MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING

SHIRPUR, Dist. DHULIA (M.S) - 425405.

Seminar Report On: -

BIODIESEL

submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

2nd Year B.Tech. Trimester V

By

ARPIT JAIN

Roll No: 608 (SAP ID)

2011 2012 Department of Mechanical Engineering

Page 1 of 25

CERTFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar entitled BIODIESEL has been submitted by ARPIT JAIN under the guidance of DR. MALVIKA SHARMA in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering of MPSTME, NMIMS University, Shirpur during the academic year 2011-2012 (Trimester-V).

DATE: PLACE: Shirpur

Guide Dr. Malvika sharma

H.O.D Prof. Vishal Fegade

Associate Dean Dr. M.V.Deshpande

Page 2 of 25

ABSTRACT

Biodiesel is made in a chemical process called transesterification, where the glycerine is separated from the fat or vegetable oil. The process results in two products -- methyl esters (the chemical name for biodiesel) and glycerine (a valuable by-product usually sold for use in the production of soap). Fuel-grade biodiesel is produced that ensures proper combustion and engine performance. Biodiesel is the only alternative fuel for motor vehicles up to now. The seminar report will reflect the following objective.

Page 3 of 25

INDEX

SR No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Topic

Page No. 6 10 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 26

Introduction Why we use biodiesel

Advantage of biodiesel Straight vegetable oil Biodiesel collection Filteration of biodiesel How diesel engine work Problems related to biodiesel Bio diesel sustainable Preface

Page 4 of 25

List of Figures
Sr. No.
1

Figure
Biodiesel sunflower produces about 60% less net carbon dioxide emissions

Page No.
6

Space-filling model of methyl linoleate, or linoleic acid methyl ester, a common methyl ester produced from soybean or canola oil and methanol.

Sun flower the seeds of which are the source of Sun flower oil

Seeds are the source of an edible pressed oil, coriander seed-oil.

5 6 7

Straight vegetable oil PBH bag filteration system Industrial biodiesel filtration systems

16 19 20

SING.CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

21

Page 5 of 25

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Biodiesel is a clean burning alternative fuel, produced from domestically grown, renewable resources. Biodiesel contains no petroleum products, but can be blended at any concentration with diesel from fossil sources to create a biodiesel blend. It can be used in compression-ignition ( diesel) engines with little or no modification. Biodiesel is simple to use, biodegradable, nontoxic,and basically free of sulphur compounds and aromatics.

Fig 1: Biodiesel sunflower produces about 60% less net carbon dioxide emissions.

1.1 Composition
Biodiesel is made in a chemical process called transesterification, where the glycerine is separated from the fat or vegetable oil. The process results in two products -- methyl esters (the chemical name for biodiesel) and glycerine (a valuable by-product usually sold for use in the
Page 6 of 25

production of soap). Chemical reaction:-

Biodiesel should not be confused with straight vegetable oil! Fuel-grade biodiesel is produced to strict industry specifications (ASTM D6751 in the US) in order to ensure proper combustion and engine performance. Biodiesel is the only alternative fuel for motor vehicles up to now (2004) to have fully completed the health effects testing requirements of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. Biodiesel that meets ASTM D6751 and is registered with the Environmental Protection Agency is a legal motor fuel for sale and distribution as such. Raw vegetable oil cannot meet biodiesel fuel specifications, it is not registered with the EPA, and it is not a legal motor fuel, despite widespread use in many areas. To express it more exactly: Biodiesel is defined as mono-alkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, conforming to ASTM D6751 specifications for use in diesel engines. Biodiesel refers to the pure fuel before blending with diesel fuel.

Fig 2: Space-filling model of methyl linoleate, or linoleic acid methyl ester, a common methyl ester produced from soybean or canola oil and methanol.
Page 7 of 25

Biodiesel is less damaging to the environment because it is made from renewable resources and has lower emissions compared to fossil diesel. The toxic effects are even less than from table salt and it biodegrades as fast as sugar when spilled. Since it is made from renewable resources such as rape seeds or similar oil plants, its use decreases dependence on imported oil, whilst contributing to the local rural economy. With agricultural commodity prices approaching record lows, and petroleum prices reaching ever new record highs, it is clear that more can be done to utilize domestic surpluses of vegetable oils.

