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In designing propellers, the maximum performance of the airplane for all condition of operation from takeoff, climb, cruising, and high speed. The propellers may be classified under eight general types as follows:
1. Fixed pitch: The propeller is made in one piece. Only one pitch setting is possible
and is usually two blades propeller and is often made of wood or metal.
2.
and business aircraft prior to World War II .A wood propeller is not cut from a solid wood have been used in making propellers, but the most satisfactory are yellow birch, sugar mable, black cherry, and black walnut. The use of lamination of wood will reduce the tendency for propeller to warp. For standard one-piece wood propellers, from five to nine separate wood laminations about 3/4 in. thick are used.
Modern propellers are fabricated from high-strength , heat-treated, aluminum alloy by forging a single bar of aluminum alloy to the required shape. Metal propellers is now extensively used in the construction of propellers for all type of aircraft. The general appearance of the metal propeller is similar to the wood propeller, except that the sections are generally thinner.
Metal Propellers : During 1940 , solid steel propellers were made for military use.
2. Ground adjustable pitch: The pitch setting can be adjusted only with tools on
the ground before the engine is running. This type of propellers usually has a split hub. The blade angle is specified by the aircraft specifications. The adjustable - pitch feature permits compensation for the location of the flying field at various altitudes and also for variations in the characteristics of airplanes using the same engine. Setting the blade angles by loosened the clamps and the blade is rotated to the desired angle and then tighten the clamps.
3. Two-position : A propeller which can have its pitch changed from one position
to one other angle by the pilot while in flight.
4. Controllable pitch: The pilot can change the pitch of the propeller in flight or
while operating the engine by mean of a pitch changing mechanism that may be operated by hydraulically.
6. Full Feathering : A constant speed propeller which has the ability to turn edge
to the wind and thereby eliminate drag and wind milling in the event of engine failure. The term Feathering refers to the operation of rotating the blades of the propeller to the wind position for the purpose of stopping the rotation of the propeller to reduce drag. Therefore , a Feathered blade is in an approximate in-line-of-flight position , streamlined with the line of flight (turned the blades to a very high pitch). Feathering is necessary when the engine fails or when it is desirable to shutoff an engine in flight.
8. Beta Control : A propeller which allows the manual repositioning of the propeller
blade angle beyond the normal low pitch stop. Used most often in taxiing, where thrust is manually controlled by adjusting blade angle with the power lever.
11.Adjustable-pitch propeller has blades with a pitch that can be adjusted while
an airplane is on the ground, but not while an airplane is flying. The first adjustable-pitch propellers were used in 1910, 39 years after a Frenchman named J. Croce-Spinelli first thought
of the idea.
AVTE-112C
TYPE OF AIRCRAFT PROPELLERS
Submitted by: Espinosa, Richard Anderson A. Submitted to: Mr. Adam Briz