................................................................................................................
7 9
11 12 13 14 15
1 Licensing ................................................................................................................................... 9
Parameters for impellers ........................................................................................................................... 18 Parameters for volutes ........................................................................................................................... 19 3 Preferences - General ................................................................................................................................... 20 4 Preferences - Export ................................................................................................................................... 21 5 Approximation functions ................................................................................................................................... 22 6 Comparing different designs ................................................................................................................................... 26 7 Remove design steps ................................................................................................................................... 29 8 Graphical dialogs ................................................................................................................................... 30
Part III Main window
33
1 Create new design ................................................................................................................................... 33 2 Open/ Save design ................................................................................................................................... 34 3 Project ................................................................................................................................... 34 4 3D................................................................................................................................... 37 Model Problems when generating surfaces/solids ........................................................................................................................... 42 5 Help ................................................................................................................................... 44 6 Data export ................................................................................................................................... 44 Autodesk AutoCAD ........................................................................................................................... Autodesk Inventor ........................................................................................................................... Catia (Dassault Systmes) ........................................................................................................................... Numeca AutoGrid5 ........................................................................................................................... Pro/ENGINEER (PTC) ........................................................................................................................... Ansys ICEM CFD ........................................................................................................................... 7 Data export limitations ................................................................................................................................... 49 51 53 53 55 65 67
8 CAE-Startup ................................................................................................................................... 67
Part IV Impeller
74
1 Main dimensions ................................................................................................................................... 74 Pump / Ventilator ........................................................................................................................... 74 Design point .................................................................................................................... 75 Parameters .................................................................................................................... 77
CFturbo8 Dimensions .................................................................................................................... 81 Compressor / Turbine ........................................................................................................................... 85 General .................................................................................................................... 85 Compressor .................................................................................................................... 86 Design point ............................................................................................................. 87 Parameters ............................................................................................................. 90 Dimensions ............................................................................................................. 93 Turbine .................................................................................................................... 96 Design point ............................................................................................................. 97 Parameters ............................................................................................................. 99 Dimensions ............................................................................................................. 102 Shaft/Hub ........................................................................................................................... 105 Full impeller ........................................................................................................................... 106 2 Meridional section ................................................................................................................................... 107 Meridional contour ........................................................................................................................... 107 Bezier-mode .................................................................................................................... 110 Converting Polyline / Bezier ............................................................................................................. 113 Simple-mode .................................................................................................................... 114 Meridional flow ........................................................................................................................... 116 3 Blade properties ................................................................................................................................... 117 Blade setup ........................................................................................................................... 118 Radial element blade .................................................................................................................... 121 Blade angles ........................................................................................................................... 122 Inlet triangle .................................................................................................................... 124 Outlet triangle .................................................................................................................... 126 Decreased output by PFLEIDERER ............................................................................................................. 128 Outflow coefficient by WIESNER ............................................................................................................. 129 4 Blade design ................................................................................................................................... 130 Mean line ........................................................................................................................... 130 Freeform blades, 2D blades, Radial element blades .................................................................................................................... 131 Circular blades, Straight blades .................................................................................................................... 133 Blade Information .................................................................................................................... 134 Blade lean angle .................................................................................................................... 137 Blade profile ........................................................................................................................... 138 Converting Polyline / Bezier .................................................................................................................... 141 Blade edge ........................................................................................................................... 142 Edge position .................................................................................................................... 145 5 Performance Estimation ................................................................................................................................... 146 6 CFD Setup ................................................................................................................................... 150
Part V Volute
153
154 156 157 158
1 Inlet definition ................................................................................................................................... 153 Impeller ........................................................................................................................... Diffuser ........................................................................................................................... Volute ........................................................................................................................... 2 Cross Section ...................................................................................................................................
Bezier cross section ........................................................................................................................... 161 Internal cross sections ........................................................................................................................... 162 3 Spiral development areas ................................................................................................................................... 162 Design rule ........................................................................................................................... 164 Cut-water ........................................................................................................................... 166
Contents
4 Diffuser ................................................................................................................................... 166
Part VI Appendix
172
1 References ................................................................................................................................... 172 2 Contact addresses ................................................................................................................................... 173 3 License agreement ................................................................................................................................... 174
Index
180
Part
CFturbo 8
CFturbo 8
CFturbo is made to design interactively radial and mixed-flow turbomachinery: pumps, ventilators, compressors, turbines. The software is easy to use and does enable quick generation and variation of impeller and volute geometries. Several models can be displayed, compared and modified simultaneously.
It contains numerous approximation functions that may be customized by the user in order to implement user specific knowledge into the CFturbobased design process. In spite of the creation of semiautomatic proposals, fundamental ex necessary. An experienced turbomachinery design engineer should be able to design new high-quality impellers and volutes more easily and quickly. Integration of geometry data into the CAE environment is easily possible by direct interfaces to various CAD- and CFD-systems.
Please read the License agreement 174 before using the program. Information about activating license you can read in chapter Licensing Contact persons you can find under Contact addresses 173 , actual information on the CFturbo website.
Copyright 2009, CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH.
Part
II
General
2
2.1
General
Licensing
Edit | Licensing A valid license is necessary to run CFturbo on your computer. Menu item Licensing enables license handling in a wizard style.
REQUEST 11 new license by e-mail ACTIVATE 12 new license by License Transfer File SELECT 13 existing license SHOW 14 current license information
If the license of a software module has expired, you can reactivate the program by entering a new license. A hint with remaining days appears on startup screen 20 days before expiration of the license. The number of days for this hint can be specified in "Edit | Preferences | General 20 ".
Steps for licensing
10
CFturbo8 At the first start of CFturbo there is no running license available. You have to either a) REQUEST a license and ACTIVATE it later like described below or b) SELECT
13
a running network license
13
For license request you have to select the license type first: Local Computer License OR Network Server License.
Local Computer License Step 1. 2. 3. 4. Start CFturbo - you see the "License Wizard" dialog (or open menu Edit | Licensing).
9
Notes
Request 11 Local Computer License and send license request to sales@cfturbo.com Activate 12 license using the "Licence Transfer" file (*. lic-trf) recieved from CFturbo sales team Show dates
14
REQUEST ACTIVATE SHOW
license information to check modules and
Network Server License (NOT available for trial license) Step 1. 2. 3. 4. Start CFturbo - you see the "License Wizard" dialog (or open menu Edit | Licensing).
9
Notes
Request 11 Network Server License and send license request to sales@cfturbo.com Activate 12 license using the "Licence Transfer" file (*. lic-trf) recieved from CFturbo sales team Show dates
14
REQUEST ACTIVATE SHOW
license information to check modules and
General
11
2.1.1
Request license
For license request you have to select the license type first: Local Computer License OR Network Server License. For booth license types you have to specify: - requested software modules - name of your company - start date of the license The Session Code and the Checksum are calculated automatically and ensure the singular usage of provided license information. Details of the 2 license types: see below
After input of all necessary information you can - use the Send E-mail button to prepare a message with your default E-mail client if possible (Email will NOT be transmitted automatically!) OR - use the Copy to Clipboard button if you want to create the E-mail message manually and paste the information (send the E-mail to sales@cfturbo.com)
Local Computer License The so-called Machine ID is calculated by CFturbo considering hardware and operating system information to link the license to the local computer.
Network Server License (NOT available for trial license)
12
CFturbo8 You have to select the License directory first. The directory has to be a shared folder or a directory within a shared folder. Please note: All CFturbo users need read and write access rights for this directory. DFS shares (Distributed File System) are not supported. After selecting the directory CFturbo copies the license file automatically to this network location.
The Machine ID is calculated automatically. Select the correct MAC address from the list if theres more than one network interface on the server sharing this path. If no MAC address is available please check, that you are not using a DFS share and the MAC address of the server can be resolved using 'nbtstat -a <servername>', otherwise contact technical support. Finally you have to specify the desired/ordered number of users that can use the software in parallel.
2.1.2
Activate license
Please note: License activation is possible with administrator rights only. For License activation a "Licence Transfer" file (*.lic-trf) is necessary, which you can get on request 11 via E-mail.
General
13
The Session Code is calculated automatically and may not be changed since the license request 11 . After selecting the License Transfer File the license activation can be started by pressing the Activate! button.
2.1.3
Select license
Please note: License selection is possible with administrator right only. Selecting license is possible if you already have a valid license on your computer or in your local network. For license selection you have to specify the license type first: Local Computer License OR Network Server License. The license file can be selected by pressing the Apply License File button.
Local Computer License
14
CFturbo8 The location of the license file ("cfturbo8. lic") is fixed to the directory c:\documents and settings\ all users\application data\cfturbo
Network Server License (NOT available for trial license) You have to select the License file ("cfturbo8.lic") location in your local network.
2.1.4
Show license information

Current license information are displayed here. The company name is for information only. The license mode can be "Local (Nodelocked)" or "Network", whereas for a network license the number of possible users and the number of active users is displayed.
General Path is the license file location. Normally Flags should not exist. If necessary the last Error message of license checking is displayed.
15
2.2
Batch mode
CFturbo can be executed in Batch mode to change designs without any screen display and user interaction. This is essential for using CFturbo with optimization software. Syntax: cfturbo.exe -batch <batch file> All batch commands have to be defined in a file (<batch file>).
Batch file Structur: InputFile=<full filename> [OutputFile=<full filename>] [ExportFile=<full filename>] [Parameter=<variable>:<value[%]>[:value[%]][]] [...] InputFile and OutputFile are CFturbo files (*.cft). The export format is detected from the file extension of ExportFile (see Data export All parameters are in SI-units or in %(%-sign). Exception: angles in InputFile is necessary, all others are optional.
44
).
16
CFturbo8 More than 1 parameter-line is possible. Parameter can contain a) 1 value, e.g. d2:0.15 b) several values separated by :, e.g. for blade angles on several sections Beta2:23:24:25 (number of values must match with number of sections) c) Point values for Bezier-curves as Index:x-value:y-value, e.g. Hub:0:0.03:0.025 (missing x- or y-coordinate results in unchanged coordinate, e.g. Hub:0:0.03:) Lines starting with # are comments. Example:
# Example CFturbo batch file InputFile=c:\daten\Software\CFturbo\Examples\batch\MixedflowPump.cft OutputFile=c:\daten\Software\CFturbo\Examples\batch\MixedflowPump1.cft ExportFile=c:\daten\Software\CFturbo\Examples\batch\MixedflowPump1.tin Parameter=d2:0.291 Parameter=b2:90% Parameter=Beta2:0.4538:0.4363:0.4189
A log-file <batchfile>.log is created in the directory of <batch file>:

>>> bilbao.cft Directory: c:\daten\mitarbeiter\kreuzfeld\Eigene Dateien\ Batch file created: bilbao.batch Start CFturbo... CFturbo 8.1 - 04.06.2009 Batch mode started Time: 04.06.2009 20:07:32 File: c:\daten\mitarbeiter\kreuzfeld\Eigene Dateien\bilbao.batch Reading batch file: c:\daten\mitarbeiter\kreuzfeld\Eigene Dateien\bilbao.batch Open input file: c:\daten\mitarbeiter\kreuzfeld\Eigene Dateien\bilbao.cft Update design ... Hints available: Blade properties The deviation (slip) between blade and flow Delta > 20.This can be caused by overloading the impeller.Please try to increase the impeller diameter, decrease required energy transmission or increase number of blades. Batch mode terminated. (00:265 sec) CFturbo terminated normally...
Parameters for impellers 18 Parameters for volutes 19
Example for parametric modified design
General
17
18
CFturbo8
2.2.1
Parameters for impellers

Name Description Unit
Main dimensions dN dS d1 b1 d2 b2 nBl Hub diameter dN Suction diameter dS Inlet diameter (leading edge) d1 Inlet width (leading edge) b1 Impeller diameter d2 Impeller outlet width b2 Number of blades nBl m m m m m m -
Meridional contour
General Name Hub Shroud LEHub LEShroud LEHubSpl LEShroudSpl Description Hub Bezier points Shroud Bezier points Leading edge position on hub (01) Leading edge position on shroud (01) Splitter leading edge position on hub (01) Splitter leading edge position on shroud (01) Unit (Index):m:m (Index):m:m -
19
Blade properties ProfCt Beta1 Beta2 Beta1Spl Beta2Spl Mean lines dPhi dPhiSpl Phi0 Phi0Spl MLBeta1 MLBeta2 Wrap angle Splitter trailing edge position (tangential) between neighboring main blades Leading edge angle
0
Number of blade profiles Blade angles at leading edge 1 Blade angles at trailing edge 2 Splitter blade angles at leading edge 1,Spl Splitter blade angles at trailing edge 2,Spl
:: :: :: ::
:: %:%:... :: %:%:... -:-:... -:-:...
Splitter leading edge position (tangential) Bezier point position on 1 line Bezier point position on 2 line
2.2.2
Parameters for volutes

Name Inlet definition d2 b2 Impeller diameter d2 Impeller outlet width b2 m m Description Einheit
20
CFturbo8 Name d4 b4 Description Spiral inlet diameter d4 Spiral inlet width b4 Einheit m m
2.3
Preferences - General
Edit | Preferences | General Menu item Preferences - General is used for global options of the program. On tab sheet Units you can select physical units to be used in the dialogs. Following units are available: Head: m, ft geom. length: mm, in, m Flow rate: m3/h, m3/s, ft3/h, gpm, gps Density: kg/m3, lb/ft3 Stress: MPa, PSI Pressure: MPa, PSI, bar, Pa Power: kW, hp Massflow: kg/s, lb/s You can simultaneously change all units to SI or US system by pressing the buttons above.
On tab sheet Other you can adjust the language of online help. The standard is English. Furthermore you can specify the number of days for license expiration warning at startup.
General
21
2.4
Preferences - Export
Edit | Preferences | Export On dialog Preferences - Export you can specify how many data points are to be used for the 3D model and for the point based export formats. The number of points can be selected separately in each case for all geometry parts. The available options depend on active design module: Impeller Meridian: hub/ shroud Blade: mean line, pressure/ suction side, leading/trailing edge
Volute Spiral: cross sections, points per cross section Diffuser: cross sections Cutwater: cross sections
22
CFturbo8
3 different global pre-settings can be selected. Furthermore, you can specify length unit for exporting geometry. Please select the appropriate units when importing data to the chosen CAE software.
2.5
Approximation functions
Edit | Approximation functions CFturbo uses many approximation functions. These functions are based on published measurement data that facilitate the forecast of optimal or accessible values. In this dialog the approximation functions are graphically displayed and can be individually customized. Functions for the following physical quantity are available: Impeller Volumetric efficiency Side friction efficiency Mechanical efficiency Width number b2/d2 Flow angle inflow Flow angle outflow
0A 3
V T S m
Tip clearance efficiency
Radial/mixed-flow pump impeller
General Hydraulic efficiency Work coefficient Intake coefficient Number of blades z Wrap angle u Meridional deceleration c m3/c mS Inclination angle hub
H S h
23
Inclination angle shroud
Inclination angle trailing edge Blade thickness leading edge s 1 Blade thickness trailing edge s 2 Blade thickness max. s max Radial/mixed-flow ventilator impeller Hydraulic efficiency h Work coefficient Diameter coefficient Radial/mixed-flow compressor impeller Work coefficient Lokal flow coefficient Total flow coefficient t Meridional flow coefficient Width number b2/d2 Rel. deceleration ratio w2/w1 Meridional deceleration c m2/c m1 Meridional deceleration c m1/c mS Meridional deceleration c m2/c mS Radial/mixed-flow turbine rotor Work coefficient Meridional flow coefficient m Tangential force coefficient c t Coefficient ratio c r Meridional deceleration c m2/c m1 Wrap angle
u m
Meridional deceleration c m2/c mS Volute Cut-water diameter ratio d4/d2 Cut-water width ratio b4/b2 Stepanoff constant k s On the left at File location, the name of the file is shown that contains all data of the functions. In general this file is called Functions.cftfu, and is located in the installation directory of CFturbo.
24
CFturbo8 Modifications to functions are saved automatically if you leave the dialog window by pressing the OK -button. In case the user has no write permissions one could choose a different directory to save the file. Renaming files is possible by using the Save as-function. By clicking the Open-button a previously saved functions file can be opened.
The user must first select the Machine type and the variable in the Physical variable panel. CFturbos internal function is displayed in the diagram if corresponding check box is active. On panel Function you can add any functions. Selected function is displayed in the diagram in addition to CFturbo internal function. Function with active check box is used by CFturbo for calculations. If no function has active checkbox or no additional function is defined at all, then the CFturbo internal function is used. In panel Points you can edit curve points of selected function. You can add new points at the end of the table the points are automatically sorted by x values. To remove a point you have to delete either x or y value. These 3 buttons are enabling the user to import points from file (one point per line) or export points to file or to clear the table. On panel Test you can test the active function. Saving of values is possible by clicking OK-button.
2 special features are existing: Functions depending on 2 variables Functions can depend on 2 variables whereas one serves as parameter. Separate curves exist for each particular parameter value that are used to calculate function values. These parameter curves can be added in the Parameter panel. The parameter value is displayed on endpoint of curve in the diagram.
General
25
Following functions with 2 variables exist: Function hydraulic efficiency

h m T
depends on specific speed nq flow rate Q specific speed nq
curve parameter flow rate Q revolutions n area ratio AR
mechanical efficiency tip clearance efficiency
Range definition Some parameters have a recommended range, which means an area that is defined by a higher and a lower limit. The definition of the 2 parameter curves can be done as written above.
26
CFturbo8
2.6
Comparing different designs

Edit | Reference designs This functionality can be used for simultaneous display of various designs to compare each other and for purposeful modification.
General
27
Using the Add-button any reference design (*.CFT- files) can be added. Each design has its own color and line width (panel Options). On panel Hint some information about the selected design is provided. With the Remove-button selected reference design can be deleted from list. However reference design may be deactivated by the check box at the beginning of the line. Reference geometries are displayed in the dialogs with selected color and line width. Numerical values appear as small hints on input fields when mouse is moved over it.
28
CFturbo8
Down to the right in the dialog windows you could completely switch off the display of reference geometries and start a dialog for new configuration.
Reference geometry is displayed as 3D model additionally. All reference geometries are arranged in the modell tree in the region "Imports" beginning with "REF", whereas the single parts can be configured like the normal geometry.
General
29
2.7
Remove design steps