Biodiesel is one of the most rigorously tested alternative fuels on the market. A number of independent studies have been completed with the results showing biodiesel performs as well as fossil diesel whilst causing much less damage to the environment and human health compared to diesel. There are now more than 300 major fleets use the fuel in the US alone.

Fig 3: Sun flower the seeds of which are the source of Sun flower oil.

Biodiesel is the name of a clean burning alternative fuel, produced from domestic, renewable resources. Biodiesel contains no petroleum, but it can be blended at any level with petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend. It can be used in compression-ignition (diesel) engines with little or no modifications. Biodiesel is simple to use, biodegradable, nontoxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. The technical definition of biodiesel is: The mono alkyl esters of long fatty acids derived from renewable lipid feedstock such as vegetable oils or animal fats, for use in compression ignition (diesel) engines (National Biodiesel Board, 1996). In simple terms, biodiesel is a renewable fuel
Page 8 of 25

manufactured from methanol and vegetable oil, animal fats, and recycled cooking fats (U.S. Department of Energy, 2006). The term biodiesel itself is often misrepresented and misused. Biodiesel only refers to 100% pure fuel (B100) that meets the definition above and specific standards given by the American Society of Testing. However, it is often used to describe blends of biodiesel with petroleum diesel. Such blends are generally referred to as B2, B5, B20, etc., where the number indicates the percent of biodiesel used.

Fig 4: Coriander seeds are the source of an edible pressed oil, coriander seed-oil.

Page 9 of 25

Chapter 2

WHY WE USE BIODIESEL

2.1 It's Economical

Biodiesel can be produced by individuals on a small scale relatively inexpensively when compared to Petrodiesel. Figures range anywhere from $0.40 a gallon to about $1.25 a gallon depending on the cost of materials required to make it. With prices that low, most people are able to save hundreds of dollars on their fuel bills. In some cases it even goes into the thousands of dollars. With savings like that, most people are able to recoup their initial investment on the equipment needed to make biodiesel within a matter of months.

2.2 It's Renewable

Biodiesel has been touted far and wide for it's renewable properties. Instead of making a fuel from a finite resource such as crude oil, Biodiesel can be produced from renewable resources such as organic oils, fats, and tallows. This means that it can be made from things that can be regrown, reproduced, and reused. So, if you need more, you can just grow another crop of seeds for the oil.

2.3 It's Good For the Environment

When Biodiesel is used to power diesel engines, the emissions at the tailpipe are significantly reduced. Studies by the US National Renewable Energy Lab indicate drops in several key area's that help the environment. Carbon Dioxide, Hydrocarbons, and Particulate Matter (the black smoke from diesels) all are significantly reduced when Biodiesel is used. When used in older diesel engines such as indirect combustion diesels, the results are astounding. We personally saw a reduction in our tailpipe emissions of nearly 90%. It's one of the many reasons we exist. We were incredibly impressed by our results. It also has a positive energy balance. Click here to read more!

2.4 It Supports Farmers

Page 10 of 25

When Biodiesel is made from organic oils such as Canola, Soy, Peanut, or other domestically grown seed crops, it helps the farming community out. Because the oil used to make Biodiesel is "domestically grown", it keeps the money flowing to those that "grow" the feedstock. This continues to help out the renewable aspect of Biodiesel because this means more seed crops can be grown by local farmers.

2.5 It Reduces Dependence On Crude Oil

When Biodiesel is used in place of petro-diesel, it reduces the amount of crude oil used up. This means that it helps to reduce our dependence on a limited resource and increases our use of renewable resources. We think that's a great step toward reducing our dependence on a fuel that may not be around forever.

2.6 It's Enjoyable To Make

We think that making Biodiesel is one of the funnest things in the world to do. With a little practice and know-how it can easily be made and is extremely simple to do. We've found it to be an incredibly fulfilling experience. There's just something to be said for being able to make your own fuel and drive past a gas station and wave instead of pulling up for a fill-up. Words just don't describe the incredible feeling we get each time we make a batch.