Edit | Remove design steps If you make any design changes on the design all initial design steps based upon this status are automatically adapted (automatic update). This is done to prevent repeating the same design steps (parametric model). However, if you would like to start with an automatic generated CFturbo primary design, certain design steps can be removed manually. Then CFturbo continues with new primary design data. For that purpose you have to select the appropriate design step to be removed and then press the OKbutton.
30
CFturbo8
2.8
Graphical dialogs
All graphical representations are made in diagrams that are automatically scaled according to displayed objects. All diagrams have a popup menu (right click on empty diagram area) with basic functions. Alternatively you can use the buttons on the left side of the diagram: Zoom window by mouse Fit view Lens magnification Copy to clipboard Save as WMF, BMP or JPG Print Add any polyline from file (x,y points) to compare different curves or to visualize components Measure distance Configure diagram
General
31
If the mouse cursor is moved over a graphical object (e.g. polyline, Bezier point) then this is highlighted by color or by increased line width. Right mouse click is now related to this object and does open a special popup menu or a small dialog window for data input. Bezier splines are used for geometrical contours by default. This continuous polylines are described by the position of a few Bezier points. Therefore a simple modification of the curve is possible but on the other hand the numerical representation of the curve is accurate. For Bezier curves, a popup menu emerges that permits the user to switch between Bezier spline and polyline and to convert polyline to Bezier spline. Loading and saving of curve points (*.CFTPL) and a reset of the curve is also performed using this menu.
An alternate method to specifying Bezier points by the mouse, you may enter the accurate coordinates of Bezier points in a small dialog window that appears by clicking the right mouse button on the chosen Bezier point.
One or two coordinate values can be entered in dependence of geometrical boundary conditions. As a rule these values are normalized relative values describing the position of the point between extreme values left or bottom (0) and right or top (1). Normalized relative coordinates are giving the advantageous possibility of an automatic update of the entire design if a parameter is modified. Coordinates of mouse cursor are displayed in format x:y bottom left in the status bar. Position and size of dialogs are saved to restore it in the same way when they are called again. If CFturbo generates primary design automatically you may see Initial design on the top right of the diagram. If numerical values are entered in tables, then a new value is only activated and the diagram is updated if the <Enter> key is pressed or a new cell of the table is selected.
Part
III
Main window
33
3
3.1
Main window
Create new design
File | New When creating a new design one of the following types can be selected: Pump Ventilator Compressor Turbine In each case Impeller or Volute can be selected.
Alternatively to the menu and the toolbar the large buttons under Create New Design can be used.
34
CFturbo8
After selecting a menu item the Main dimensions for volutes is started.
74
dialog for impellers or the Volute inlet 153 dialog
3.2
Open/ Save design

File | Open/ Save/ Save as CFturbo designs are saved as *.CFT files. To open a list of recently used files can be used by pressing the small arrow right beside the open button or by selecting the menu File|Open recent. Alternatively you can select the design directly from the list Open Recent Design if no design is opened. The user can modify filenames by the Save as- function in order to save modified designs under different file names.
3.3
Project
Menu items and buttons only become active in accordance to the current design state. The user is able to return to former design status from any design step in the program. Design step updates dependent on its modifications are accomplished automatically. Manual removing of complete design steps is possible too in order to continue with CFturbo using its primary design (see Remove design steps 29 ).
Main window
35
For designing the complete geometry you have to run through all items of the appropriate menu step by step: Impeller Volute
36
CFturbo8
Project information For identification of the project it may be specified: Project name Classification (e.g. version or sub name) User name Comments This information is not mandatory and should support the identification of CFturbo projects & sessions. The working directory, the creation date and the date of last modification are displayed too.
Warnings All warnings of the design steps are displayed here. It depends on the opinion of the user to accept these warnings or to modify the design by adequate actions to avoid these warnings.
History The history contains all design steps from opening of the project or session in chronological order. By pressing button Remove selected you can undo selected design steps. By pressing the button Clear history the complete history (and temporary files) can be deleted.
Design information The right part of main window shows a tabular form summary of the most important design parameters. You can print these data together with project information (File | Print) or save to file (see Data export 44 ).
Main window see also: Open/ Save design Data export 44

3D Model
37
37
34
3.4
3D Model
Tab sheet 3D Model contains the three dimensional representation of the current impeller or volute design state. The CAD model can be exported as IGES (Export | IGES), STEP (Export | STEP) or STL (Export | STL). Therefore the currently visible geometry elements are considered.
Above the representation you can find some buttons with the following functions: Reset of representation (default position) Save representation as JPG or BMP Print representation X Y Z Viewing direction in positive or negative (< >) x-axis direction Viewing direction in positive or negative (< >) y-axis direction Viewing direction in positive or negative (< >) z-axis direction
38
CFturbo8 Fit view (zoom all geometry to visible region) Define point resolution (see Preferences - Export Set background color Switch coordinate system on/off Line width for curves, points
21
All this function are only optical and do not affect the export. 3D display can be influenced by mouse: Left button Rotation around point of origin Middle button Zoom (also wheel) Rotation around z-axis Right button Move
In the panel Model all available geometry parts are listed in a tree structure, whereby their visibility can be switched on or off alternatively. The model tree has 3 main sections: (1) Section Components contains all parts of the current design: Impeller Meridian Mean surface Blade CFD extensions Segment Through-flow area Volute Spiral Internal bend Diffuser Connection surface impeller Connection surface diffuser Radial diffuser Cut-water Through-flow area The impeller segment contains curves of a rotationally symmetrical part of the impeller and is usually used for CFD simulation. The meridian contains hub and shroud as well as a circular projection of the blade in a plane.
Main window
39
The connection surfaces (Connection impeller) close the flow area between impeller and radial diffuser or volute. These surfaces have no constructional relevance, but serve the CFD modeling for creating simplified closed flow volumes.
(2) Panel Geometry contains all basic geometrical elements, so that the properties can be modified globally: Points Curves Surfaces Solids
(3) In panel Imports all imported parts are listed (see below). By right click on an item the imported part can be positioned or removed. The z-axis is assumed as rotational axis. The imported part can be moved along the z-axis or rotate around it relative to its initial position.
40
CFturbo8
The element selected in the tree is highlighted in the 3D view. For the marked component in each case the following attributes can be defined below: Wire frame display Surface display Material Color Transparency
The selected material affects color and transparency of surfaces and solids. Selecting a material results in adjusting its default color without transparency.
Above the tree the following actions can be performed: Default representation Import of CAD models (IGES, STEP, STL), CFturbo designs (CFT) (same as File | Import) Export menu (same as File | Export)
Down right in panel Options several setting due to 3D view can be defined. Please note: These settings also affect the 3D geometry data that is exported. Display Resolution of surfaces display (triangulation), affects display and STL export only
Main window Interpolation method for surface generation, Surfaces Distance tolerance for joining surfaces and creating solids
41
Blade (for impellers only)
Single blade display "manual" trimming of blade (not exact) Extend blades through hub/shroud and trailing edge; for trimming in CAD Trimming of blade on hub/shroud; influences the solids of Flow domain and Blades only
There exist some more features for impellers only: In order to cut the blades from hub and shroud, you have to use the Trim button on the Options/ Blade panel. Trimming is a time-consuming operation (up to 1 minute or some minutes for impellers with splitter blades). Only solids will be trimmed, the original surfaces remain as they are. Trimming is only possible if the solids for Flow Domain and Blade are created successfully. In the panel Blade to Blade Section the display of an approximately perpendicularly flown through area between hub and shroud as well as between two neighboring blades can be generated. In case the checkbox Fix to minimum is activated, the 3D-display of this area is shifted to the location of the minimum cross section. Otherwise it can be slid to any reasonable position within the blade to blade channel with the help of the track bar Position. By pressing the soft button Show progression a windows is opened, in which the value of the cross section is displayed in dependence on the tangential position. The location of the actual 3D-display as well as that of the minimum cross section is marked with special symbols.
42
CFturbo8
In panel Rotate impeller you can generate uniform rotation of impeller around z axis, whereby velocity can be influenced by track bar.
See also:
Problems when generating surfaces/solids
42
Open/ Save design Data export 44 Projekt 34
34
3.4.1
Problems when generating surfaces/solids

Errors while generating surfaces or solids If any errors occur while generating surfaces or solids then the corresponding part in the model tree is marked by red color.
Furthermore a corresponding message is displayed in the Warnings panel on the Project tab of the main window.
Relation solid generation
distance tolerance
If solids cannot be created, you can increase the distance tolerance (see Options/Surfaces
Main window panel). It defines the maximal distance between surfaces of a solid.
43
Eliminating errors during surface generation For eliminating errors during surface generation there exist the following possibilities: try a different surface interpolation method: see Options/Surfaces panel of the 3D-Viewer try a different number of data points for the 3D model: see Preferences - Export 21 , 3D Model
The pictures illustrate the influence of point density on the surface generation of the blade.
Slow 3D model If the handling of the 3D model is very slow, normally an update of the graphic card driver is helpful.
44
CFturbo8 If problems occur in connection with the graphic card, sometimes an unsteady mesh is displayed on the faces of the solids.
3.5
Help
Help The following features can be used in the help menu: Help topics CFturbo website Help for main window, index of whole help Show www.cfturbo.com in the web browser Check for available updates Information about CFturbo
Check for updates About CFturbo
3.6
Data export
File | Export Export submenu offers file formats of several CAE programs to export designed geometry. Thus a smooth further processing of the geometry data is possible. Generally there are the following export capabilities: Export 3D model Pointbased data Format IGES, STEP, STL, BREP All the rest Point density Units
see Preferences - Export [mm] 21 , 3D Model see Preferences - Export see Preferences - Export 21 , Point Export 21 , Point Export
For the 3D model those parts will be exported that are visible. The quality of the STL export depends on the triangulation resolution. This resolution can be changed via the Options/Display panel of the 3D-Viewer.
Main window Impeller special export requirements (see also CFD setup): Export format AxCent Numeca TurboGrid BladeGen TurboDesign Star-CCM+ CFD inlet CFD inlet vertical X X R CFD outlet CFD small outlet CFD large outlet X X X X X
45
X = needed, R = recommended
General export formats (for impeller and volute) Menu item Description
Design report *.CFT-REP general text file TEXT Short design information as text file; Summary of most important design parameters Geometry TEXT *.CFT-GEO general text file
Text file containing geometry data of the design for any further processing. Impeller: Meridional section: z, r of hub, shroud, leading edge Blade mean lines, Blade profiles: x, y, z (cartesian coordinates), r (radius), t (angle) Volute: Spiral cross sections, Diffuser cross sections: x, y, z (cartesian coordinates) Contour lines in circumferential direction: x, y (cartesian coordinates)
ANSYS ICEM *.tin ANSYS ICEM CFD 11 CFD A tetin file (native ICEM geometry format) is created. A separate dialog is used for configuration. File | Change working dir File | Geometry | Open Geometry select *.tin DXF *.dxf neutral format
File contains designed geometry as 3D polylines.
46
CFturbo8 IGES curves *.igs neutral format
File contains designed geometry as 3D splines. IGES *.igs neutral format
File contains designed geometry as 3D surfaces. Visible 3D view is the basis. STEP *.stp neutral format
File contains designed geometry as 3D surfaces. Visible 3D view is the basis. STL *.stl neutral format
File contains designed geometry as triangulated 3D surfaces. Visible 3D view is the basis. BREP *.brep neutral format
File contains designed geometry as triangulated 3D surfaces. Visible 3D view is the basis. Catia V5 *.catvbs Catia V5R18
The macro generates a surface model + generating splines. Tools | Macro | Macros Select macro library and macro, Run SolidWorks *.swb SolidWorks 2009
The macro generates a surface model + generating splines. Tools | Macro | Run: select *.swb AutoCAD *-ACAD.txt AutoCAD 2009
Lisp script xyz2spline (part of CFturbo ) creates splines from imported points. Tools | AutoLISP | Load: install xyz2spline.lsp (or load xyz2spline.lsp) Run: xyz2spline, select *-ACAD.txt Inventor *.bas Inventor 2010
The macro generates a surface model + generating splines. Tools | Macro | Visual Basic Editor VB: File | New project File | Import file, select *.bas Tools | Macro, select Main, Run Uni-graphics *-ug.dat Unigraphics NX4
One file per component will be created. File | New | <name> (if no file is open)
Main window Start | Modeling For curves (hub, shroud, volute contour curves): Insert | Curve | Spline | Through points Points from file select *.dat For surfaces (blade, volute, diffuser): Insert | surface | Through points Row degree <= number of blade profile sections; Column degree <= Row degree-1 Points from file select *.dat Please note: If the mentioned menu options are not available, the appropriate commands have to be created: a) "Tools/Customize" or right click on any toolbar/menu, "Customize..." b) "Commands", "Insert/Curve/Spline..." or "Insert/Surface/ Through Points..." c) integrate selected item via Drag and Drop in a menu or toolbar Pro/ ENGINEER Wildfire *.ibl, *.pts Pro/ENGINEER Wildfire
47
*.ibl contains geometry defined by 3D points. File | New | <name> (if no file is open) Insert | Model Datum | Curve | From File Define coordinate system (e.g. with menu) | Select select *.ibl *.pts contains impeller hub and shroud contour defined by 2D points Insert | Model Datum | Sketch Sketch | Line | Centerline Sketch | Coordinate System Sketch | Spline select spline (double-click) File: select coordinate system, select *.pts
Further export formats exclusive for impellers Menu item ANSYS BladeGen Description *.rtzt ANSYS BladeGen 11
The file contains complete 3D impeller geometry point-by-point. File | Open: select file type Meanline File (*.rtzt) select *.rtzt
ANSYS TurboGrid
*.curve
ANSYS TurboGrid 11
4 files are created, a session file (<filename>.tse) and
48
CFturbo8 <filename>_hub.curve, <filename>_shroud.curve, <filename>_profile.curve. Load the saved session file <filename>.tse: File | New Case Session | Play Session or Open the curve files (<filename>_hub.curve, <filename>_shroud. curve, <filename>_profile.curve) manually: Launcher: select directory, start ANSYS TG File | New Case File | Load Curves input number of blades, define z axis as rotational axis, select cartesian coordinate system and length unit, select *. curve ANSYS Fluent *.tur GAMBIT (Fluent)
Input file for the Fluent preprocessor GAMBIT for meshing with G/ Turbo Numeca Autogrid *.geomTurbo Numeca Autogrid 5
File | New Project Initialize a New Project from a geomTurbo File select *.geomTurbo *.sur Concepts Nrec Axcent 7.12
Concepts Nrec AxCent
File | Start from CADFIT Select Surface data files *.sur or Load file in CAE Startup Dialog
adapco Star-CCM+
*.bndy, *.estg
adapco Star-CCM+
Open files in TurboWizard TURBOdesign
TURBOdesign *.mri
Open *.mri files Further export formats exclusive for volutes Menu item Description Numeca IGG 5.5-1
Numeca IGG *.dst, *.dat
A model file *.dst and 3 data files are generated: section.dat, diffusor.dat, curves.dat File | Import | IGG Data
Main window select *.dst
49
3.6.1
Autodesk AutoCAD
The data import from CFturbo is realized by a LISP-script. Loading the LISP-Application and Import of the Geometrie Extra | Anwendung laden (command: _appload) select file xyz2spline.lsp from CFturbo-installation directory, load and close dialog execute loaded LISP-application by command xyz2spline select and open *.txt-file expoted from CFturbo Attention: If "; Fehler: Fehlerhafter Argumenttyp: FILE nil" occurs as error message it can be bypassed by typing the filename in the open-file-dialog manually instead of selecting the file by mouseclick.
Construction of Impeller
Sam ple-view after data im port
50
CFturbo8 Creating the blades starting with version 2009 the creation of blades in AutoCAD is possible any longer, because the features for lofting surfaces has been modified by Autodesk earlier version support the command _loft to create surfaces from non-planar curves
Creating rotational surfaces (Hub, Shroud) command _revolve select hub and shroud curves Achse definieren durch [Objek t/X/Y/Z] <Objek t>: 0,0,0 Endpunk t der Achse angeben: 0,0,1 Rotationswink el oder [STartwink el] angeben <360>: 360
Construction of Volute
Sam ple-view after data im port
Creating the open part of volute geometrie 1. command _loft 2. select profile-curves to loft (part by part, starting with the open one)
Main window 3. Option eingeben [Fhrungen/Pfad/nur Querschnitte] <nur Querschnitte>: nur Querschnitte
51
4. Settings for lofted surface 5. repeat steps 1 to 4 for remaining parts of the volute
3.6.2
Autodesk Inventor
The data-import is realized by a macro that is created for each geometry individually by CFturbo. The macro is loaded and executed in Inventor. To execute a macro it has to be imported into an existing VBA-project. Tools | VBA Editor
open file-open-dialog by File | Import File... and select *.bas macro-file, possibly a new project has to be created File | New Project
52
CFturbo8
execute imported macro: Run | Run Macro (F5) close dialog by Run The time for executing depends on the complexity of the geometry.
Main window
53
3.6.3
Catia (Dassault Systmes)

The data-import is realized by a macro that is created for each geometry individually by CFturbo. The macro is loaded and executed in Inventor. Open the macro dialog Tools | Mak ro | Mak ros or <Alt> + <F8> select an existing macro library or create a new macro library: <Mak robibliothek en>, add directory which contains the macro files created in CFturbo (<Vorhandene Bibliothek hinzufgen>)
select macro library and execute macro
3.6.4
Numeca AutoGrid5
The geometry data for impeller is exported by CFturbo to geomTurbo-files which can be loaded by AutoGrid5. start Numeca IGG
54
CFturbo8
change to AutoGrid5-mode: Modules | AutoGrid5
open a new project: File | New Project
Main window
55
close dialog by Initialize a New Project from a geomTurbo File select *.geomTurbo-file
3.6.5
Pro/ENGINEER (PTC)
Construction of impeller The following files are exported by CFturbo for impellers: *-hub.pts, *-shroud.pts: points of hub and shroud *-profile.ibl: points for blade profiles *.ibl: all points for hub, shroud and blades
Creating hub and shroud
56
CFturbo8
insert sketch: Insert | Model Datum | Sketch Sketch plane: RIGHT Reference: FRONT Orientation: Oberseite create reference coodinate system: Sketch | coordinate system create spline by 2 points: Sk etch | Spline double-click on created spline select <File>, select reference coordinate system, confirm selection
Main window
57
select *.pts-file confirm pointcount close spline menu There must be only one spline per sketch! create centerline for rotation: Sketch | Line | Centerline Position axis on center point with orientation of y axis (equivalent to z axis in 3D) return to 3D-view select sketch and open menu for rotation: Insert | Rotate
58
CFturbo8
confirm created rotational surface
Creating blade profiles The profile curves for a blade are loaded from *-profile.ibl files. A surface is created from the curves and displayed as a circular pattern. creating axis of rotation: Insert | Model Datum | Axis press <Strg> while selection Right and Top
Main window
59
confirm loading curves from file: Insert | Model Datum | Curve select From File, confirm by Done select coordinate system select *-profile.ibl file
60
CFturbo8
connect curves to surface: Insert | Boundary Blend select profile curves
Main window
61
confirm blade surface creating a circular pattern: select blade surface from model tree in the context menu select Pattern
Type: Axis select sketched z axis
number of blades angle: 360
62
CFturbo8
confirm
Construction of volute The construction of a volute uses the same steps like an impeller. By repeating of loading curves from files
Main window
63
and connecting curves to surfaces
64
CFturbo8
a 3D-geometry of the volute can be created.
Main window
65
3.6.6
Ansys ICEM CFD

Export Dialog "Export ICEM-CFD" and "CFturbo2Icem2CFX" script are available with the corresponding license only. "CFturbo2Icem2CFX" is a script for automatic geometry generation and meshing of CFturbo impellers and CFturbo volutes. Export to ICEM-CFD is useful for the "CFturbo2Icem2CFX" script only. 2 files are created: geometry and tetra parameters are saved in the ".tin" file, prism parameters are saved in the ". prism_params"file. (A detailed description of the parameters you can find in the script documentation.)
66
CFturbo8
global settings
local settings
Error message: If this message is visible then geometry proportion and selected mesh parameters do not match properly.
Main window
67
3.7
Data export limitations

Rental or Permanent license When using CFturbo with a normal license (rental or permanent) the export is not restricted in any way.
Demo / Test license Export functionality is restricted when using CFturbo with a Demo/Test license. Data export is then disabled for all self designed impellers or volutes. To demonstrate the performance of the CAD/CFD interfaces, the data export is enabled for CFturbo default examples only. These default examples you can find (1) in the CFturbo installation directory: c:\Program Files\CFturbo 8\Examples (2) on the CFturbo website: http://www.cfturbo.com/download.html
3.8
CAE-Startup
File | CAE-Startup The CAE-Startup dialog allows starting available CFD/FEM applications whereas the CFturbo created geometries are transferred automatically. Available products are listed in the tree on the left side. On the right side properties of the export to this product can be set. The version of the product can be selected from a list or the path can be defined manually and deleted using the buttons. The availability of version to choose from depends on the product vendor. If not either a product version is selected from the list nor a path is defined manually the export for this product is unavailable and marked grey in the tree.
68
CFturbo8
Version selection and w orking directory
All data exported by CFturbo is written to the working directory and it's passed to the product when its' started. The run mode defines if the product waits after the predefined processing for a user interaction or runs in batch mode without any user activity.
Ansys ICEM-CFD The Interactive mode exports the geometry and opens it in ICEM. Afterwards the scripts for meshing can be started manually. The Batch mode enables the configuration of the meshing parameters and runs the scripts automatically. Create OutPipe for Volutes: An outpipe is created on volute exit. Include Meshing: Defines, if meshing scripts are processed automatically (only available in Batch mode). Meshing parameters: Opens the Export ICEM-CFD 65 dialog.
Main window
69
Simerics PumplinX Add to existing PumplinX project: The geometry is added to an existing project. If option is not selected, a new project is created. Refinement factor: Defines the precision of the exported geometry data.
70
CFturbo8
Concepts NREC Pushbutton CFD This export is only available for impeller, because a volute geometry can not be processed separately. Define counterpart SUR-file: Add a volute geometry, created using File->Export->CFD->AxCent, for processing.
Main window
71
Concepts NREC STRESSPREP This export is only available for impeller, because a volute geometry can not be processed separately. Define counterpart SUR-file: Add a volute geometry, created using File->Export->CFD->AxCent, for processing. Solver: Select the solver used by STRESSPREP.
72
CFturbo8
Part
IV
74
CFturbo8
4
4.1
Impeller
Main dimensions
Impeller | Main dimensions The Main Dimensions menu item is used to define main dimensions of the impeller. Details Pump/Ventilator Compressor 86 Turbine 96
74
4.1.1
Pump / Ventilator
Impeller | Main dimensions The Main Dimensions menu item is used to define main dimensions of the impeller. Main Dimensions are forming the most important basis for all following design steps.
The real flow in a pump impeller is turbulent and three-dimensional. Secondary flows, separation and reattachment in boundary layers, cavitation, transient recirculation areas and other features may occur. Nevertheless it is useful - and it is common practice in the pump design theory - to simplify the realistic flow applying representative streamlines for the first design approach. Employing 1D-streamline theory the following cross sections are significant in particular: suction area (index S), just before leading edge (index 0), at the beginning (index 1) and at the end of the blade (index 2) and finally behind the trailing edge (index 3).
Details Design point 75 Parameters 77 Dimensions 81
Impeller 4.1.1.1 Design point
75
On page Design point you have to enter the design point data. The essential Basic values are: Flow rate Q for pumps: Head H for ventilators: Pressure difference p Number of revolutions n Density of the fluid On panel Inflow you may define the inflow swirl at hub and shroud. There are two possibilities: Flow angle
S
Swirl number
r
arctan c mS c uS
S S S
1 c uS uS
r r r
Positive swirl Negative swirl No swirl
< 90 > 90 = 90
<1 >1 =1
Negative swirl is increasing the head and may often have no good affect to the suction behavior. Inflow through a straight pipe usually leads to swirl-free flow.
r
and
r
relate as follows:
c mS uS tan
r
1
S
4Q
2
dS
dN d n tan
The conversion
is only valid for certain diameters dN and dS. Conversion is updated if these
diameters are modified. In the lower part you can decide to design a shrouded or unshrouded impeller. For unshrouded impeller you have to define the tip clearance. Furthermore, you can define rotational direction of the impeller seen from the drive side (axial view to backside of hub). Finally you have to specify the number of blades, optionally with splitter blades. The number is usually between 3 and 7 for pumps and 6 and 10 for ventilators. Many blades - causing low blade loading - are related to higher friction losses. By choosing of fewer blades - leading to a higher blade loading - the hydraulic losses may rise due to increased secondary flow and stronger deviation between blade and flow direction.
For a new design you can create a fully automated initial design of the impeller with default settings: see Full impeller 106
76
CFturbo8
Some calculated variables are displayed in the right Information sector in case the soft button Value has been chosen: Specific speed nq (metric units) points to machine type and general shape of impeller:
nq
n min
Q m3 s H [m]
34
10... 50: Radial impeller 50...170: Mixed-flow impeller 150...400: Axial impeller Specific speed NS (US-units) Type number (ISO 2548) Mass flow Specific energy Y Power output PQ for pumps: Pressure difference p for ventilators: Speed coefficient
s
Ns
n [rpm ]
Q [gpm ] H [ ft ]
34
51 .6 n q
2 n
Q
Q gH
34
nq 52 .9
Y = gH PQ = gHQ p = gH
2.1078 n
Q gH
34
nq 157 .8
Impeller
77
In general for cost reasons single-stage & single-intake machines are preferred covering a range of about 10 < nq < 400. In exceptional cases it may become necessary to design an impeller for extremely low specific speed values (nq < 10). These impellers are characterized by large impeller diameters and low impeller widths. The ratio of free flow cross section area to wetted surfaces becomes unfavorable and is causing high frictional losses. To prevent this one may increase either rotational speed n or flow rate Q if possible. An alternative solution could be the design of a multi-stage pump reducing the head H of the single-stage. If especially high specific speed values (nq > 400) do occur one can reduce rotational speed n or flow rate Q if feasible. Another option would be to operate several single-stage pumps - having a lower nq - in parallel. Please note: CFturbo is preferably used between 10 < nq < 150 radial and mixed-flow impellers. 4.1.1.2 Parameters On page Parameters you have to put in or to modify assumptions resulting from approximation functions in dependence on specific speed nq or flow rate Q (see Approximation functions 22 ).
The panel Parameters allows defining alternative values in each case for the calculation of the following impeller main dimensions: for pumps for ventilators
78
CFturbo8 suction diameter dS inlet diameter d1 inlet width b1 impeller diameter d2 impeller width b2 For dS-calculation (pumps) Ratio between meridional inflow velocity and specific energy Intake coefficient
c0 2Y
0.050.4 (rising with nq) high smaller dimensions, lower friction losses < 20 prevent the risk of cavitation > 15 with regard to efficiency 12...17 recommended for good suction capability small friction and shock losses only if no cavitation risk ! fdS=1.15...1.05 standard impeller, nq=15...40 fdS=1.25...1.15 suction impeller
Inflow angle
0a
Minimal relative velocity w
nSS
n min
Q m3 s NPSHR [m]
34
Standard suction impeller suction specific speed nSS Suction impeller, axial inflow Suction impeller, cont. shaft High pressure pump Standard inducer Rocket inducer
u1<50 m/s u1<35 m/s u1<50 m/s u1>50 m/s u1>35 m/s
160...220 220...280 180...240 160...190 400...700 >>1000
NPSHR
Min. NPSH
c
c m1 2g
2 w
w1 2g
suction pressure coefficient for absolute velocity c (inflow acceleration
and losses): 1.1 axial inflow; 1.21.35 radial inflow casing Unterdruckbeiwert fr Relativgeschwindigkeit w (Druckabsenkung an w der Vorderkante): 0.100.30 standard impeller; 0.030.06 inducer for d1 calculation (ventilator) Diameter ratio d1/d2
d1 d2
56
1.25
v
for b1 calculation (ventilator)
Impeller Meri. deceleration c m1/c mS For d2-calculation dimensionless expression for the specific energy:
Y u2
2
79
c m1 c mS
4b1 d1
2.16
16
Pressure coefficient
0.7 ...1.3 radial impeller 0.25...0.7 mixed-flow impeller 0.1 ...0.4 axial impeller high small d2, flat charactersitic curve low high d2, steep charactersitic curve
81
Diameter coefficient Outflow angle

3
according to Cordier diagram (see Dimensions
6...13: recommended for stable performance curve (with nq rising)
For b2-calculation Outlet width ratio b2/d2 for pumps: Mer. deceleration c m3/c mS for ventilators: Shroud angle 0.04...0.30 (with nq rising)
0.60...0.95 (with nq rising)
arctan 2
b1 b 2 d2 d1
20
In panel Efficiency you have to specify several efficiencies: Hydraulic efficiency h Volumetric efficiency Side friction efficiency Mechanical efficiency
v T S m
Tip clearance efficiency
The first four values form the internal efficiency because these losses result in dissipating energy from the fluid:
i h v S T
Internal and mechanical efficiency form the overall efficiency (pump/ coupling efficiency): PQ PQ: pump output, see above i m PD P : power demand (coupling/ driving power)
D
The obtainable overall efficiency correlates to specific speed and to the size and the type of the
80
CFturbo8 impeller as well as to special design features like bypass installations and auxiliary aggregates. Efficiencies calculated by approximation functions 22 are representing the theoretical reachable values and they should be corrected by the user if more information about the impeller or the whole pump are available. The hydraulic efficiency (or blade efficiency) describe the energy losses within the pump caused by friction and vorticity. Friction losses mainly originate from shear stresses in boundary layers. Vorticity losses are caused by turbulence and on the other hand by changes of flow cross section and flow direction which may lead to secondary flow, flow separation, wake behind blades etc.. The hydraulic efficiency is the ratio between specific energy Y and the energy transmitted by the impeller blades: Y 0.85 0.93 h ~ Y The volumetric efficiency is a quantity for the deviation of effective flow rate Q from total flow rate inside the impeller which also includes the circulating flow within the pump casing: Q v ~ 0.93 0.99 Q (rising with impeller size) The tip clearance efficiency is only relevant for unshrouded impellers. It contains losses due to the flow through the gap between blade tips and housing from the pressure to the suction side of the blades. The flow losses mainly depend on the tip clearance distance x T and decrease with rising number of blades and rising blade outlet angle
T
.
x T b2
1 f A Ratio
f n q , A Ratio
A Ratio
The side friction efficiency contains losses caused by rotation of fluid between hub/ shroud and housing: 0.5 0.985 fr n q 40 P 1 S S 0.985 0.995 fr n q 40 P The mechanical efficiency mainly includes the friction losses in bearings and seals: P 1 m 0.95 0.995 m P (rising with impeller size) Hydraulic and volumetric efficiency as well as the tip clearance efficiency are most important for the impeller dimensioning because of their influence to and/or . Mechanical and side friction efficiency are affecting only the required driving power of the pump. Please note about the required consistency for Q- and Y (H or p)- values and for
h
und
too:
they refer to the same control volume of the viewed fluid domain. For example if Y is representing the desired energy after the outlet of the spiral casing the assumed hydraulic efficiency h must contain all hydraulic losses which occur at the flow through the impeller and through the volute. Clearly distinguish if you look at the whole pump stage or just viewing to the impeller alone! In the lower area of the Assumptions column you can find again some calculated values for information:
Impeller
81
Required driving power Power loss Internal efficiency Overall efficiency
PD
PL
i
PQ
PD
h v
PQ
S
PD 1
PQ PD
i m
4.1.1.3
Dimensions On page Dimensions, panel Shaft/ hub, the required shaft diameter is computed and the hub diameter is determined by the user. Shaft/Hub 105
The main dimensions of a designed impeller - suction diameter dS, impeller diameter d2, outlet width b2 - can be seen on Main dimensions panel. They can be recomputed by pressing the Calculatebutton. The computation is based on "Euler's Equation of Turbomachinery", on the continuity equation and the relations for the velocity triangles as well as on the parameters and parameter ratios given in the tab sheets Design Point and Parameters. You may accept the proposed values or you can modify them slightly, e.g. to meet a certain normalized diameter. In case the checkbox Automatic is activated a new calculation will accomplished after any change of parameter. Then the manual alteration of the main dimensions is not possible. Regarding the impeller size one should try to attain d2 values as low as possible. But there is a limit for a specified task: lower impeller diameters are leading to higher blade loading - up to blade angles which may not be suitable anymore. 2
82
CFturbo8
A specific problem exists for ventilator impellers. If the suction diameter dS is calculated by diameter ratio d1/d2, then the hub has to be planar, i.e. hub diameter dN = 0. Otherwise the empirical correlations are invalid. If the user defines a dN value deviating from 0, a warning symbol points to this problem. The solution is to select a different parameter for the calculation of the suction diameter dS (see Parameters 77 ).
Impeller
83
You can select a value for the diameters dS from standard specifications. For that purpose you have to press the button right beside the input field. The small dialog gives you the possibility to select a diameter from several standard specifications. If material, standard name and pressure range are selected the lower panel shows all diameters of the chosen standard. One diameter is highlighted as a proposal. Nominal diameter, outside diameter and wall thickness for the marked entry is displayed. Using of and buttons additional standard specifications and user defined diameters can be added or existing parameters can be removed from the list. At File location the name of the file containing the diameters is shown. The file is originally called Diameter.cftdi and is located in the installation directory of CFturbo. Modifications of the list will be saved if the user is leaving the dialog window by clicking the OKbutton. In case there are no write permissions the user can choose another directory to save the file. Renaming of files is possible by Save as- functionality. By clicking the Open-button a previously saved file can be opened.
In the right panel of any tab sheet an information panel is situated, which holds the computed variables in accordance to the actual state of design, the resulting Meridional section 84 as well as the Cordier-Diagramm 84 with the location of the best point. These three sections can be chosen by the appropriate soft buttons in the heading.
In the Value section the following variables are displayed for information which result from calculated or determined main dimensions:
Y
u2 2 c mS Q 4 dS
Q v d 2b 2
2 v
Average inlet velocity
dN
Average outlet velocity
c m3
NPSHR
NPSH value
NPSHR
c m1 2g
2 w
w1 2g
or
H n q nSS
43
Outlet width ratio Meridional deceleration
b2/d2
dcm c m3 c mS
84
CFturbo8 Estimated axial force

Fax 0.9 gH 4 dS
2
dN
The Meridional section is based on the until now designed min dimensions.
The Cordier diagram is based on an intensive empirical analysis of proved turbomachinery using extensive experimental data.
Impeller
85
4.1.2
4.1.2.1
Compressor / Turbine
General Fluid Properties have to be specified within the tab sheet General. In case of the consideration of real gas behavior a compressibility factor needs to be known. Otherwise (ideal gas behavior) the specification of the isentropic coefficient, gas constant and specific heat (at constant pressure) is sufficient. In the panel Unshrouded it can be defined whether th rotor has to be shrouded or not. If the choice is unshrouded the Tip clearance has to be given. Furthermore one can define rotational direction of the rotor seen from the drive side (axial view to backside of hub). The blade number z has to be set as an assumption. Many blades - causing low blade loading - are related to higher friction losses. By choosing of fewer blades - leading to a higher blade loading - the hydraulic losses may rise due to increased secondary flow and stronger deviation between blade and flow direction. Beyond it the existence of splitter blades may be specified within the panel Blades.
86
CFturbo8 Depending on blade exit angle 2 is recommended: z 12 for 2 30 z 16 for 2 45...60 z 20 for 2 70...90
4.1.2.2
Compressor
Impeller | Main dimensions The Main Dimensions menu item is used to define main dimensions of the impeller. Main Dimensions are forming the most important basis for all following design steps.
Impeller
87
The real flow in a pump impeller is turbulent and threedimensional. Secondary flows, separation and reattachment in boundary layers, cavitation, transient recirculation areas and other features may occur. Nevertheless it is useful - and it is common practice in the pump design theory - to simplify the realistic flow applying representative streamlines for the first design approach. Employing 1D-streamline theory the following cross sections are significant in particular: suction area (index S), just before leading edge (index 0), at the beginning (index 1) and at the end of the blade (index 2) and finally behind the trailing edge (index 3).
Details General 85 Design point 87 Parameters 90 Dimensions 93
4.1.2.2.1 Design point
On page Design point you have to enter the design point data. The essential Basic values are: Flow rate by one of the following options: m - mass flow - volume flow Q (referring to total state) energy transmission by one of the following options: - total pressure ratio t - total pressure difference pt - specific work Y Number of revolutions n On panel Inlet conditions you have to define the total state on suction side by total pressure pt and total temperature Tt . Furthermore you may define the inflow swirl at hub and shroud, if available. There are two possibilities: Swirl number Swirl energy number
r
1 c uS uS
r
uS c uS Y
Y Y
Positive swirl Negative swirl

r
<1 >1
>0 <0
88
CFturbo8 No swirl
r
=1
=0
Negative swirl is increasing the head and may often have no good affect to the suction behavior. Inflow through a straight pipe usually leads to swirl-free flow.
r
and
r
relate as follows:
YY 2 us
Y
us 1 Y
Some calculated variables are displayed in the right Information sector in case the soft button Value has been chosen: Specific speed nq (metric units) points to machine type and general shape of impeller:
nq
n min
Q t m3 s Y g [m]
34
10... 50: Radial impeller 50...170: Mixed-flow impeller 150...400: Axial impeller
Impeller Specific speed NS (US-units) Type number (ISO 2548) Speed coefficient
2.1078 n
s
89
Ns
n [rpm ]
Q t [gpm ] Y g [ ft ]
34
51 .6 n q
2 n
Qt Y
34
nq 52 .9 Qt nq 157 .8
34
Specific work Y
1 c p Tt,S
Total pressure ratio Total pressure difference Power output PQ Inlet speed of sound (total) Volume flow (total)
= p t,2 p t,S
t
p t = p t,2 - p t,S = p t,S (
- 1)
PQ
mY
a t,1
Q tS
m
tS t2
R Z Tt,S
m ZRT tS
p tS
Mass flow Inlet density (total) Outlet density (total) Outlet temperature (total)
Q tS p tS ZRT tS p tS ZRT tS p t 2 ZRT t 2
Tt 2
TtS 1
Y c p TtS
In general for cost reasons single-stage & single-intake machines are preferred covering a range of about 10 < nq < 400. In exceptional cases it may become necessary to design an impeller for extremely low specific speed values (nq < 10). These impellers are characterized by large impeller diameters and low impeller widths. The ratio of free flow cross section area to wetted surfaces becomes unfavorable and is causing high frictional losses. To prevent this one may increase either rotational speed n or flow rate Q if possible. An alternative solution could be the design of a multi-stage pump reducing the head H of the single-stage. If especially high specific speed values (nq > 400) do occur one can reduce rotational speed n or flow rate Q if feasible. Another option would be to operate several single-stage pumps - having a lower nq - in parallel. Please note: CFturbo is preferably used between 10 < nq < 150 radial and mixed-flow impellers.
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CFturbo8
4.1.2.2.2 Parameters
On page Parameters you have to put in or to modify assumptions resulting from approximation functions in dependence on specific speed nq or flow rate Q (see Approximation functions 22 ).
The panel Parameters allows defining alternative values in each case for the calculation of the following impeller main dimensions: For d2-calculation dimensionless expression for the specific energy: Y 0 .8 1 .5 2 u2 2 high low small d2, flat charactersitic curve high d2, steep charactersitic curve
dimensionless flow rate Q t,S