2.7 It's Good For The Engine

Biodiesel, unlike Petro-diesel, has a much higher "lubricity" to it. This means that it's essentially "slipperier" than normal diesel fuel. With the added "lubricity" of Biodiesel, engines have been shown to experience less wear and tear when used on a regular basis. Also, because Biodiesel is less polluting, it means that it's easier on the engine. US Government Studies have shown that in some cases large fleets using Biodiesel have been able to go longer between oil changes because the oil stay's cleaner when Biodiesel is used.

2.8 It's the Perfect Alternative Fuel

When compared to several other Alternative Fuels available, Biodiesel comes out way ahead. Most alternative fuels require changes to a vehicle to be used. Natural Gas & Propane require
Page 11 of 25

special tanks to be installed and changes to the fuel injection system must be made as well. Ethanol also requires specialized changes to the fuel injection system. Electricity requires a completely different engine. In most cases, once a vehicle undergoes the conversion necessary to run the alternative fuel, there's no going back.

2.9 Lubricating properties

It provides substantial reduction in carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and particular emissions from diesel engines. Some emissions tests have shown a slight oxides of nitrogen (NOx) increase in nox emissions. Even when added to regular diesel fuel in an amount equal to 1-2%, it can convert fuel with poor lubricating properties, such as modern ultra-low-sulfur diesel fuel, into an acceptable fuel.

2.10 Energy Balance and Security

A) Energy Balance The energy balance of a fuel is a ratio of how much energy is required to produce, refine and distribute the fuel compared to the amount of energy the fuel releases when it is burned. This property is used to determine how renewable a fuel is. A higher ratio indicates a lower environmental impact, as less fossil energy is needed to produce, refine and distribute the fuel. Biodiesel has a very high energy balance compared to other alternative fuels. A joint study found that on average biodiesel releases 3.2 units of energy for every one unit of fossil fuel energy used to produce it*. For comparison, diesel fuel delivers only 0.83 units of energy for every unit of fossil fuel energy used to produce it. 2.11 Toxicity, Biodegradability, Safety & Recycling Though it is uncommon for the average person to come into direct contact with fuels, occasional spills do occur, and the impact of the fuel on plants and animals must be considered. Biodiesel has been proven to be much less toxic than diesel fuel, and is readily biodegradable. These attributes make it less likely to harm the environment if an accidental spill occurred, and far less costly to repair damage and clean up.

Page 12 of 25

Chapter3

ADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL

3.1 Safe and Stable Fuel

Biodiesel is safer to handle than petroleum fuel because of its low volatility. Due to the high energy content of all liquid fuels, there is a danger of accidental ignition when the fuel is being stored, transported, or transferred. The possibility of having an accidental ignition is related in part to the temperature at which the fuel will create enough vapors to ignite, known as the flash point temperature. The lower the flash point of a fuel is, the lower the temperature at which the fuel can form a combustible mixture. For example, gasoline has a flash point of -40 F, which means that gasoline can form a combustible mixture at temperatures as low as -40 F. Biodiesel on the other hand has a flash point of over 266 F, meaning it cannot form a combustible mixture until it is heated well above the boiling point of water. It is rare that fuel is subjected to these types of conditions, making biodiesel significantly safer to store, handle, and transport than petroleum diesel. In fact, the National Fire Protection Association classifies biodiesel as a nonflammable liquid.

3.2 Recycling: Recovering Energy Resources

Biodiesel can be made from many different oils and fats, including many waste products. Waste cooking oil, normally disposed of or used in animal feed mixtures can be converted to high quality biodiesel using a process employed by companies such as Pacific Biodiesel Technology. The use of used cooking oils as a biodiesel feedstock has increased their value significantly in recent years, making proper collection and recycling of these oils more cost effective, and lowering the volume of these oils destined for sewers and landfills. Other low value oils and fats which can be made into biodiesel include yellow grease, inedible tallow, and trap grease. In one example of the benefits of how biodiesel production can increase recycling, the Pacific Biodiesel production facilities in the Hawaiian islands have diverted nearly 190,000 tons of used cooking oil and grease trap waste since they began production.