t
(Total) Flow coefficient
d2 u 2
0.01 narrow radial impeller, untwisted blades 0.15 mixed-flow impeller, twisted blades Diameter coefficient Machine Mach number Mau according to Cordier diagram (see Dimensions
93
dimensionless peripheral speed of impeller related to total inlet speed of sound
Impeller
u2 a t,S
91
Ma u
Peripheral speed u2 For b2-calculation Outlet width ratio b2/d2
Limiting values due to strength as a function of the material
0.01...0.15 (with nq rising) dimensionless flow rate Q2 c 2m m d 2b 2u 2 u2 0.10...0.50 (with nq rising)
Meridional flow coefficient
For d1-calculation (optional) Diameter ratio d1/d2 Relative deceleration w2/w1 For b1-calculation (optional) Meridional deceleration c m2/c m1 for dS-calculation Meridional deceleration c m1/c mS or c m2/c mS c m1/c mS = 0.9...1.1 c m2/c mS = 0.7...1.3 c m2/c m1 = 0.8...1.25 d1/d2=0.3...0.8 w2/w1>0.7 or f(b2/d2)
In panel Efficiency you have to specify several efficiencies: Impeller efficiency tt (total-total) Volumetric efficiency Mechanical efficiency
v m
The first two values form the internal efficiency because these losses result in dissipating energy from the fluid:
i tt v
Internal and mechanical efficiency form the overall efficiency (coupling efficiency): PQ PQ: pump output, see above i m PD P : power demand (coupling/ driving power)
D
The obtainable overall efficiency correlates to specific speed and to the size and the type of the impeller as well as to special design features like bypass installations and auxiliary aggregates. Efficiencies calculated by approximation functions 22 are representing the theoretical reachable values and they should be corrected by the user if more information about the impeller or the whole machine are available.
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CFturbo8
The impeller efficiency
tt
describes the energy losses caused by friction and vorticity. Friction
losses mainly originate from shear stresses in boundary layers. Vorticity losses are caused by turbulence and on the other hand by changes of flow cross section and flow direction which may lead to secondary flow, flow separation, wake behind blades etc.. The impeller efficiency is the ratio between the actual specific energy Y and the energy transmitted by the impeller blades without any losses: Y tt ~ Y The volumetric efficiency is a quantity for the deviation of effective flow rate Q from total flow rate inside the impeller which also includes the circulating flow within the casing: Q v ~ 0.93 0.99 Q (rising with impeller size) The mechanical efficiency mainly includes the friction losses in bearings and seals: P 1 m 0.95 ...0.995 m P (rising with impeller size) Impeller efficiency and volumetric efficiency are most important for the impeller dimensioning because of their influence to and/or . The mechanical efficiency is affecting only the required driving power of the machine. Please note about the required consistency for flow rate and energy transmission values and for und
v h
too: they refer to the same control volume of the viewed fluid domain. For example if Y is
representing the desired energy after the outlet of the spiral casing the assumed impeller efficiency must contain all flow losses which occur at the flow through the impeller and through the volute. tt Clearly distinguish if you look at the whole stage or just viewing to the impeller alone! In the right panel of the tab sheet Parameter you can find again some calculated values for information: Required driving power Power loss Internal efficiency Overall efficiency
PD
PL
i
PQ
PD
tt v
PQ
PD 1
PQ PD
1
i m
Total-to-static efficiency
ts
1
t
c2 2c p TtS 1
Impeller
4.1.2.2.3 Dimensions
93
On page Dimensions, panel Shaft/ hub, the required shaft diameter is computed and the hub diameter is determined by the user. Shaft/Hub 105
The main dimensions of a designed impeller - suction diameter dS, impeller diameter d2, outlet width b2 - can be seen on Main dimensions panel. They can be recomputed by pressing the Calculatebutton. The computation is based on "Euler's Equation of Turbomachinery", on the continuity equation and the relations for the velocity triangles as well as on the parameters and parameter ratios given in the tab sheets Design Point and Parameters. You may accept the proposed values or you can modify them slightly, e.g. to meet a certain normalized diameter. In case the checkbox Automatic is activated a new calculation will accomplished after any change of parameter. Then the manual alteration of the main dimensions is not possible. Regarding the impeller size one should try to attain d2 values as low as possible. But there is a limit for a specified task: lower impeller diameters are leading to higher blade loading - up to blade angles which may not be suitable anymore. 2
In the right panel of any tab sheet an information panel is situated, which holds the computed variables in accordance to the actual state of design, the resulting Meridional section 94 as well as the Cordier-Diagramm 95 with the location of the best point. These three sections can be chosen by the appropriate soft buttons in the heading.
94
CFturbo8
In the Value section the following variables are displayed for information which result from calculated or determined main dimensions:
Y
u2 2
0.6
1.5
Tangential force coefficient Outlet width ratio Inlet Mach number
ct
tt m
b2/d2 = 0.01...0.15
Ma wS
w mS
w uS
0.75
0.85
RZT S
1 a t,2 c2
2
Ma c 2
Outlet Mach number
1 1 2
Reaction
c2 2Y
The Meridional section is based on the until now designed min dimensions.
Impeller
95
The Cordier diagram is based on an intensive empirical analysis of proved turbomachinery using extensive experimental data.
96
CFturbo8
4.1.2.3
Turbine
Rotor | Main dimensions The Main Dimensions menu item is used to define main dimensions of the rotor. Main Dimensions are forming the most important basis for all following design steps.
Impeller
97
The real flow in a turbine rotor is turbulent and three-dimensional. Secondary flows, separation and reattachment in boundary layers, cavitation, transient recirculation areas and other features may occur. Nevertheless it is useful - and it is common practice in the turbine design theory - to simplify the realistic flow applying representative streamlines for the first design approach. Employing 1D-streamline theory the following cross sections are significant in particular: area just before leading edge (index 0), at the beginning (index 1) and at the end of the blade (index 2) and finally behind the trailing edge (index 3). The cross section (S) is situated at the suction side in the connection flange of the component following the turbine.
Details General 85 Design Point 97 Assumptions 99 Dimensions 99
The design of the main dimensions has to be made in a strict order. This will be secured by the following:One step within the design has to be finished completely before the next can be accomplished. That is to say, the changeability of a tab sheet will be disabled by CFturbo until all necessary parameters have been specified.
4.1.2.3.1 Design point
In the tab sheet Design Point all design data of the best point need to be given. In the panel Basic values these are: m Mass flow One of the following options: Total pressure ratio tt specific work Y Machine-Mach-number M1 Inlet peripheral speed u1 Inlet diameter d1 Total-to-static pressure ratio Rotational speed n In the panel In- and outlet conditions the static pressure at the suction flange (pressure in the
ts
98
CFturbo8 connection flange of the work piece attached to the turbine at the outlet) as well as the total temperature at the inlet has to be specified. This design concept is based on a mean flow area, therefore a mean blade angle B1 as well as a mean incidence angle i has to be given. In order to yield best efficiency the angle of incidence should be 20..30.
Some calculated variables are displayed in the right Information sector in case the soft button Value has been chosen:
Total pressure drop Dp
p t1 1
1
tt
1
Specific work Y Rotor power PQ Total speed of sound at inlet at1 Total temperature at outlet Tt2 Relative flow angle at inlet
1
Y
PQ
a t1
c p Tt1 1
Y m
tt
R Gas Z Tt1
Tt 2
Tt1
Y tt c p
=i
B1
Impeller
99
4.1.2.3.2 Parameters
In the tab sheet Parameter one of the following parameters have to specified for the calculation of the rotor diameter d1: dimensionless expression of the specific work ~ 2 Y tt Work coefficient ~
2 u1
big small
small d1 big d1
Guideline ca. 2 dimensionless mass flow c m1 u1 in accordance to Cordier-Diagramm 105 Tangential force coefficient ~/ Coefficient of a flow force pointing in tangential direction 3 ... 4 Francis high-speed turbine 4 ... 8 Normal-speed turbine 8 ...10 Low-speed turbine Ratio of work to the square of the meridional speed 6 ...10 Francis high-speed turbine 10...12 Normal-speed turbine 12...30 Low-speed turbine
Flow coefficient
Coefficient ratio ~/ 2
Between the work coefficient there is the following relation: 1 ~ 1 1 cot 1 2 ~/ At a relative flow angle of
1
the relative flow angle
and the tangential force coefficient
~/
= 90 the work coefficient becomes
2. In this case the work
coefficient should not be chosen as a design parameter in the tab sheet Parameters. Otherwise one has no influence on the meridional flow coefficient and therefore meridional flow, see last equation. For all further geometric variables guess values have to be given: Diameter ratio d2/d1 Meridional acceleration c m2/c m1 Meridional acceleration (suction ~0.5 1.005..1.05 1.005..1.05
100
CFturbo8 side) c mS/c m1 or Diameter ratio dS/d1 Diameter ratio dN /dS ~0.7 ~0.3
There are three specification modes of the diameter ratio dN /dS: Direct input Automatic calculation: option "Automatic". Here the diameter ratio will be adjusted in a way that the guideline of the geometrical ratios 104 will met. Direct specification of dN in the tab sheet Dimensions. Here the diameter ratio is not necessary. With diameter ratio dS/d1 option "Automatic" is deactivated. In the group Efficiency the following efficiencies need to be given: Rotor efficiency tt (total-total) Mechanical efficiency
m
Internal and mechanical efficiency form the overall efficiency (coupling efficiency):
PD PQ
tt m
PQ: (isentropic) Rotor power PD : Power output (coupling/ driving power) describes the energy losses within the turbine caused by
The rotor efficiency (or blade efficiency)
tt
friction and vorticity. Friction losses mainly originate from shear stresses in boundary layers. Vorticity losses are caused by turbulence and on the other hand by changes of flow cross section and flow direction which may lead to secondary flow, flow separation, wake behind blades etc.. The rotor efficiency is the ratio between the actual specific work Y and the specific work at loss less transmission: ~ Y tt Y The mechanical efficiency mainly includes the friction losses in bearings and seals: P 1 m 0.95 ...0.995 m P (rising with impeller size)
Impeller
101
In the right panel of the tab sheet Parameter some variables are displayed for Information: points to machine type and general shape of rotor: Specific speed nq (SI-Unit)
3 Qm 1
nq
n min
s
3 4
m2 1 Y 2 s g
Specific speed NS (US-Unit)
NS
n rpm Y
Q gpm
3
51 .531 n q
4
ft 1 s2 g
nq 52 .9 Q
Type number (ISO 2548)
2 n Y
Q
3 4
2.1078 n
nq 157 .8
Speed coefficient
Guideline: 0.16..0.32. This has to be matched with the design. Flow Q Total pressure inlet pt1 calculated with total density in the outlet: m Q
t2
pt1 =
pt2
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CFturbo8
Total density inlet rt1 Pressure ratio total-total Pressure ratio total-static Efficiency total-total Efficiency total-static
t1
p t1 R Gas Tt1 Z
tt ts tt ts
In general for cost reasons single-stage & single-intake machines are preferred covering a range of about 10 < nq < 400. In exceptional cases it may become necessary to design a rotor for extremely low specific speed values (nq < 10). These rotors are characterized by large rotor diameters and low rotor widths. The ratio of free flow cross section area to wetted surfaces becomes unfavorable and is causing high frictional losses. To prevent this one may increase either rotational speed n or mass flow rate m if possible. An alternative solution could be the design of a multi-stage turbine reducing the pressure drop of a single-stage. If especially high specific speed values (nq > 400) do occur one can reduce rotational speed n or mass flow rate m if feasible. Another option would be to operate several single-stage turbines - having a lower nq - in parallel. Please note: CFturbo is preferably used between 10 < nq < 150 radial and mixed-flow rotors.
4.1.2.3.3 Dimensions
In the panel Shaft, the required shaft diameter is computed. Shaft/ Hub 105 The hub diameter has to be determined in the panel Main dimensions. The main dimensions of a designed rotor - suction diameter dS, impeller diameter d1, outlet width b1 can be seen on the tab sheet Dimensions. They can be recomputed by pressing the Calculatebutton within the panel Main dimensions. The computation is based on "Euler's Equation of Turbomachinery", on the continuity equation and the relations for the velocity triangles as well as on the parameters and parameter ratios given in the tab sheets Design Point and Parameters. One may accept the proposed values or can modify them slightly, e.g. to meet a certain normalized diameter. In case the checkbox Automatic is activated a new calculation will accomplished after any change of parameter. Then the manual alteration of the main dimensions is not possible.
Impeller
103
In the right panel of any tab sheet an information panel is situated, which holds the computed variables in accordance to the actual state of design, the resulting Meridional section 104 as well as the Cordier-Diagramm 105 with the location of the best point. These three sections can be chosen by the appropriate soft buttons in the heading. In the information section of the tab sheet Dimensions the following variables are displayed for Information:
2 Y
tt
Work coefficient
2 u1
Peripheral speed at inlet
u1
2 Y
u1 a t1
u1 n
tt
Machine-Mach-number
M1
Diameter at inlet
d1
Width at inlet
b1
m d1 c m1
Mean diameter at outlet
d2
d2 d1 d1
104
CFturbo8
Width at outlet Shroud diameter Hub diameter Ratio Width-diameter at inlet
b2
dS dN b1/d1
1.025
d2
m c m2
guideline: 0.05..0.15
d2/d2min with: Diameter ratio
d2 min rS b2 rN
1 2 dS 2
2 dN
Ratio radius-width at outlet
dS dN 2 b2
The guidelines given in the last column of the last three rows, should be be matched within the design. The Meridional section is based on the main dimensions designed until this point.
Impeller
105
The Cordier diagram is based on an intensive empirical analysis of proved turbomachinery using extensive experimental data..
4.1.3
Shaft/Hub
Dimensioning of the shaft diameter is made under application of strength requirements. It is a result of torque to be transmitted by the shaft and the allowable torsional stress of the material. You can directly enter allowable stress or select the value from a list by pressing button beside the input area. right
106
CFturbo8
In a small dialog window you can see some materials and its allowable stress. The list can be extended or reduced by and button. You can confirm selected value by pressing the OK-button. At File location the file containing material properties is shown. The file is originally called Stress.cftst and is located in the installation directory of CFturbo. Modifications of the list will be saved if the user is leaving the dialog window by clicking the OK-button. In case there are no write permissions the user can choose another directory to save the file. Renaming of files is possible by Save as- functionality. By clicking the Open -button a previously saved file can be opened.
To consider a higher load, e.g. due to operating conditions away from the design point, a safety factor SF may be specified leading to a modified proposed shaft diameter dw.
dw
8 QY SF
2
The hub diameter dN is usually selected as small as possible and depends on the kind of connection of hub and shaft.
4.1.4
Full impeller
The geometry design can be made by 2 different possibilities: (1) Full impeller The whole impeller geometry is designed fully automatically by using default settings. Every design step can be influenced manually later by starting the appropriate dialog. (2) Step by step The geometry is designed stepwise by starting the appropriate dialogs one after another manually.
Impeller
107
For automated design you have to press the button Full Impeller with Default Settings in the Basic calculation dialog after defining the design point values.
4.2
4.2.1
Meridional section
Meridional contour
Impeller | Meridional contour The design of the meridional contour is the second important step to design the impeller. Depending on the type of impeller selected hub, shroud and leading edges are represented by Bezier splines or a simple geometry. In case of Splitter blades each leading edge can be designed individually. Radial ventilator impellers are designed in simple mode by default, all other impeller types in Bezier mode. The designs of turbines and compressors have straight leading edges by default, in case of turbines also z = const. Details of Bezier-mode 110 Details of Simple-mode 114 Graphical elements can be manipulated not only by the computer mouse per drag and drop but also by using context menus. To this end a right click on the appropriate element is necessary. Doing so the mode of the leading edge can be changed as well as the coordinates of Bezier points.
108
CFturbo8
In the panel General curve mode you can set the mode of all elements of the contour simultaneously. But Simple- and Bezier-mode can be used in a mixed way too. The mode of a single curve can be set separately by its context menu.
Impeller
109
In the panel Progressions diagrams the following curves are displayed: Curvature Static moment Area progression It can be accessed by the tab on the right side of the diagram where the dialog is docked. When the dialog is open, it can be pinned on or undocked, for moving it. In undocked state the transparency of the dialog can be adjusted by the track bar above. The static moment is the integral of the curve length (x) in the blade area multiplied by the radius (r). It should be similar at hub and shroud:
rT E
rdx
rLE
In the Options panel some graphical representations can be activated for illustration:
Grid for later blade design
110
CFturbo8
Area circles for calculation of cross section area
In the Information panel you can find some numerical values of above mentioned quantities. 4.2.1.1 Bezier-mode Hub and Shroud are represented by 4th order Bezier-splines. The curve is determined by five Bezier points. Points 0 and 4 are defining the endpoints of the curves while the other three points determining the shape of the curve. The middle point (2) can be moved without any restrictions whereas points 1 and 3 have only one degree of freedom. Point 1 is only movable on the straight line between points 0 and 2, point 3 between point 2 and 4. Therefore no curvature is occurring at the end of the curves. In conjunction with a continuous curvature gradient small velocity gradients can be expected. The two straight lines are defining the gradients in the end points of the curves.
Impeller
111
For an automatic primary design of the contours the following values are used: Main dimensions 74 : dN , dS, d2, b2 Inclination angle of trailing edge to horizontal (see Approximation functions 22 ) Inclination angle of hub and shroud to vertical (see Approximation functions 22 ) Axial extension: pumps, ventilators according to a), turbines according to b), compressor with average of a) and b)
a) z d2 a dS nq 74
1.07
b 2 2 cos
b) z
d1/ 2
dN 2
Point 1 is primary placed at 3/4 of the axial distance of points 0 and 2, point 3 at 2/3 of the radial distance of points 2 and 4. The manipulation of the contours can be achieved by shifting the positions of the Bezier points. As an alternative the position of Bezier points can be realized by input of numerical values (see Graphical dialogs 30 ). Trailing edge can be rotate by moving Bezier points 4. If <Ctrl> key is pressed simultaneously the whole trailing edge can be moved in axial direction with constant inclination angle (change axial extension). Inclination angle of trailing edge can be numerically determined by clicking the right mouse button on it. In the design process for the meridional contours the user should try to create curvatures which are as steady as possible in order to minimize local decelerations. The maximum values of the curvature should be as low as possible and should entirely disappear at the end of the contours. These requirements are met very well by Bezier curves showing the above mentioned limitations. Local cross section 2 rb should grow from the suction to the impeller diameter as uniformly as possible. The points of maximum curvature are marked on hub and shroud while their numerical values are
112
CFturbo8 displayed in the Max. curvature section. There are two different options to define hub and shroud contours that can be selected in the righthand part of the dialog in the Edit section: Hub, Shroud: Direct design of the two contours Cross section: Design of center line; the contours result from given c m -course between suction (dS) and outlet (d2) cross sections In the first case hub and shroud can be designed separately or in the coupled mode. If you hit the Coupled check box hub and shroud will be modified simultaneously considering the same relative positions of the Bezier points. In the second case only the geometric center line of the flow channel will be modified. The contours result in specifying a cross section distribution. It may either be linear or could be loaded from a file. # cross section distribution # start/end tangential, # midsection linear # (spline interpolation 9 points) 0.00 0.00000 0.04 0.01728 0.08 0.03830 0.12 0.06368 0.16 0.09404 0.20 0.13000 0.24 0.17164 0.28 0.21687 0.32 0.26314 0.36 0.31018 0.40 0.36000 0.44 0.41404 0.48 0.47102 0.52 0.52898 0.56 0.58596 0.60 0.64000 0.64 0.68982 0.68 0.73686 0.72 0.78313 0.76 0.82836 0.80 0.87000 0.84 0.90596 0.88 0.93632 0.92 0.96170 0.96 0.98272 1.00 1.00000 On the left side you can see an example of cm progression. All lines starting with a # symbol are comments. All other lines contain the numerical values. The first value of each line is the relative meridional coordinate x along the center line, with x=0 at the inlet cross-section and x=1 at the outlet crosssection. The second value is the relative cross section Arel, which allows to compute the related absolute value:
A A in A rel A out A in
The cross section is used to determine the width b vertical to the flow direction. This strategy is mainly capable for mixed-flow impellers, it's suboptimal for radial impellers with relative sharp direction change from axial to radial.
The leading edge is designed too by a 4th order Bezier spline. Regarding the Bezier points, the statements made above are applicable in a similar way. The only difference is the manipulation of the end points. For the leading edge there is no restriction on hub and shroud contour. The position
Impeller
113
of the leading edge always appears at the same relative position in a primary CFturbo design but this not mean to be a suggestion. Leading edge can be designed as a straight line by selecting Straight in the context menu of the curve (controlled by 2 Bezier points). Additionally the edge can be strictly axial or radial (z = const. or r = const, controlled by 1 Bezier point). For radial impellers having nq (1030) rpm the leading edge is often designed parallel to the zaxis. As the trailing edge is parallel to the axis too for such applications 2D-curved blades can be created. At higher specific speed nq or due to strength reasons the leading edge often is extended into the impeller suction area. Various diameters result in different leading edge blade angles therefore 3D-curved blades are created. This leads to better performance curves, higher efficiencies and improved suction capacity for pumps. The position of the leading edge should be chosen in a way that the energy transmission should be about equal on all meridional flow surfaces. A criterion is the approximately equal static moment S = r dx of the meridional streamlines on hub and shroud between leading and trailing edge. In the Static moment section the corresponding numerical values are displayed. Both ends of the leading edge should be perpendicular to the meridional contours of hub and shroud if possible. To obtain equal static moments on hub and shroud the trailing edge is often not parallel to axial direction particularly at higher specific speeds (mixed-flow impellers).
4.2.1.1.1 Converting Polyline / Bezier
If using simple polyline for hub and/or shroud - e.g. for imported meridional geometrie - this curve can be converted to a Bezier curve. Thus it's possible to make systematic modifications of existing geometries.
First the desired polyline is imported via Import from file. The imported curve is displayed red, the original curve blue.
114
CFturbo8
By pressing the Start! button the position of the Bezier points is calculated in such a way that the imported poyline is replicated as exact as possible. The number of iterations can be varied if required, whereas the default value of 10 normally results in sufficient precision. The precision of the approximated Bezier curve is displayed as Max. and Mean distance from the imported polyline.
4.2.1.2
Simple-mode Hub and shroud are represented by the segment of a circle and a tangential straight line. The radius of the segment is defined by Point 1. The points 0 and 2 are defining the axial position of the meridional contour. The points 0 and 2 of the leading edge can be moved on hub and shroud contour. The angle of the leading edge on the shroud contour can be numerically determined using point 0. Point 1 can be moved freely between points 0 and 2. The values for the angles 1 and 2 as well as their relative position can be determined numerically.
Impeller
115
For an automatic primary design of the contours the following values are used: Dimensions 74 : dN , dS, d2, b1, b2 Radius of the circle segment rSI : 14% of (d2-dS) The manipulation of the contours can be achieved by shifting the positions of the points. As an alternative the position of points can be realized by input of numerical values. By moving points 0 or 2 the whole geometry can be moved in axial direction.
116
CFturbo8
There are some reasonable constraints when working with simple mode curves e.g. the inclination angle of the trailing edge can only be set when hub and shroud are in Bezier mode both.
4.2.2
Meridional flow
Impeller | Meridional flow The meridional flow is computed by a streamline curvature method. The flow domain is divided into thin layers of 11 meridional flow surfaces. There a two-dimensional flow computation is possible with sufficient accuracy. The calculation is made on 35 quasi-orthogonal lines - from the suction area up to the extension area behind the trailing edge. The leading and trailing edges are two of these quasiorthogonal lines. Since this design program is supposed to deliver just a rough estimation of the meridional flow the influence of friction is neglected. Furthermore rotational symmetry has been assumed. After completing the CFturbo-based pre-design process, one should use an appropriate CFD-code for flow recomputation of the impeller or of the whole pump stage.
Impeller
117
After calculation the meridional contour as well as the c m and w distribution is represented showing 6 streamlines and 35 quasi-orthogonal lines. You could adjust the size of the diagrams by mouse.
4.3
Blade properties
Impeller | Blade properties Definition of blade properties i smade in two steps: (1) Blade setup 118 (2) Blade angles 122
In the right panel some information are displayed which result from calculated or determined values:
118
CFturbo8 The Velocity triangles of inflow and outflow are displayed. Continuous lines represent flow velocities on hub (blue) and shroud (green). Velocities directly before and behind blade area are displayed by dashed lines to show the influence of blockage in the flow domain. Furthermore the blade angles are displayed by thick lines in order to see the incidence angle on the leading edge and the flow deviation caused by slip velocity on trailing edge.
Numerical values of velocity components and flow angles are displayed in a table. A short description is at mouse cursor too: d Diameter Angle of absolute flow to circumferential direction Angle of relative flow to circumferential direction Circumferential velocity Meridional velocity (c m =wm ) Axial component of absolute velocity Radial component of absolute velocity Circumferential component of absolute velocity Absolute velocity Circumferential component of relative velocity wu+c u=u Relative velocity Obstruction by blades (see below) Incidence angle Deviation angle Deceleration ratio of relative velocity wR =w2/w1
u cm c ax cr cu c wu w i wR
4.3.1
Blade setup
Impeller | Blade properties On tabsheet Blade setup basic blade properties are defined.
Impeller
119
(1) Selection of desired Blade shape There are 5 different types:

Freeform 3D General 2D
Circular 2D
Straight 2D
120
CFturbo8
Radial element blades

(compressor and turbine only)
The initial blade shape of a radial pump impeller is Freeform 3D, the default selection for a ventilator impeller is Circular 2D and for turbines Radial element 121 blade. For Freeform 3D-blades the design of Ruled surface blades is optionally possible which are generated by spatial movement of a straight line.
(2) Defining the blade thickness values at leading (LE) and trailing edge (TE) in panel Blade thickness s Blade thickness is important for the blade angle calculation due to the blockage effect and flow acceleration. By different thickness on hub and shroud side a tapering to the blade tip can be designed.
Impeller
121
(3) Specification of incidence angle on blade leading edge (deviation from shockless inflow) on panel 1: Incidence Pump, Ventilator, Compressor from ratio Q for shockles inflow / Q for R Q Q shockless / QBEP max. efficiency or directly by incidence angle i (RQ=100% or i=0 for shockless inflow) Turbine fully automatic by theory of WIESNER adapted by Aungier 125 or directly by incidence angle i (i=0 for shockless inflow)
[ Pump-, Ventilator, Compressor impellers only ] (4) Estimation of slip velocity in panel 2: Deviation flow blade
fully automatic by selecting WIESNER theory or input of coefficient a when selecting PFLEIDERER theory or manual selection of angular deviation resp. velocity ratio 4.3.1.1 Radial element blade
by selecting Self
Radial element blades are used especially with highly loaded fast speed turbines in order to avoid bending stresses within the blades due to centrifugal forces. The blades are composed of radial blade fibres if straight lines can be put into the mean surfaces in a way that they go through the axis of rotation at z = constant. Radial element blades require the following geometrical boundary conditions: Blade angle at input (turbines) or output resp. (all other types): 90 Inclination angle 110 from hub and shroud to the vertical: < 90 Vertical trailing (turbines) or leading resp. edge (all other types) with z const. Small wrap angle: 360/number of blades
122
CFturbo8
4.3.2
Blade angles
Impeller | Blade properties On this tabsheet the blade angles are calculated.
Impeller
123
The mean lines depend on the number and the meridional position of profile sections as well as the blade angles. Blade angles B1 and B2 are calculated from the velocity triangles, whereby the blade blockage of the flow channel and the slip velocity is considered. The degree of freedom when designing the blades depends on the selected blade shape. Referring to the blade angles this means, that they are marked as (auto) and are result of the Mean line 130 calculation.
Panel Blade angle B: Specifying number of blade profile sections for further blade design using the vertical track bar Calculation of blade angles using values from Blade setup 118 by pressing button Calculate B Manual adaptation of calculated blade angles if required Calculation or input of blade angles can be executed for 2 up to 11 blade profiles. Further blade design is realized according to the defined blade profile number. When using 2D blade shapes a low number of profiles may be sufficient in dependence of the leading edge shape, e.g. for a straight leading edge. For that reason the initial design for ventilators is made by 2 blade profiles. For Radial element blades the number of blade profiles is fixed to 11, for ruled surface blades it is limited to 2. Blade angles are computed under consideration of the equations listed below. They remain unchanged by default if they are determined once. If main dimensions or meridional contours are modified or, on the other hand, values of blade thickness or slip velocity are renewed, a recalculation of blade angles should be executed by pressing the button Calculate B. This recalculation is
124
CFturbo8 made automatically if the checkbox Automatic is selected.
Details of calculation of Inlet triangle 124 Details of calculation of Outlet triangle 126
The blade angles are calculated for hub and shroud. On panel Distribution from hub to shroud you can define how the blade angles of the inner sections are defined. When using splitter blades you can select if the splitter blades is a truncated main blade (Splitter blade linked to Main blade). Otherwise the splitter blade can be designed completely independent. All meridional lines which will be used for blade design are displayed in the diagram. The number of lines can be adjusted with the track bar on panel Blade angle B. 4.3.2.1 Inlet triangle The inlet triangle is defined by inflow parameters and geometrical dimensions on leading edge. Between inlet area and leading edge the swirl is constant because transmission of energy from rotating impeller to fluid occurs in blade area only. Cross sections 0 and 1 (see Main dimensions 74 ) are different only due to blockage of the flow channel by blades ( 1) in section 1. This results in an increased meridional velocity c m .
tan
c m1 w u1
c m0
1
1
c m1
t1 t1
Q
1
with
d1b1
t1
d1 , z
s1 sin
c m0
w u1
u1 c u1
u1
d1n
c u1
c uS
rS r1
uS 1
rS r1
(const. inflow swirl)
Selected blade angle
1B
does only indirectly influence the velocity triangle due to blade blockage.
Impeller Differences between selected blade angle =

1B 1B
125
and flow angle
is referred as the incidence angle: i
In general an inflow without any incidence is intended (i=0). If i 0 the flow around the leading edge shows high local velocities and low static pressure: i > 0: 1 < 1B stagnation point on pressure side i < 0:
1
>
1B
stagnation point on suction side inside CFturbo
A small incidence angle i can be profitable for best efficiency point. Calculation of gives inflow without incidence. For pumps and ventilators 1B should be lower than 40 due to best efficiency. For pumps, because of cavitation
1B
1B
should be as small as possible; with regard to efficiency not is about 30. does not remain constant.
smaller then 1518. For compressors the optimal blade angle
1B
If the radius of leading edge varies from hub to shroud the blade angle A higher radius on shroud results in a lower value for
1B
1B
- the blade is curved on leading edge.
Possible warnings: Pumps, Ventilators only: "Leading edge blade angle 1 > 40." Small inlet angles are typically for pumps and ventilators. Too high values indicate too small inlet cross section. "Leading edge blade angle 1 < 10" Too small inlet angles indicate too high inlet cross section. "The blade angles are not within the valid range." Usage of CFturbo is limited to inlet angles between 0 and 90 (turbines 180).
[ Turbine rotors only ] In case of turbines the following calculation of incidence by Aungier can be used. This is based on the empirical equation of the outflow coefficient by Wiesner 129 . According to decreased energy transmission the slip coefficient c c u1 1 u1 u2 The c u-difference is called slip velocity. The smaller the slip coefficient, the higher is the deviation of flow compared to the direction given by blade ( =1: no incidence). The empirical equation by Wiesner adapted to the incidence is: is defined:
126
CFturbo8
sin z
0 .7
B1
kw
with correction factor

0
sin 19
B1
1
lim
c u1 u2 1
c u1
0
d2m
0.5 d2,Shroud 2
d2,Hub 2
lim
B1
1 kw
fr
d2m d1
lim lim
d2m d1 11
10
Circumferential component of blade flow at zero incidence can be calculated as follows: c u1 c u1 1 u2 4.3.2.2 Outlet triangle The outlet triangle is determined by geometrical dimensions of flow channel and selected blade angle 2B. The blade angle 2B strongly affects the transmission of energy in the impeller therefore is has to be chosen very carefully.
Impeller
127
Similar to the inlet the velocity triangles in cross sections 2 and 3 are different due to blockage of the flow channel by blades 2 in section 2.
tan
c m2 w u2
c m3
2
2
c m2
t2 t2
Q
c u2
2
with
d2b 2
t2
d2 , z
s2 sin
c m3
wu2 u2
u2
d2n
c u2
u1 1 u2
Y
h
~ from : Y
u2c u3
u1c u0
For determination of contour at angle

2B 2
2B
it is important to be aware about the deviation between flow angle and blade is always smaller than blade angle due to the slip
angle. The direction of the relative flow w2 at impeller outlet does not follow exactly with the blade
2B
. The flow angle
2B
velocity. This difference is called deviation angle :
The deviation angle should not exceed 1014, in order to limit increased turbulence losses by asymmetric flow distribution. A reduced flow angle 2 results in smaller circumferential component of absolute speed c u2, which is - according to Euler's equation - dominant for the transmission of energy. Blade angle estimated by necessary.
2B
is
for blade congruent flow (see figure). Therefore an estimation of slip is
Slip can be estimated by empirical models. Two different possibilities are available in CFturbo (not for Turbines):
128
CFturbo8
(1) Decreased output by PFLEIDERER 128 (2) Outflow coefficient by WIESNER 129
Blade angle
2B
must be determined to reach the desired energy transmission - respectively the