3.3 Another benefit Biodiesel has over other alternative fuels is fuel mileage.
Page 13 of 25

In most cases, when alternative fuels are used the fuel mileage per gallon drops significantly. In some cases it's even as high as a 60% drop! With drops that significant any benefit derived from using the alternative fuel quickly diminishes. However, this isn't the case with Biodiesel.

. 3.4 Biodiesel provides a market for excess production of vegetable oils and animal fats.
There is increasing demand around the world for soybean meal to provide the protein for human and animal consumption. If new markets are not found for the soybean oil, then the price will be low and farmers will have even more difficulty producing a profit. 1) It decreases the countrys dependence on imported petroleum. Though the percentage of the countrys fuel supply that can be replaced with biodiesel would be small, an additional source of fuel can have a surprising impact on fuel price stability.

2) It is renewable and does not contribute to global warming due to its closed carbon cycle. Carbon in the fuel was originally removed from the air by plants so there is no net increase in carbon dioxide levels.

Page 14 of 25

Chapter 4

STRAIGHT-VEGITABLE OIL

4.1 Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO) systems

For diesel engines, there are two main fuel alternatives to diesel. The first approach is to modify the fuel to run in the vehicle (which is bio-diesel) and the second approach is to modify the fuel delivery system to use Straight Vegetable Oil. (SVO). With a SVO system it is necessary to reduce the viscosity of the vegetable oil by heating the vegetable oil.

4.2 Performance of SVO

The published engineering literature strongly indicates that the use of SVO will lead to reduced engine life. This reduced engine life is caused by the build up of carbon deposits inside the engine, as well as negative impacts of SVO on the engine lubricant. Both carbon deposits and excessive buildup of SVO in the lubricant are caused by the very high boiling point and viscosity of SVO relative to the required boiling range for diesel fuel. The carbon buildup doesnt necessarily happen quickly, but instead over a longer period.

Some investigators have explored modifying the vehicle to preheat the SVO prior to injection into the engine. Others have examined blends of vegetable oil with conventional diesel. These techniques may mitigate the problems to some degree, but do not eliminate them entirely. Studies show that carbon build up continues over time, resulting in higher engine maintenance costs and/or shorter engine life.

Another issue that is particularly critical for use of neat (100%) SVO is fuel viscosity .The viscosity of SVO is much higher than that of diesel fuel at normal operating temperatures. This can cause premature wear of fuel pumps and injectors, and also can dramatically alter the structure of the fuel spray coming out of the injectors to increase droplet size, decrease spray angle, and increase spray penetration.

Page 15 of 25

Fig 5: straight vegetable oil

4.3 Availability
4.3.1 Waste vegetable oil As of 2000, the United States was producing in excess of 11 billion liters of waste vegetable oil annually, mainly from industrial deep fryers in potato processing plants, snack food factories and fast food restaurants. If all those 11 billion liters could be collected and used to replace the energetically equivalent amount of petroleum (an ideal case), almost 1% of US oil consumption could be offset. However, use of waste vegetable oil as a fuel competes with some already established uses. 4.3.2 Pure vegetable oil (pure plant oil) Pure plant oil (PPO) (or Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO)), in contrast to waste vegetable oil, is not a byproduct of other industries, and thus its prospects for use as fuel are not limited by the capacities of other industries. Production of vegetable oils for use as fuels is theoretically limited only by the agricultural capacity of a given economy.

Page 16 of 25

Chapter 5

BIODIESEL COLLECTION

There are a number of variations on collection techniques. The method you choose will depend on how much oil you are collecting and the equipment you have available.

5. 1The Pail Exchange

This technique is where you get the restaurant to put the oil back into either it's original containers or into 5 gallon buckets. This method requires PROMT pickup of the oil. Health departments don't like it when a restaurant stores used oil in or near the kitchen. The restaurants really like it when your Johnny On the Spot and pick it up the same night they change it out. This method is how the little guy beats out the big guys on service. This method works best for the beginner and for brewers processing under 50 gallons a week. Advantages:

Works even with a small car not capable of carrying large volumes of oil. Equipment costs are nearly zero. The oil is a higher quality when it arrives at home. The restaurants love it It's hard for anyone to steal it if you pick it up right away

Disadvantages:

Usually requires you to pick up the oil when the restaurant changes oil. Often requires more frequent pickups than other methods. Does not scale up.