2B
required head/ pressure difference - under consideration of slip velocity. Common blade angles
are within the range of 1545. For pumps angles of 2027 are commonly used, for ventilators 50 should not be exceeded at all. The following recommendations for common blade angles Pumps: Ventilators: Compressors: Turbines:
2B
exist due to optimal efficiency:
15...45, commonly used 20...27 not higher than 50 35...50, unshrouded impellers up to 70...90 radius dependent, see sine rule 135
2B
Radial machines - except for turbines - with low specific speed nq usually have similar values for . The blades for this type of impellers are often designed with a straight trailing edge ( =const.). 2B
Possible warnings: "Trailing edge blade angle 2 < 10" Too small outlet angles indicate too high outlet cross section. pumpen, ventilators, compressors only: "The deviation (slip) between blade and flow Delta > 20" Too high deviation (slip) between blade and flow indicate too high blade loading. This can be avoided by increasing the impeller diameter and/or increasing the number of blades. "The blade angles are not within the valid range." Usage of CFturbo is limited to outlet angles between 0 and 90 (turbines 180).
4.3.2.2.1 Decreased output by PFLEIDERER
Reduced energy transmission is expressed by decreased output coefficient p: ~ Y p ~ 1 Y This coefficient can be empirically calculated in dependence of experience number ':
'
r2 zS
r2
S
r1
rdx
static moment from leading to trailing edge
Impeller
129
' a 1
60
experience number
experience number a: Radial impeller with guided vanes with volute with plain diffusor Mixed flow/axial impeller (the numbers are valid for sufficiently high Re;
a = 0.6 a = 0.650.85 a = 0.851.0 a = 1.0 1.2 strongly grows with small Re)
More descriptive is the decreased output factor k L: ~ 1 Y rc u kL ~ 1 p Y rc u (k L=1: for flow congruent to blade) Circumferential component of the flow, which is congruent to blade, can be calculated as follows:
cu2
c u2 kL
r1 r2
1 kL
1 2 n1
4.3.2.2.2 Outflow coefficient by WIESNER
Outflow coefficient is defined for decreased energy transmission: c c u2 1 u2 u2
The c u-difference is called slip velocity. The smaller the outflow coefficient, the higher is the deviation of flow compared to the direction given by blade. Wiesner has developed an empirical equation for the estimation of outflow coefficient:
f1 1
sin z0.7
2B
kw
with correction values 0.98 f1 1.02 1.2 10 3 nq
for radial impellers 50 for mixed - flow impellers
1 for d1m d2 kw 1 d1m d2 Lim 1 Lim
Lim 3
130
CFturbo8
d1m
0.5 * d1,Shroud
exp
d1,Hub
2B
Lim
8.16 sin z
Circumferential component of blade congruent flow can be calculated as follows: cu2 c u2 1 u2
4.4
4.4.1
Blade design
Mean line
Impeller | Blade mean line The blade mean lines are designed on the number of meridional flow surfaces which were determined in Blade properties 117 . The spatially curved meridional flow surfaces are mapped to a plane by coordinate transformation. This coordinate system has the angle in circumferential direction t as abscissa and the dimensionless meridional extension m as the ordinate. Both quantities are created by the reference of absolute distances in meridional (M) and tangential direction (T) to the local radius r:
dm
dM r
dt
dT r
This conformal mapping allows the uniform handling of various impeller types (radial, mixed-flow, axial). It should be noted that for each meridional flow surface a separate m-coordinate is existing. Depending on the selected blade shape (see Blade properties 117 ) the design of the mean lines is more or less restricted.
Freeform blades, 2D blades, Radial element blades 131 Circular blades, Straight blades 133
The blades of an impeller representing a deceleration cascade for the relative velocity. Therefore the risk of flow separation exists. The user should try to obtain a continuous, smooth change of flow
Impeller direction, as well as the cross section graduation of the flow channel should be as steady as possible.
131
The Frontal view (switch above the diagram) represents the designed mean lines in a frontal view, including diameters dN and d2. Blade properties are displayed in tables and diagrams in order to check the design and for informational purposes. Blade Information 134 The blade lean angle can be manipulated only indirectly: Blade lean angle 137
4.4.1.1
Freeform blades, 2D blades, Radial element blades Freeform blades have the highest flexibility - the mean lines of all blade profile can be designed directly. For 2D blades and radial element blades you can design the hub mean line only, all other mean lines are calculated automatically due to the constraints of the blade shape. In general the mean lines are represented by 3rd order Bezier splines. Constraints are: Meridional extension dm (see Meridional contour 107 ) Start angle 0 Wrap angle Start angle 0 defines the starting point of the mean lines. The absolute value is irrelevant, only the position of the mean lines to each other can be influenced. If all mean lines have the same starting point then the leading edge starts on the same angular position on all mean lines (radial leading edge). On panel Leading edge points you can select, if the position of points 0 of the mean lines is Constant, Linear or User defined. Wrap angle can be specified numerically for inner (hub) and outer (shroud) meanline, in between the values are interpolated. For continuous transition between the separate mean lines (blade surface), the matching points of each mean line have to be Coupled linear. If you deactivate this option then you can modify all mean lines independently, inclusive individual wrap angles .
132
CFturbo8
CFturbo's primary design is fixing point 0 (leading edge) for all cross sections due to wrap angle and meridian coordinate m=0, while point 3 is determined by the meridian coordinate of the trailing edge (dm) and t=0. In case of Splitter blades the design options depends on the link between main and splitter blades in the Blade properties 122 . If Splitter blade linked to Main blade is activated there, the splitter blade is a shortened main blade. The blade- and wrap-angles are calculated automatically. Under Constraints the relative position of the splitter blade between two main blades can be adjusted. It couldn't be set on all profiles user defined like the Start angle 0. If main and splitter blades are not linked there are all degrees of freedom in design for both. The m-t-view of the splitter blades is shown on a separate tab (Splitter blade (m-t)). Additionally the profiles of the contiguous blades are shown. By default they are positioned relatively by their mcoordinate. That can be changed under Display options by selecting another Splitter to main position (m-t). In case of Turbines the situation is vice versa: The leading edge is located at high meridional coordinates whereas the trailing edge is at zero. The wrap angle is initially constant for all cross sections, but it can be modified individually. The wrap angle tremendously influences the blade angle progression ( B) along the mean line. Betaprogression can be viewed in a separate diagram. Two points in the middle, 1 and 2, must be on a straight line at an angle of
B1
or
B2
to the
tan B dm dt horizontal in order to fulfill the boundary condition: The primary design shows points 2 at 1/4 of the wrap angle, and points 1 at 3/4.
Impeller
133
Individual mean lines can be designed separately. If the linear coupling mode is active you can move and rotate the connecting line. The positions of Bezier points of all mean lines are modified correspondingly, to get uniform profiles. If you select a point of the inner cross sections you can move the entire connecting line. On the other hand, if you select any point of the inner or outer cross sections, you can move this point along the related straight line. This line is given by B1 or B2 (rotation of the connecting line). Points 0 (leading edge) and 3 (trailing edge) can only be moved horizontally (m=const). Points 3 can be moved interactively (move/ rotate trailing edge). Points 0 (leading edge) can moved only by modifying wrap angles in table Boundary conditions. In panel Blade angles the blade angles plane (frontal view)
B1,xy B1
B2
(see Blade properties 117 ) and the angles in x,yand the incidence angle i
B2,xy
are stated for information.

B
In panel Blade information the angles of overlap of neighboring blades (see Blade properties 117 ) are stated.
4.4.1.2
Circular blades, Straight blades For these simple blade shapes all mean lines are completely determined by blade shape and blade angles. All mean lines are computed fully automatically, so they cant be modified interactively. For circular blades the center of the circle and the blade radius is displayed in the frontal view. Furthermore the appropriate numerical values are displayed in the Circular blade information table on the right side of the dialog.
134
CFturbo8
4.4.1.3
Blade Information The Blade angles table on the right side of the dialog shows the blade angles Blade properties 117 dialog or computed due to simple blade shapes. calculated in the
A dialog that displays the
progression along
every mean line can be accessed by the tab on the right border of the diagram. Too high local extreme values should be avoided if possible. The progression of the cross section area within a channel built by two neighboring mean surface as well as hub and shroud are displayed versus tangential coordinate t. Also, the distribution of the lean angle versus the tangential coordinate t is displayed. With the lean angle the quasi-orthogonal of the blade leans away from the z-direction. The quasi-orthogonal is a straight line connecting corresponding points on hub and shroud mean line. These lines are setup in the blade property dialog and are displayed in the meridional cut 122 if just two mean lines were chosen. Otherwise the quasi-orthogonal is not displayed but internally determined by connecting corresponding points on hub and shroud mean line.
Docking windows can be undocked or pinned when they are opened. In undocked state the transparency of the dialog can be adjusted by a track bar.
Impeller
135
Another docking window displays the Blade information table with the resulting angles of overlapping B and the incidence angle i for hub and shroud. Additionally the angles of the frontal view
B,xy
are displayed. In case of strictly radial impellers these values are consistent with the blade
angles.
[ Compressor impeller only ] The actual Mach-number Ma1 (Act. inlet Ma-number) within the inlet cross section is given in the table Cross section. It is calculated by: w1 Ma1 a1 and should not be higher than the maximum Mach-number Ma1,max (Max. inlet Ma-number) within the inlet cross section to avoid sonic speed.
[ Turbine rotors only ] With the help of the sine rule blade angles at the outlet can be evaluated. In accordance to this rule blade angles at the outlet should have almost the same size as the angle that is built by a hypotenuse being the pitch t, and a cathetus (opposite leg) being the smallest distance between two neighboring mean lines eq at a flow surface. If this is the case the outflow can be regarded as almost tangential to the trailing edge. eq sin B'2 t This is shown in a picture for a single mean line.
136
CFturbo8
For every mean line the calculated angles as well as their differences to the actual blade angles are given in a table when the panel Informational value has been activated.
Impeller
137
The actual Mach-number Ma2 (Act. outlet Ma-number) within the outlet cross section is given in the table Cross section. It is calculated by: w2 Ma 2 a2 and should not be higher than the maximum Mach-number Mamax2 (Max. outlet Ma-number) within the outlet cross section. The maximum Mach-number Mamax2 is calculated on the basis of the sonic speed within the minimum cross section (Min. cross section) by:
1
Ma max 2
Ma max 2 2 1
A min A2
This is only valid if the minimum cross section is close to the outlet cross section, because work transfer in the blade's channel between the two regarded cross sections has been neglected.
4.4.1.4
Blade lean angle The blade lean angle can not be controlled directly. It is influenced by the meridional contour, the meridional extension, the wrap angle and the mean lines. With an example of a turbine with radial element blade 121 means for the manipulation of the blade lean angle are given: : blade angle 122 B1 1
138
CFturbo8
1 1 1
??: move second Bezier point 131 at leading edge : wrap angle 131 and enlargement of the curvature: reduction of the meridional extension of the meridional
contour 107
4.4.2
Blade profile
Impeller | Blade profile To create blade profiles (main and splitter) the orthogonal blade thickness distribution for the hub and the shroud profile is used. By default the thickness is defined at leading edge, at trailing edge and at the control points of the blade. For the initial CFturbo-design typical values in dependence of the impeller diameter d2 are used (see Approximation functions 22 ). The representation of the thickness distribution is made along the relative blade length (0 = leading edge, 1 = trailing edge).
Impeller
139
The orthogonal blade thickness values are added to both sides of the blade mean line to create the pressure and suction sides of the blade. In the panel Geometry the following properties for the profile design can be specified: Design Mode Simple Freeform Linked to Main Identic profiles Global point count Flexible length position SS-PS-Coupling None Symmetric
Linear interpolation between control points Bezier splines are used for the thickness distribution Only for splitter blades: splitter profile is linked to main profile All profiles have the same thickness distribution Global number of control points Shifting control points in horizontal direction
No coupling between suction side and pressure side Symmetric thickness distribution: control points on suction and
140
CFturbo8 pressure side are coupled Fixed thickness distribution Shifting the thickness distribution to pressure/suction side whereas the distribution itself remains constant
Each thickness curve has a popup menu to add/remove polygon/Bezier points, to load or save the curve and to reset the distribution to default. For Bezier curves a Polyline to Bezier 141 conversion is possible.
The Info panel represents information of the designed blade profile. Actual thickness Actual orthogonal blade thickness values of hub and shroud profiles at leading edge, at trailing edge, after 1/3 and after 2/3 of the blade length If the cells are colored red, then the thickness on leading/trailing edge is differing from the Target thickness. Target thickness Orthogonal blade thickness values for hub and shroud profiles at leading edge and at trailing edge as defined in the Blade properties 117 dialog. Please note that the blade thickness on leading and trailing edge should be modified in the Blade properties 117 dialog only. In this case the blade angle calculation should be updated due to the blade blockage.
The Display options only influence the graphical representation. For instance, the visibility of the smallest cross section can be toggled.
Impeller
141
The Frontal view (switch above the diagram) represents the designed profiles in a frontal view, including diameters dN and d2 .
4.4.2.1
Converting Polyline / Bezier Any existing thickness distribution can be converted to a Bezier spline for further modifications.
First the desired polyline is imported via Import from file. The imported curve is displayed red, the original curve blue.
142
CFturbo8
By pressing the Start! button the position of the Bezier points is calculated in such a way that the imported polyline is approximated. The control points can be moved for better matching the imported curve.
4.4.3
Blade edge
Impeller | Blade edge The previously designed blade has a blunt leading and trailing edge (connection line between endpoints of suction and pressure side). The blade edges are designed by specifying its thickness distribution. The representation of the blade thickness s is made on 15% of the straight blade length l on leading and trailing edge. If the complete thickness distribution including leading or trailing edge was already designed in the Blade profile 138 dialog, then the Edge position 145 (transition from blade edge to blade suction/ pressure side) has to be defined only.
Impeller
143
In panel Geometry the blade edge shape can be selected: (1) Simple
The blade edge has a blunt end. A straight line is calculated from the endpoint of suction side perpendicular to the mean line. Trim on radius in the Simple options panel effects turning the blade on the corresponding
144
CFturbo8 diameter. The turning is possible on the trailing edge only (or on the leading edge of turbines).
(2) Ellipse
The blade edge is rounded elliptically. The ratio of the semiaxes can be defined in panel Ellipse options. One axis runs on the mean line, the other perpendicular.
(3) Bezier
For this purpose 4th order Bezier splines are used. Points 0 and 4 representing the transition between the blade sides and the rounded blade edge. You can move these points only along the corresponding blade side. Bezier points 1 and 3 can only be moved on straight lines which correspond to the gradient of the curve in points 0 or 4, respectively in order to guarantee smooth transition from the contour to the blade edge. Bezier point 2 is not restricted to move - it has the most influence to the shape of the blade edge. Its horizontal position is calculated automatically in such way that the leading edge starts at position l=0 and the trailing edge ends at position l=blade length. The blade edges are designed at the first or last 10% of the blade length. There are two different possibilities to determine the shape of the blade edge. In the Bezier curve option panel you can select between: Coupled linear: only blade edges of hub and shroud will be fixed, while anything between will be interpolated linearly Uniform: when designing blade edge on hub or shroud then Bezier points of all other leading edges have the same relative positions Axis-Symmetric results in symmetric geometry, i.e. points 0/4 and 1/3 have the same horizontal
Impeller position and point 2 is on the middle line.
145
Info area represent information of Blade edge design. Display options only influence the graphical representation. For instance, the visibility of the smallest cross section can be toggled.
Possible warning: "The blade exceeds the meridional boundaries." The orthogonal application of thickness on the mean lines can result in some blade position outside the meridional boundaries. Dependent upon the location of these areas one have to modify leading or trailing edge. If the leading edge (or the trailing edge of turbines) exceeds the meridional boundaries you can adjust it in the Meridional contour 107 dialog only. Exceeding trailing edge (or leading edge of turbines) can be corrected by trim on radius.
The Frontal view (switch above the diagram) represents the designed blades in a frontal view, including diameters dN und d2.
4.4.3.1
Edge position If the complete thickness distribution including leading or trailing edge was already designed in the Blade profile 138 dialog, then the Edge position 145 (transition from blade edge to blade suction/ pressure side) has to be defined only.
146
CFturbo8
In panel Geometry the transition from the blade edge to the suction/pressure side can be defined. Position in % of the straight blade length. The leading edge should be within the range of 0% to 15%, the trailing edge between 85% and 100%.
4.5
Performance Estimation
Impeller | Performance Prediction Please note: This is an estimation. The actual performance may differ from the prediction.
Impeller
147
General A performance curve of the current design is estimated on the basis of the Euler-Equation: 1 Hth u 2 c u2 u1 c u1 and Yth u 2 c u2 u1 c u1 respectively. g Kinds of losses There are different kinds of losses that are considered in different curves: Kind Description Based on the Euler-Equation and the decreased power that is calculated in the Blade properties 117 . In the design point the decreased power line is shifted by a pressure head loss equivalent to the decreased power. The decreased power line can be parallel to the Euler-Line as well as positioned that way, that it intersects the Euler-Line at Q = 0. Based on the Euler-Line including the decreased power minus the losses due to friction. Yields a downwards opened parabola, that touches the decreased power curve at Q = 0. Includes all the effects listed above plus turbulence and separation losses at the inlet and outlet. Yields a downwards opened parabola. It touches the curve, in which decreased power and hydraulic losses are Parameter
Decreased power
cl: cl = 1...parallel position, cl = 0...intersection with Euler-Line at Q = 0.
Hydraulic losses
: General approach:
H~
Q2
Turbulence and separation
ct: General approach:

H ~ ct Q Q opt
2
148
CFturbo8 considered, in the design point. with ct >
Separate curves considering the pure losses (dashed) as well as the resulting performance curves (solid) can be displayed. The display of these curves can be prevented by the check boxes "All performance curves" and "Pure losses". In case the display has been prevented only the actual performance curve (red color) considering all losses will be visible. The scope to be displayed can be controlled by the check boxes "x (Flow)" and "y (Energy)" as well as by giving the scope limits in the panel "Operating range".
Variables All types of turbo machines have in common: The characteristics can be displayed in a diagram with dimensions as well as without dimensions. Variab le H Dp Pump head Ventilator Compressor pressure difference work coefficient
2 g H u2 2 2 Y u2 2 2 Y
2 u1
Turbine -
H/Hopt Dp/Dp
opt
dimensionless head -
dimensionless pressure difference
ptt pts
efficiency -
pressure ratio (total-total) pressure ratio (total-static)
NPSH value system NPSHa (net positive suction head available)
flow rate flow coefficient
c m2 u2
Q/Qopt dimensionless flow total flow rate Qt -
c m1 u1
Qt
m
1
Qt
m
2
Impeller
m
149
mass flow reduced mass flow
mred
mred
TRef pRef
corrected mass flow

mcorr
T01
-
mcorr
TRef
p 01
p Ref
All combinations of flow and energy variables are possible. It is common practice in the case of turbines - contrary to all other type of turbo machines - that the flow variable is given as a function of the energy variable. Beyond it characteristics of different rotational speeds will not be displayed over the whole theoretical pressure interval but only piecewise. The choice of the variables is to be made in the panel "Variables".
Surge - compressor and fans only The prediction of surge line is based on the following model: The pressure difference between outlet and inlet yields a back flow within the compressor. Amongst pressure difference and back flow a correlation exits, that can be found in the table "Kinds of losses", column "Hydraulic losses". Within the applied model the compressor is thought as a parallel connection between a flow source and a hydraulic resistance. Then, surge will occur when the back flow in the hydraulic resistance becomes as big as the flow in the flow source. The surge line can be controlled by the pressure loss coefficient "Equivalent surge hydraulic resistance". Of course it is impossible to consider non-steady effects that are characteristic for the onset of the surge with this model. The surge line can be displayed only in case dimensional variables has been chosen and the checkbox "Surge line" has been set. With centrifugal fans surge may only happen if the pressure difference is big enough (~0.3 bar).
Choke - compressor only Choked flow will happen if the flow reaches sonic speed somewhere in a duct. As the rothalpy is constant at any point in the flow channel the temperature (critical temperature within the narrowest cross section) at a flow at sonic speed can be calculated by:
c p T01 Tc cp
2 uc 2 Z R 2
and critical sonic speed becomes:

ac Z R Tc
With an approximation of the critical density and the influence of the boundary layer blockage the
150
CFturbo8 choked mass flow is:

m ch A ac
c
1 B
The blockage of the boundary layer is expressed by the factor B that is 0.02 by default.
Characteristics with different rotational speeds With the current set of parameters performance curves with different rotational speeds can be calculated and displayed. This procedure is feasible only if the rotational speeds are not too far from the design point. If they are, similarity relations are not valid any longer.
Characteristics with different diameters - pumps and ventilators only Performance curves for impellers with decreased diameter can be calculated and displayed too. The decrease of the impellers means that the geometric similarity is not given anymore. Therefore performance curve are calculated by the following empirical correlations: H' = H (d'/d)m and Q' = Q (d'/d)m . The exponent m should be within 2..3.
Reference curves For comparison purposes with the present design saved designs can be loaded (soft button"configure").
4.6
CFD Setup
Impeller | CFD setup The designed geometry can be extended in meridional direction both at inlet and outlet side. This extension serves for flow simulation (CFD) only and is only virtual.
Impeller
151
The Large outlet extension is reasonable if the flow simulation should be performed in the impeller only, without bordering casing. The Small outlet extension defines the Rotor-Stator-Interface and represents the interface to the casing. These values are the inlet geometry in the radial diffuser/volute design as a precondition for matching impeller and casing mesh.
Part
Volute
153
5
5.1
Volute
Inlet definition
Volute | Inlet definition The first design step of the volute is to define the inlet side. It consits of 3 steps: (1) Impeller 154 (2) Diffuser 156 (3) Volute 157
The button Full volute with Default Settings creates a complete volute by using default settings for all design steps.
The meridional view (z, r) of the designed volute inlet geometry is shown on the right side (Meridian ). You can alternatively select a normalized axial position (z = 0 in the middle of volute inlet) or absolute axial position (according to the axial position of the impeller/RSI).
Rotor-Stator-Interface (RSI) Pump, Ventilator, Compressor Turbine
154
CFturbo8
Fit view results in automatic scaling of the diagram if geometrical values are changing.
5.1.1
Impeller
If the impeller was already designed using CFturbo, the data can be transferred directly from the corresponding CFT file (Load from Impeller CFT file). Otherwise the data input has to be done manually. General data: Flow rate: Volume flow Q or mass flow m Energy transmission: Head H, pressure difference p or specific energy Y Number of revolutions n Impeller outlet parameters: Impeller diameter d2 Impeller outlet width b2 Angle of absolute flow Density of the fluid
2 3
Rotor-Stator-Interface (RSI) Axial position z Radial position r for hub and shroud each
Volute
155
The axial position, z, ensures correct positioning relative to the impeller concerned. Additionally, the direction of rotation of the impeller, seen from the drive side (looking at the backside of hub), must be defined.
Various calculated values are shown, for information purposes, on the right side (Values):
Specific speed nq (SI units)
nq
n min
Q t m3 s Y g [m]
34
Specific speed NS (US units)
Ns
n [rpm ]
Q t [gpm ] Y g [ ft ]
34
51 .6 n q
Type number
(ISO 2548)
2 n
Q
Qt Y
34
nq 52 .9
Meridional component of the absolute velocity Circular component of the absolute velocity
c m3 c u3
d 2b 2
3
c m3 tan
156
CFturbo8
5.1.2
Diffuser
The diffuser is an radial area between impeller outlet and volute inlet. The diffuser can consist of 2 parts: (a) Vaneless radial diffuser "normal" radial diffuser (b) Pinch type diffuser special diffuser part after the impeller with special shape The diffuser parts are characterized by the inlet diameter d, height h, inlet width hIn , outlet width h Out and axial ofset z to the impeller. The shape can be: symmetric left side radial right side radial The pitch type diffuser can be designed with constant area additionally.
Various calculated values are shown, for information purposes, on the right side (Values): Diffuser inlet diameter ratio Diffuser inlet width ratio Inlet meridional velocity dIn/d2 bIn/b2 cm
Volute Inlet circumferential velocity Inlet velocity Inlet area Outlet area Area ratio cu c AIn AOut AR = AOut / AIn
157
5.1.3
Volute
General data: Volumetric efficiency operation) Volute inlet: Inlet diameter d4 Inlet width b4 Radial diffuser height h4 Axial displacement z (relative to the centre of the impeller outlet)
Flow factor FQ (for overdimensioning, particularly for a better degree of efficiency at overload
For
4
and FQ, standard values of 1.0 are used. d4 and b4 are determined using the ratios d4/d2 and b
/b2, which are calculated from functions dependent on the specific speed nq (see Approximation
158
CFturbo8 function 22 ). Clicking on the Calculate-button, to the top right, recalculates the standard values. A short distance between the impeller and the cut-water is desirable for reasons of flow. For acoustic and vibration reasons, however, a certain minimum distance is necessary. The inlet width b4 should be chosen such that the width/height ratio at the end cross-section of the volute is close to 1. The ratio b4/b2 can be varied within a relatively wide range without significant negative effect on the efficiency. For radial impellers with open impeller sides, values up to b4/b2=2 are possible. At higher specific speeds (wider impellers), however, high width ratios have a negative effect on flow (intensive secondary flows, turbulence losses). In this case, b4/b2 should be between 1.05 and 1.2.
Various calculated values are shown, for information purposes, on the right side (Values): Calculated internal flow rate Qi Inlet diameter ratio (if no radial diffuser) Inlet width ratio (if no radial diffuser) Inlet meridional velocity Inlet circumferential velocity Inlet velocity
Qi FQ Q
V
dIn/d2 bIn/b2 cm cu c
5.2
Cross Section
Volute | Cross Section The shape of the cross-section of the volute can be selected here. The general cross section shape is illustrated whereas the radial extension is assumed (radial scaling can be modified above the diagram). In general, very small cross-sections width should be avoided. The achievable cross-section shape strongly depends on manufacturing and the space available.
Volute
159
Following cross section types are available:
Rectangular most simple cross-section shape; cannot be achieved in cast parts; only sensible for low specific speeds, since otherwise the cross-section becomes too large
Trapezoid cannot be achieved in cast parts; the angle can be specified; results in a flatter crosssection than a rectangular cross-section, with less intense secondary flow
160
CFturbo8
Round - symmetric simple geometry with a beneficial stress distribution; does not develop on rotation surfaces
Round - asymmetric, external more favorable secondary flow structure than with a symmetrical cross-section; often with mixed-flow impellers Strictly external: cross sections don't fall below inlet radius Round - asymmetric, internal limitation of radial extension; additional bend necessary see Internal cross sections 162 User defined - Rectangle type analogous with Rectangle; with chamfers (cast radii) see Bezier cross section 161
User defined - Trapezoid type analogous with Trapezoid; with chamfers (cast radii) see Bezier cross section 161
Under Display options, changes can be made which affect only the graphics.
Volute
161
5.2.1
Bezier cross section

The shape of a User defined cross-section is described by a Bezier spline.
One half of the shape of the cross-section is described using a 4th degree Bezier polynomial. Points 0 and 4 are the end points and cannot be changed. Point 1 can be moved along a straight line which corresponds to the cone angle of the cross-section (0 for a rectangle type, for a trapezoid type). Point 3 can only be moved in the horizontal direction in order to guarantee a smooth transition between the two symmetrical halves. The intersection of the two lines which points 1 and 3 are on is designated by the letter S and plays an important role in the positioning of Bezier points 1 and 3. Point 2 can be moved freely and therefore he has the major influence on the shape of the crosssection. In the first design, point 2 is identical with point S. Two basic shapes of the cross-section can be selected, rectangular or trapezoid. Only the end cross-section of the volute is designed, all other cross-sections result from this. Under the heading Inner point position, you can select whether positioning of the inner points 1 and 3 should be relative (0..1; 0=point 0/4; 1=point S) or absolute (distance from point S). The numeric values of the positions can be changed by right-clicking on points 1 or 3. If the option Show all points under the heading Options is selected, the different positioning methods become apparent. The minimum curvature radius of the designed contour is shown in the box to the bottom right.
162
CFturbo8
5.2.2
Internal cross sections

Internal volutes are limited in its radial and axial extensions (see gray lines in the picture).
The additional bend can be described by the following parameters: Neck width Inner bend shape Ratio Outer bend shape Bend area ratio side distance from volute inlet to actual volute cross sections shape of the inner bend wall semiaxis ratio for quarter bend shape of the outer bend wall ratio of outlet to inlet section of the bend
5.3
Spiral development areas

Volute | Spiral areas The spiral development areas can be designed and calculated in this dialog box.
Volute
163
The wrap angle (standard: 360) can be defined under Extension.
You can select Design rule for volute calculation, whereas 3 possibilities exist: Pfleiderer, Stepanoff, Self. Details 164 Design Rule 164
In panel Cut-water you can specify parameters for the cut-water design. Details Cut-water 166
Some informative values relating to the end cross-section are shown in the lower part:
164
CFturbo8
Radius Height Width Side ratio Equivalent diameter Area Average velocity
r5 H5 B5 H5/B5 D5 A5 c5
Under Display options, changes can be made which affect only the graphics: Show refers to the image of volute + diffuser Section lines Cut-water compensation Cut-water section Equivalent diameter (outlet) Filled cross sections Radial inlet diffuser Impeller outlet radial angle lines cut-water compensation as a larger inner radius cut-water cross-section equivalent diameter D6 (dashed line) filled cross-sections radial inlet diffuser between impeller and volute impeller outlet (symbolic)
Show in cross section refers to the image of the cross-section
In addition, some diagrams can be displayed: Volute cross sections (z-r) Area distribution (Angle-Area) Area-Radius distribution (Angle-Area/Radius)
5.3.1
Design rule
The flow rate through a cross-section, A, of the circumferential angle, , is generally calculated as:
ra ( )
c u dA
r4
c ub(r )dr
Q Qi 2 Using on the outer radius ra:
results in an equation to calculate the circumferential angle, , dependent
Volute
165
2 Qi
ra ( )
c ub(r )dr
r4
b(r) is a geometrical function which is defined according to the shape of the cross-section. The velocity c u is chosen in accordance with the design instructions. Under Design rule, two alternatives can be selected. Pfleiderer Experience has shown that the losses can be greatly minimised if the volute housing is dimensioned such that the fluid flows in accordance with the principal of conservation of angular momentum. The cross-section areas are therefore designed in accordance with the principal of conservation of angular momentum, i.e. angular momentum exiting the impeller is constant. In addition, an exponent of angular momentum, x, can be chosen so that the principle c urx = const. is obeyed. When x=1, the angular momentum is constant. For the extreme of x=0, the circular component of the absolute velocity cu remains constant at the impeller outlet.
2 c u4 r4 Qi
x ra ( ) r4
b(r ) rx
dr
The integral can be explicitly solved for simple cross-section shapes (rectangles, trapezoids, circles). For other, arbitrary, shapes, it can be solved numerically. Stepanoff Alternatively, it can be beneficial to design the volute with a constant velocity in all cross-sections of the circumference. According to Stepanoff, this constant velocity can be determined empirically:
cu k S 2gH
. The constant k s can be determined dependent on the specific speed nq (see