5.2 The Drum

Many people will place 35 gallon or 55 gallon drums in the back of the restaurant. There are three variations on how to get the oil from the drum to the house.
Page 17 of 25

The Drum Swap Pumping it up Suck it up

5.2.1 The Drum Swap The Drum Swap is exactly what it sounds like. When the drum at the restaurant is full a new one is brought and the full one taken home. It calls for some fundamental drum handling equipment like a truck or trailer mount crane to lift the drum onto the truck or trailer, and a hand truck designed for drums so you can move the drum to the crane. This system is best used when it is cold, and the oil is frozen. You have to have two drums for each location you collect. If you are only collecting a drum a week, this could be a good fit for you. If you have a dozen restaurants, then you probably want to look at the other methods. 5.2.2 Pump it up This technique uses a pump of some sorts to pump the oil from the drum to another drum or tank on your truck or trailer. In general the more expensive the pump the faster and easier it will be to do. Different pumps have different advantages and disadvantages and you will need to find the pump that best fits your situation. 5.2.3 Suck it up This technique uses a vacuum tank to draw the oil out of the collection container onto the truck. This method is often considered the best for high volume collectors. This way is fast and quiet, but the equipment is somewhat complex to build and it is not available ready to go.

Page 18 of 25

Chapter 6

FILTERATION OF BIODIESEL

We offer a range of filtration systems suitable for use with biodiesel, as well as used cooking oil. The most popular system is the PBH bag filtration system (see image below)

Polypropylene housing Supplied with Viton o-ring Ideal for filtration rates in the order of 100 litres / min PBH-410 (10" housing) rated for pressures upto 6.9 bar PBH-420 (20" housing) rated for pressures upto 6.2 bar

Fig 6: PBH bag filteration system

10" housing (shown left) & 20" housings For temperatures upto 38C - can also be used for cold filtration Available with either 1" or 1" NPT ports Very inexpensive filter bags

1-200 micron polypropylene felt (BP) - 1 micron recommended for biodiesel filtration.50-800 micron washable nylon mesh (BN) - 100 micron recommended for UCO straining

Page 19 of 25

Fig 7 Industrial biodiesel filtration systems

316L stainless steel housings with protective poly coat.

Band clamp closure. Viton gasket & seal. Temperatures upto 120C. Pressures upto 10 bar. Flow rates upto 680 litres per minute (180 US GPM). Standard 2" NPT inlet / oulet ports. Housing size 8" width 46" height (203mm x 1168mm). Bag size 7" x 32" (178mm x 813mm).

Page 20 of 25

Chapter 7

HOW DIESEL ENGINE WORKS

The main distinction between a diesel engine and a gasoline engine lies in the type of ignition. Gasoline engines operate on a spark driven ignition, where diesel engines employ a compression type ignition for igniting the fuel. In diesel engines, air is drawn into the engine and undergoes high compression that heats it rapidly. As a result of this high temperature, the diesel fuel which is drawn into the engine will ignite. In diesel engines, air and fuel are combined within the engine at different stages, where with gasoline engines, air and gasoline mix at the same point to cause combustion. Another difference lies in the fuel injection methods of each engine. Diesel engines rely on a fuel injector to bring fuel into the engine, where gasoline engines use a carburetor. In gasoline engines, fuel and air are sent to the engine together and then compressed by the engines pistons and are then ignited by spark plugs. This air and fuel mixture limits compression ratios and overall efficiency of the engine. A diesel engine compresses only air, increasing the compression ratio to a much higher point from 14:1 and up to 25:1, where the compression ratio of a gasoline engine is only 8:1 up to 12:1.Diesel engines can be found in two-cycle or four-cycle and are chosen based on the mode of operation. This is based on the choice between air-cooled and liquid-cooled engines. Ideally, a liquid cooled engine would be the wiser choice as the run more quietly during operation and have a more controlled temperature range.