22
Approximation function
).
2 k S 2gH Qi
ra ( )
b(r ) dr
r4
166
CFturbo8 Self Contrary to and the geometry progression is defined directly. The end cross section is defined by radius or cross section area, the distribution by Radius- or Area progression.
By clicking on Default, you can return to the standard values for each design instruction.
5.3.2
Cut-water
Cut-water is available for external volutes only. For internal volutes the cut-water is a result of intersection of spiral and diffuser. The cut-water can be designed in the Cut-water section: Inner radius r4 Informative, see Inlet 153 r4 is the inlet radius of the volute and/or outlet radius of radial diffusers Thickness e Compensation Thickness of the cut-water at the start of the volute (for compensation)
C
Angle, above which cut-water correction begins (standard: 270)
The cut-water does disturb the flow, since the cross-section of the flow is narrowed suddenly by the thickness of the cut-water. To weaken this negative influence, the cut-water can be corrected. This is achieved by assuming that from the angle C the inner radius r
4
increases linearly to a value of r4+e at the end cross-section of the
volute. This results in larger volute cross-sections in this area, so that the narrowing of flow caused by the cut-water becomes less significant. By clicking on Default, you can return to the standard values for the cut-water.
5.4
Diffuser
Volute | Diffuser The geometry of the outlet diffuser can be designed and calculated in this dialog box.
Volute
167
In general, 3 basic shapes are differentiated (Direction):
Tangential diffuser
168
CFturbo8
Radial diffuser
Spline-diffuser
The tangential diffuser is easier to manufacture, the radial diffuser has the advantage of minimising tangential forces. The spline diffuser is similar to the radial but with extended flexibility. For the tangential diffuser the angle deviation from the tangential direction, , (standard: 0) can be defined. In the case of a radial diffuser, the angle between the outlet branch and the line connecting impeller-centre and outlet branch centre can be selected. For the Spline-diffuser the angle 6 between connecting line impeller-centre outlet branch centre and diffuser start section has to be defined. Points 0 and 4 are start and endpoint of the middle line on th einlet and outlet cross section, point 2 is fixed by the intersection of appropriate perpendiculars of these sections. Position of points 1 and 3 influence the curve shape of the middle line.
The extension of the diffuser can be defined in panel Dimensions. Parameters in the x,y-plane can be specified, as well as a rake of the diffuser in z-direction. For all diffuser shapes the extension is defined by the diffuser height h6, which is the perpendicular distance from a center line to the diffuser outlet. Additionally the starting position of the diffuser is defined by the angle 0, whereas 0 is horizontal right. The whole volute can be rotated by this value. By using the button Vertical outflow direction the volute can be rotated for vertical direction of the
Volute pressure joint. The diffuser bending in z-direction is described by the parameters shown in the sketch. There exist 2 straight segments 1, 3 and a circular segment 2. The lengths L1, L2 and L3 are specified percental. The curvature is defined by the radius R, the direction by the angle . The z-bend is illustrated in the diagram by a green center line.
169
The end cross-section of the diffuser can be either round or rectangular. The diameter D6 can be directly defined or selected from standard tables. In the case of a rectangular end cross-section the height H6 and width B6 can be chosen. Furthermore the percental position can be specified, where the shape of the end cross section is reached (default = 100%). Afterwards the shape is constant and the cross section area is changing only.
Cut-water rounding is defined by the angular position
C,0
(standard: 0=start of volute,
C,0
<>0
indicates a rounding-off between the actual volute and the diffuser). Underneath the minimum necessary angular position is displayed to prevent overlap of the actual volute and the diffuser. Cut-water design is not available for internal volutes.
The following values are shown for information purposes: Equivalent diameter D6 Length L Angle to middle 6 Cone angle Diameter of the equivalent circle at the diffuser outlet Length of the diffuser angle between connecting line impeller-centre branch centre and diffuser start section cone angle from D5 to D6 over the length L outlet
170
CFturbo8 Deceleration ratio AR Diffuser radius R radius of middle line (for radial diffuser only)
By clicking on Default, you can return to the standard values for the diffuser geometry. Under Display options, changes can be made which affect only the graphics.
Part
VI
172
CFturbo8
6
6.1
Appendix
References
GENERAL Werner Fister Fluidenergiemaschinen Bd. 1 und 2, Springer-Verlag, 1984 und 1986 Carl Pfleiderer, Hartwig Petermann Strmungsmaschinen, Springer-Verlag, 1991 Joachim Raabe Hydraulische Maschinen und Anlagen, VDI-Verlag, 1989
PUMPS Johann F. Glich Kreiselpumpen, Springer-Verlag, 1999 Kurt Holzenberger, Klaus Jung Kreiselpumpen Lexikon, KSB AG, 1989 John Tuzson Centrifugal pump design, John Wiley & Sons, 2000 Walter Wagner Kreiselpumpen und Kreiselpumpenanlagen, Vogel-Verlag, 1994 Gotthard Will Kreiselpumpen, in: Taschenbuch Maschinenbau, Band 5, hrsg. von Hans-Joachim Kleinert, Verlag Technik Berlin, 1989
VENTILATORS Leonhard Bommes, Jrgen Fricke, Reinhard Grundmann Ventilatoren, Vulkan-Verlag, 2003 Bruno Eck Ventilatoren, Springer-Verlag, 1991 Thomas Carolus Ventilatoren, Teubner-Verlag, 2003
COMPRESSORS Arnold Whitfield, Nicholas C. Baines Design of Radial Turbomachines, Longman Scientific & Technical, 1990
Appendix
173
Ronald H. Aungier Centrifugal Compressors, ASME Press, 2000 Klaus H. Ldtke Process Centrifugal Compressors, Springer-Verlag, 2004 Bruno Eckert, Erwin Schnell Axial- und Radialkompressoren, Springer-Verlag, 1980 Davide Japikse Centrifugal Compressors Design and Performance, Concepts ETI, 1996 N. A. Cumpsty Compressor aerodynamics, Krieger publishing, 2004 Ernst Lindner Turboverdichter, in: Taschenbuch Maschinenbau, Band 5 hrsg. von Hans-Joachim Kleinert, Verlag Technik Berlin, 1989
TURBINES Arnold Whitfield, Nicholas C. Baines Design of Radial Turbomachines, Longman Scientific & Technical, 1990 Ronald H. Aungier Turbine Aerodynamics, ASME Press, 2006 Hany Moustapha, Mark Zelesky, Nicholas C. Baines, Davide Japikse Axial and Radial Turbines, Concepts NREC, 2003
6.2
Contact addresses
Development, Sales, Support
CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH www.cfturbo.com Unterer Kreuzweg 1 01097 Dresden, Germany Phone: (+49) 351 40 79 04 74 Fax: (+49) 351 40 79 04 80 Bismarckstr. 2 80803 Munich, Germany Phone: (+49) 89 189 41 45 0 Fax: (+49) 89 189 41 45 20
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CFturbo8
6.3
License agreement
Software Cession and Maintenance Contract between CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH Unterer Kreuzweg 1, 01097 Dresden (Germany) - hereinafter designated the 'Licensor' and the CFturbo user - hereinafter designated the 'User' -
1 LICENSE AGREEMENT By virtue of this agreement, the User acquires from the Licensor the non-transferable and nonexclusive right to use the software 'CFturbo' (hereinafter designated the 'Software') for a period of time, in exchange for the licence fee agreed between the Licensor and the User. 1. Licence Object The User acquires a nodelocked license or a license for one local office network (LAN) at one distinguished location of the company. The program package consists of a data medium (CD-ROM or DVD) with the Software and a user manual in the form of a PDF file. In the event that the Software was downloaded from the official website of the Licensor, the program package consists of the corresponding installation file including electronic documentation. 2. Duration / commencement of the licence The User obtains the right to use the Software. The right is obtained after the payment of the full licence fee and implicitly expires at the end of the arranged time period. 4. Right of Use (1) In accordance with this contract, the Licensor grants the User a right of use to the Software described under 1. as well as a right to use the necessary printed matter and documentation. The printing-out of the manual for the purposes of working with the Software is permitted. (2) The User may duplicate the Software only insofar as the duplication in question is necessary for the use of the Software. Necessary reasons for duplication notably include the installation of the Software from the original data medium onto the mass storage of the hardware used, as well as the loading of the Software into the RAM memory. (3) The User is entitled to perform duplication for backup purposes. However, in principle, only a single backup copy may be created and stored. The backup copy must be labelled as being a backup copy of the ceded Software. (4) If, for reasons of data security or the assurance of a fast reactivation of the computer system after a total failure, the regular backing-up of the entire dataset including the computer programs used is essential, then the User may create the number of backup copies which are compulsorily required. The data media concerned must be labelled accordingly. The backup copies may only be used for purely archival purposes. (5) The User is obliged to take appropriate measures to prevent the unauthorized access of third parties to the program including its documentation. The supplied original data media, as well as the backup copies, must be stored in a location protected against the unauthorized access of third parties. The employees of the User must be explicitly encouraged to observe these contractual conditions as well as the provisions of copyright law.
Appendix
175
(6) Additional duplications, also including the printing-out of the program code on a printer, must not be created by the User. The copying and the handover or transfer of the user manual to third parties is not permitted. 5. Multiple Use and Networks (1) The User may use the Software on any hardware available to him, provided that this hardware is appropriate for the use according to the Software documentation. In the event of changing the hardware, the Software must be erased from the previously used hardware. (2) The simultaneous reading in, storage or use on more than one hardware device is not permitted unless the User has acquired multiple-use licences or network licences. Should the User wish to use the Software on multiple hardware configurations at the same time, for example to permit the use of the Software by several employees, he must purchase the corresponding number of licences. (3) The use of the ceded Software on different computers on a network or another multipleworkstation computer system is permitted, provided that the User has purchased multiple-use licences or network licences. If this is not the case, the User may only use the Software on a network if he prevents simultaneous multiple use by means of access protection mechanisms. 6. Program Modifications (1) The disassembly of the ceded program code into other code forms (decompilation) as well as other types of reverse-engineering of the different manufacturing stages of the software, including a modification of the program, is not permitted. (2) The removal of the copy protection or similar protection mechanisms is not permitted. Insofar as the trouble-free use of the program is impaired or hindered by one of the protection mechanisms, the Licensor is obliged to remedy the fault on an appropriate request. The User bears the burden of proof of the impairment or hindrance of trouble-free usability as a result of the protection mechanism. (3) Copyright notices, serial numbers and other marks used for program identification purposes must in no event be removed or modified. This also applies to the suppression of the screen display of such marks. 7. Resale and Leasing Resale and leasing of the Software or other cession of the Software to third parties is only permitted with the written agreement of the Licensor. 8. Warranty (1) The Licensor makes no warranty with respect to the performance of the Software or the obtained data and the like. He grants no guarantees, assurances or other provisions and conditions with respect to the merchantability, freedom from defects of title, integration or usability for specific purposes, unless they are legally prescribed and cannot be restricted. (2) Defects in the ceded software including the user manuals and other documents must be remedied by the Licensor within an appropriate period of time following the corresponding notification of the defect by the User. The defect is remedied by free-of-charge improvements or a replacement delivery, at the discretion of the Licensor. (3) For the purposes of testing for and remedying defects, the User permits the Licensor to access the Software via telecommunications. The connections necessary for this are established by the User according to the instructions of the Licensor. (4) A right of cancellation of the User due to the non-granting of use according to 543 para. 2 clause 1 no. 1 of the Civil Code is excluded insofar as the improvement or replacement delivery is not to be regarded as having failed. Failure of the improvement or replacement delivery is only to be assumed if the Licensor was given sufficient opportunity to make the improvement or replacement delivery. (5) Furthermore, the statutory regulations also apply. 9. Liability
176
CFturbo8 (1) The claims of the User for compensation or replacement of futile expenditure conform, without regard to the legal nature of the claim, to the existing clause. (2) In the Software, it is a question of a design procedure. It is considered to be purely an approximation method. The Licensor is not liable for the functioning of the data obtained in practice, for the manufactured prototypes or components, or for possible consequential damages resulting therefrom. (3) The Licensor is liable for damage involving injury to life and limb or to health, without limitation, insofar as this damage is the result of a negligent or intentional breach of obligation on the part of the Licensor or one of his legal representatives or vicarious agents. (4) Otherwise, the Licensor is liable only for gross negligence and deliberate malfeasance. (5) Liability for consequential damages due to defects is excluded. (6) The above regulations also apply in favour of the employees of the Licensor. (7) The liability according to the Product Liability Act ( 14 ProdHaftG) remains unaffected. (8) The liability of the Licensor regardless of negligence or fault for defects already existing on entering into the contract according to 536 a para. 1 of the Civil Code is expressly excluded. 10. Inspection Obligation and Notification Obligation (1) The User will inspect the delivered Software including its documentation within 8 working days after delivery, in particular with regard to the completeness of the data media and user manuals as well as the functionality of the basic program functions. Defects determined or detectable hereby must be reported to the Licensor within a further 8 working days by means of a registered letter. The defect notification must contain a detailed description of the defects. (2) Defects which cannot be detected in the context of the described appropriate inspection must be reported within 8 working days of their discovery with observance of the notification requirements specified in paragraph 1. (3) In the event of the violation of the inspection and notification obligation, the Software is considered to be approved with regard to the defect concerned. 11. Intellectual Property, Copyright The Software and all the authorized copies of this Software made by the User belong to the Licensor and are the intellectual property of the latter. The Software is legally protected. Insofar as it is not expressed stated in this contract, the User is granted no ownership rights to the Software, and all rights not expressly granted by means of this contract are reserved by the Licensor. 12. Return (1) At the end of the contractual relationship, the User is obliged to return all of the original data media as well as the complete documentation, materials, and other printed matter ceded to him. The program and its documentation must be delivered to the lessor free of charge. (2) The appropriate return also includes the complete and final deletion of all installation files and online documentation, as well as any copies that may exist. (3) The Licensor may dispense with the return and order the deletion of the program and the destruction of the documentation. If the Licensor exercises this elective right, he will explicitly inform the User to this effect. (4) The User is expressly advised that, after the end of the contractual relationship, he may not continue to use the Software and, in the event of non-compliance, is violating the copyright of the copyright holder.
2 SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE The Licensor performs the maintenance and upkeep of the Software modules included in this contract under the following conditions. The maintenance of computer hardware is not the subject matter of this contract.
Appendix
177
1. Scope of the maintenance obligation (1) The contractual maintenance measures include: a) The provision of the respectively newest program versions of the Software modules named under 1 no. 1 as free-of-charge downloads. The Software is installed by the User. b) The updating of the Software documentation. Insofar as a significant change to the functional scope or operation of the software occurs, completely new documentation will be provided. c) On the expiration of the defect liability period resulting from the Software cession contract, the remedying of defects both in the program code and in the documentation. d) Both the written (also by fax or e-mail) and telephone advising of the customer in the event of problems regarding the use of the Software as well as any program errors that may need to be recorded. e) The telephone advice service ('hotline') is available to customers on working days between 9.00 a. m. and 4.00 p.m. (CET). f) Defects reported in writing or requests for advice are answered no later than the afternoon of the working day following their receipt. As far as possible, this occurs by telephone for reasons of speed. The customer must therefore add the name and direct-dial telephone number of the responsible employee to every written message. For defect reports or requests for advice sent by email, the answer may also be given by e-mail. (2) The following services, among others, are not included in the contractual maintenance services of the contractor: a) Provision of advice outside of the working hours specified under 2 para. 1 letter e). b) Maintenance services which become necessary due to the use of the Software on an inappropriate hardware system or with an operating system not approved by the Licensor. c) Maintenance services which become necessary due to the use of the Software on another hardware system or with another operating system. d) Maintenance services after interference of the customer with the program code of the Software. e) Maintenance services with respect to the interoperability of the Software which is the subject matter of the contract with other computer programs which are not the subject matter of the maintenance contract. f) The remedying of faults and damage caused by incorrect use by the User, the influence of third parties or force majeure events. g) The remedying of faults and damage caused by environmental conditions at the setup location, by defects in or absence of the power supply, faulty hardware, operating systems or other influences not attributable to the Licensor. 2. Payment (1) If the User has acquired the Software for a limited period of time, then the payment for the maintenance has already been effected in full with the payment of the licence fee. (2) In the event of a right of use for an unlimited period of time, the first twelve months of maintenance are included in the licence fee. In the following period, the annual maintenance fee can be found in the enclosed price table. The Licensor is entitled to adjust the maintenance fee on an annual basis in accordance with the general trend of prices. If the increase in the maintenance fee amounts to more than 5%, the customer may cancel the contractual relationship. 3. Duration of the Contract In the case of a time-limited right of use, maintenance contract ends with the expiration of the right of use of the Software. In the case of a time-unlimited right of use: the maintenance contract is extended after the first twelve months by a further twelve months respectively, unless the User opposes this in writing to the Licensor within a period of 3 months prior to the expiration. or the User may demand, after the first twelve months, a continuation of the maintenance contract by a
178
CFturbo8 further 12 months respectively up to the date of the expiration of the contract. The demand must be made in writing. 4. Cooperation Obligations (1) In the transcription, containment, determination and reporting of defects, the customer must follow the instructions issued by the Licensor. (2) The customer must specify its defect reports and questions as accurately as possible. In doing so, he must also make use of competent employees. (3) During the necessary test runs, the customer is personally present or seconds competent employees for this purpose, who are authorized to pronounce and decide on defects, functional expansions, functional cutbacks and modifications to the program structure. If necessary, other work involving the computer system must be discontinued during the time of the maintenance work. (4) The customer grants the Licensor access to the Software via telecommunications. The connections necessary for this are established by the customer according to the instructions of the Licensor. 5. Liability (1) The Licensor is liable only for deliberate malfeasance and gross negligence and also that of his legal representatives and managerial staff. For the fault of miscellaneous vicarious agents, the liability is limited to five times the annual maintenance fee as well as to such damage the arising of which is typically to be expected in the context of software maintenance. (2) The liability for data loss is limited to the typical data retrieval expenditure which would have come about in the regular preparation of backup copies in accordance with the risks.
3 MISCELLANEOUS AGREEMENTS 1. Conflicts with Other Terms of Business Insofar as the User also uses General Terms of Business, the contract comes about even without express agreement about the inclusion of General Terms of Business. Insofar as the different General Terms of Business coincide with respect to their content, they are considered to be agreed. The regulations of the anticipated law replace any contradictory individual regulations. This also applies to the case in which the Conditions of Business of the User contain regulations which are not contained in the framework of these Conditions of Business. If the existing Conditions of Business contain regulations not contained in the Conditions of Business of the User, then the existing Conditions of Business apply. 2. Written Form All agreements which contain a modification, addition or substantiation of these contractual conditions, as well as specific guarantees and stipulations, must be set down in writing. If they are declared by representatives or vicarious agents of the Licensor, they are only binding if the Licensor has granted his written consent to them. 3. Notice and Cognizance Confirmation The User is aware of the use of the existing General Conditions of Business on the part of the Licensor. He has had the opportunity to take note of their content in a reasonable manner. 4. Election of Jurisdiction In relation to all of the legal relations arising from this contractual relationship, the parties agree to apply the law of the Federal Republic of Germany, with the exception of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. 5. Place of Jurisdiction For all disputes arising in the context of the execution of this contractual relationship, Dresden is
Appendix agreed to be the place of jurisdiction.
179
6. Severability Clause Should one or more of the provisions of this contract be ineffective or void, then the effectiveness of the remaining provisions remains unaffected. The parties undertake to replace the ineffective or void clauses with legally effective ones which are as equivalent as possible to the originally intended economic result. The same applies if the contract should contain a missing provision which requires addition.
180
CFturbo8 Blade angles 117, 131, 137 Blade blockage 124, 126 Blade lean angle 137 Blade lines 117 blade number 99 Blade properties 117 Blade shape 117 Blade thickness 117, 138 Blade thickness leading edge Blades 37 Boundary conditions 131
Index
-11D-streamline 74, 86
-33D model 37, 42, 44 3D view 42
22
-CCAD 7 CAE-startup 67 Calculate 81, 93, 102, 117 Catia 53 CFD 7, 65, 67 CFDnetwork Engineering 173 CFT 34 CFturbo 7 CFturbo2Icem2CFX 65 Characteristic numbers 77, 90, 99 checksum 11 Circle 114, 158, 166 Circular blades 133 Colors 37 company 9, 11 Compare 26 Compensation 162, 166 compressibility factor 85 Compressor 7 Conformal mapping 130 Constant 138 Contact addresses 173 continuity equation 81, 93, 102 Contour 37 convert 113, 141 Coordinate system 37, 130 Coordinates 30 Copy 30 copy to clipboard 11 Coupled 110 Coupled linear 131, 142 Cross section 110
-Aactivation 12 Administrator 9 angle of flow 97, 99 Animation 37 Ansys 65 approximate 113, 141 Approximation functions 22 Area circles 107 Area progression 107 Assumptions 77, 90, 99 asymmetric 158, 162 AutoCAD 49 AutoGrid 53 Automatic update 29 Axial extension 110 Axial impeller 90 Axial position 153
-BBasic values 75, 87, 97 Batch 15 bend 162 Beta progression 130 Bezier 113, 130, 141, 142, 158, 161 Bezier curves 30 Bezier mode 107, 110 Bezier polynom 137 Blade 145 Blade angle 124, 126
Index Cross sections 74, 86, 158 Curvature 107 Cut-water 162, 166 Cut-water diameter ratio 22 Cut-water width ratio 22 Exit diameter 107 Exit width 107 Export 15, 65, 67 Export data points 21 Export Units 20 Extension 162, 166 Extension on exit 107 External 158
181
-DData export 44 Deceleration ratio 117 Decreased output 117, 128 Density 75, 87 Design information 34 Design point 75, 87, 97 Design report 44 Design rule 162, 164 Deviation angle 117, 126 Deviation flow - blade 117 Diameter coefficient 22, 77, 90 diameter ratio 77, 90, 99 Diameter.cftdi 81, 105 Diffusor 37 Dimensions 81, 93, 99, 102 Direction of rotation 153 distance 113, 141
-FFEM 67 File location 22, 81, 93, 105 Flow angle 75, 87, 117 Flow angle inflow 22 Flow angle outflow 22 Flow angles 77, 90 Flow rate 75, 87 fluid 85 Freeform 131, 137 Frontal view 130, 138, 142 Full impeller 33, 75, 87, 97 Full volute 33 Function 22 Functions.cftfu 22
-EEdge 145 Edge position 145 Efficiency 99 Hydraulic 77 Impeller 90 Internal 77, 90 mechanical 77, 90, 99 Overall 77, 90 Side friction 77 Tip clearance 77 total99 total-to-total 99 Volumetric 77, 90 Ellipse 142 End cross section 162, 166 End shape 166 Errors 42 Euler's Equation of Turbomachinery
-Ggas constant 85 Geometry 44 Graphic 30 Grid 107
-HHauptabmessungen 96 Head 75, 87 Help 44 History 34 Hub 37, 105, 107, 110 hub diameter 81, 93, 102, 105 Hydraulic efficiency 22
-I81, 93, 102 ICEM 65
182
CFturbo8 Meridional deceleration 22, 77, 90 Meridional extension 131, 137 Meridional flow 116 Meridional velocity 116 Minimal relative velocity 77 Mixed-flow impeller 90 mixed-flow rotor 99, 102 modules 11 Mouse 37
Impeller 7, 153 Impeller diameter 81, 93 Incidence angle 117, 124 Inclination angle 110 Inclination angle hub 22 Inclination angle shroud 22 Inclination angle trailing edge Inflow swirl 75, 87 information 14 Initial design 30 Inlet definition 153 inlet diameter 102 Inlet triangle 124 Input 15 Intake coefficient 22, 77 internal 158, 162 Interpolation 44 Inventor 51 isentropic coefficient 85
22
-Nneck 162 network 11, 13 New design 33 Normreihen 105 NPSH 77 number of blades 22, 85 Number of revolutions 75, 87 Numeca 53
-LLeading edge 107, 110, 124, 142 licence transfer file 12 license 11, 12, 13, 14 License agreement 174 license file 13 License key 9 Licensing 7, 9 Linear 138 Load from impeller 153 local 11, 13
-OObstruction 117 Open 34 Optimimization 15 Options 20, 21, 37 Other 20 Outflow coefficient 129 Outlet triangle 124, 126 Outlet width 81, 93 Outlet width ratio 77, 90 Output 15
-Mmachine ID 9, 11 Main dimensions 74, 81, 86, 93, 96, 99 Max. curvature 110 Mean line 130 Mean surface 37 Mechanical efficiency 22 Meridian 37 meridinal deceleration 99 Meridional 130 meridional boundaries 138, 142 Meridional contour 107
-PParallel to z 110 Parameter 15, 22 performance 146 performance curve 146 performance line 146 PFLEIDERER 117, 128, 162, 164 Physical variable 22 Points 22, 37 polyline 113, 141 Position 166
Index Power loss 77, 90 Power output 75, 87 Preferences 20, 21 Pressure coefficient 77, 90 Pressure difference 75, 87 Pressure side 124 Primary design 29 Print 30 prism_params 65 Pro/ENGINEER 55 Problems 42 Profile 138 Progressions diagrams 107 Project 34 Project information 34 Pump 7
183
-SSave 30, 34 Segment 37 select 13 send E-mail 11 session code 11 shaft 105 shaft diameter 81, 93, 105 Shaft/ hub 102 Shroud 37, 107, 110 Shroud angle 77 shroud diameter 102 Side friction efficiency 22 Simple 133, 142 Simple mode 107, 114 single-flow 97 Single-intake 75, 87 single-stage 75, 87, 97 Slip 117, 126 Slip velocity 129 Solid 37 Solids 42, 44 Specific energy 75, 87 specific heat 85 specific speed 75, 87, 97 specific work 97 Speed coefficient 75, 87 Spiral 37 Spline 166 splitter blades 85 Stagnation point 124 Standard specifications 81 Start angle 166 start date 11 Static moment 107, 110 Status bar 30 Step by step 33 STEPANOFF 162, 164 Stepanoff constant 22 STL 44 Straight 110 Straight blades 133 Straight line 114 Streamline curvature method
-QQuerschnitte 96
-RRadial 166 Radial blade 121 Radial blade fibre 121 Radial blade section 121 Radial diffusor 153 Radial element blade 121, 131, 137 Radial impeller 90 Radial rotor 99, 102 Radius 114 Rectangle 158, 161, 166 Reference designs 26 References 172 Register 9 Relative velocity 116 Remove design steps 29 request 11 Required driving power 77, 90 Resolution 44 rotational direction 85 rotational speed 97 rotor power 97
116
184
CFturbo8 Version 34 Visible 37 Volumetric efficiency 22, 153 Volute geometry 162
Streamlines 116 Stress.cftst 81, 93, 105 Strictly external 158 Stromfadentheorie 96 Suction diameter 81, 93 Suction side 124 Suction specific speed 77 Surfaces 42 Swirl 124 swirl number 97 Symmetric 158
-Wwarning 138, 142 Website 7 Width lines 107 Width number 22 WIESNER 117, 129 Wireframe 37 Work coefficient 22 Wrap angle 22, 131, 137, 162
-TTangential 130, 166 Test 22 Thickness 138, 166 tin 65 tip clearance 85 Tip clearance efficiency 22 Tolerance 44 torque 105 torsional stress 105 Trailing edge 110, 142 Transmission of energy 126 Trapezoid 158, 161 Trim 44 Turbine 7 Two-dimensional 116 Type number 75, 87, 97
-ZZoom 30
-UUniform 142 Units 20 unshrouded 85 unwinded length 142 Update 44 User defined 138
-VVelocity components 117 Velocity triangle 102, 117, 124, 126 Velocity triangles 81, 93 Ventilator 7

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CFturbo8

User manual for CFturbo8 software

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH, 2010

Part III Main window

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CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

4 Diffuser ................................................................................................................................... 166

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Copyright 2009, CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH.

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Steps for licensing

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a running network license

REQUEST ACTIVATE SHOW

license information to check modules and

REQUEST ACTIVATE SHOW

license information to check modules and

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

Network Server License (NOT available for trial license)

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

Local Computer License

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Show license information

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

A log-file <batchfile>.log is created in the directory of <batch file>:

Parameters for impellers 18 Parameters for volutes 19

Example for parametric modified design

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

Parameters for impellers

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

:: %:%:... :: %:%:... -:-:... -:-:...

Parameters for volutes

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

Tip clearance efficiency

Radial/mixed-flow pump impeller

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

Inclination angle shroud

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

Following functions with 2 variables exist: Function hydraulic efficiency

depends on specific speed nq flow rate Q specific speed nq

curve parameter flow rate Q revolutions n area ratio AR

mechanical efficiency tip clearance efficiency

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

Comparing different designs

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

Remove design steps

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

dialog for impellers or the Volute inlet 153 dialog

Open/ Save design

CFturbo Software & Engineering GmbH

Numeca IGG .dst, .dat