Fig 8: SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

Page 21 of 25

7.1 The Advantages of Diesel Engines

A diesel engine is much more efficient when compared to a gasoline engine based on the following points:

Modern diesel engines are quiet and require less maintenance than gasoline engine of comparable size

Diesel engines are more rugged and reliable than gasoline engines The lack of spark plugs and wires in a diesel engine helps reduce maintenance costs as the fuel in a diesel engine auto-ignites

Gas units tend to burn hotter than a diesel unit does, and therefore have shorter lives when compared to diesel units.

Page 22 of 25

Chapter 8

PROBLEMS RELATED TO BIODIESEL

8.1 Social and economic impacts

8.1.1 Undesirable at high temperature Pure biodiesel does not flow well at low temperatures, which can cause problems for customers with outdoor storage tanks in colder climates. Because of its nature, cant be transported by truck or rail, which increase the cost. 8.1.2 Less suitable for use in low temperature The cloud point is the temperature at which a sample of the fuel starts to appear cloudy, indicating that wax crystals have begun to form. At even lower temperatures, the fuel becomes a gel that cannot be pumped .The pour point is the temperature below which the fuel will not flow. As the cloud and pour points for biodiesel in cold conditions is markedly worse than that of petroleum diesel. At low temperatures, diesel fuel forms wax crystals, which can clog fuel lines and filters in a vehicles fuel system. Vehicles running on biodiesel blends may therefore exhibit more drivability problems at less severe winter temperatures than do vehicles running on petroleum diesel. 8.1.3 Additional land use It is the major disadvantage produced from agriculture crops. As land area is taken up and various agricultural inputs with their environmental effects are inevitable. Switching to biodiesel on a large scale requires considerable use of arable area. Even modest usages of biodiesel would consume almost all cropland in some countries i.e in Europe. 8.1.4 Reduce fuel economy Efficiency is the percentage (%) of the fuels thermal energy that is delivered as engine output, and biodiesel has shown no significant effect on the energy efficiency of any test
Page 23 of 25

engine. The test engine content per gallon of biodiesel is approximately 11 % lower than that of petroleum diesel .Vehicles running on biodiesel are therefore expected to achieve about 10% fewer miles per gallon of fuel than petro-diesel. Pure biodiesel has a solvent effect, which may well release deposits accumulated on tank walls and pipes from operation. It will also attack paint and similar surfaces, given the chance. Using high blends of biodiesel, the release of deposits may clog filters initially and care should be taken to replace fuel filters until the build-up of deposits is eliminated. The final issue to be covered is that of shelf life. Most fuel today is used up long before six months and many petroleum companies do not recommend storing hydrocarbon diesel for more than six months. The current industry recommendation is that biodiesel be used within six months, or reanalyzed after six months. On the negative side, biodiesel does not supply the same energy yield per area that energy plants for use in a biodigester would. The methane produced there would give about twice the energy that the same area devoted to oil plants for biodiesel production would recover.

Page 24 of 25

Chapter 9

BIODIESEL SUSTAINABLE

1) Reduced reliance on petroleum and crude oil products ,all finite resources 2) Reduced emissions of greenhouse gases. 3) Economic growth in the form of employment in regional and rural areas. 4) Diversification of income and economy in these regional and rural sectors. 5) Improved air quality, particularly in high smog and population dense areas. 6) Reduced production of waste oil. 7) Positive environmental impacts with sustainable production of feed stocks. 8) Reduced pollution for water and soil sources. 9) Decreased reliance on foreign supplies of oil. Biodiesel makes agriculture more economically viable by increasing the value of the lesser value coproducts of food and feed production. Innovations that make food production more feasible increase global food security. The consensus among global leaders is that food crisis is not caused by bio fuel production, but caused by lack of investment in agriculture in developing countries.

REFRENCE

1. http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20100002886_2010002345.pdf 2. http://ld.hq.nasa.gov/docs/AFV_Program_Report_2005.pdf 3. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel

Page 25 of 25