Le Gia Trung

n Tt Nghip
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
n tt nghip l nhng g c kt li sau mt qu trnh hc tp, nghin

cu ca sinh vin di s hng dn ca cc qu thy c. Sau ba thng lm vic,
em hon thnh ti. Thnh qu t c hm nay l do s n lc ca bn thn
di s hng dn gip ng vin tn tm ca qu thy c, ca b m cng
nh cc anh ch em, bn b.
Em xin chn thnh cm n qu thy c trong Trng i Hc Bch Khoa
Nng truyn t kin thc c bn v gip chng em trong nhng nm
hc va qua, c bit l cc thy c trong Khoa Ha v B mn Cng ngh Ha
hc Du v Kh. Trn ht em xin by t lng bit n chn thnh n thy
PGS.TS. Nguyn nh Lm hng dn ti v tn tnh gip em trong sut
thi gian thc hin n tt nghip ny.
Sau cng em xin cm n gia nh, bn b lun l im ta, ngun ng vin
gip em vt qua nhiu kh khn trong thi gian qua. Em xin trn trng gi n
qu thy c, gia nh v bn b nhng li chc tt p nht.
Trong qu trnh thc hin, do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau nn nhng
thiu st l iu kh trnh khi. Em rt mong c s ng gp kin ca qu
thy c gio v cc bn ti c hon thin hn.
nng, ngy 13 thng 6 nm 2012
Sinh vin thc hin
L Gia Trung
GVHD: PGS. TS. Nguyn nh Lm
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II
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
MC LC
Trang
LI M U .......................................................................................................... 1
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V NHIN LIU SINH HC V ETHANOL . 3
1.1 Tng quan v nhin liu sinh hc ...................................................................... 3
1.1.1 Nhin liu sinh hc Ngun nng lng tt yu ........................................ 3
1.1.2 Tnh hnh pht trin nhin liu sinh hc (BioFuel) hin nay ...................... 5
1.1.2.1 Pht trin nhin liu sinh hc cc nc trn th gii ........................ 5
1.1.2.2 Pht trin nhin liu sinh hc ti cc nc trong khu vc ................... 5
1.1.3 Phn loi nhin liu sinh hc....................................................................... 6
1.1.3.1 Kh sinh hc (Biogas). .......................................................................... 6
1.1.3.2 Diesel sinh hc (BioDiesel). ................................................................. 7
1.1.3.3 Xng sinh hc (Gasohol) ................................................................. 8
1.2 L thuyt tng quan v ethanol .......................................................................... 9
1.2.1 S lc v Ethanol ...................................................................................... 9
1.2.1.1 Tnh cht Ethanol.................................................................................. 9
1.2.1.2 ng dng ca Ethanol ........................................................................ 10
1.2.1.2.1 Cc cht iu ch t Ethanol ....................................................... 10
1.2.1.2.2 Ethanol nhin liu ........................................................................ 11
1.2.1.2.3 Cc ng dng khc....................................................................... 11
1.2.1.3 C ch ph gia ca Ethanol khi pha vo xng ................................... 12
1.2.1.4 Tnh hnh sn xut Ethanol trn th gii ............................................ 13
1.2.1.5 Tnh hnh sn xut Bioethanol ti Vit Nam ...................................... 15
1.2.2 Quy trnh chung sn xut ethanol nhin liu ............................................. 18
1.2.2.1 Qu trnh ln men (Fermentation) ...................................................... 18
1.2.2.2 Qu trnh chng ct (distillation)........................................................ 19
1.2.2.3 Qu trnh tch nc (dehydration) ..................................................... 20
1.2.3 Mt s lu sn xut bioethanol ............................................................ 20
1.2.3.1 Sn xut Bioethanol t tinh bt .......................................................... 20
1.2.3.2 Sn xut Bioethanol t r ng ......................................................... 21
1.2.3.3 Sn xut Bioethanol t Xenlulozo ...................................................... 23
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CHNG 2. CC CNG NGH TCH NC CA ETHANOL ............. 24

2.1 Phng php chng ct .................................................................................... 24
2.1.1 Pressure Swing Distillation (PSD) ............................................................ 24
2.1.2 Chng luyn trch ly vi mui khan ......................................................... 24
2.1.3 Chng ct chn khng ............................................................................... 25
2.1.4 Chng ct ng ph (Azeotropic Distillation) ........................................... 25
2.1.5 Chng ct trch ly (Extractive Distillation) ............................................... 29
2.2 Dng Na2SO4, CaSO4, CaCO3, CuSO4 khan hp ph nc ....................... 30
2.3 Hp ph bng ry phn t ................................................................................ 30
2.3.1 Gii thiu v phng php ........................................................................ 30
2.3.2 Gii thiu v Zeolite.................................................................................. 31
2.3.3 Qu trnh hp ph ...................................................................................... 34
2.3.4 Cng ngh qu trnh hp ph PSA ............................................................ 35
2.3.4.1 Chun b dng nguyn liu ................................................................. 35
2.3.4.2 Qu trnh tch nc ............................................................................ 36
2.3.4.3 Lm lnh v ngng t ......................................................................... 39
2.4 Cng ngh lc mng (Membrane Technology) ............................................... 40
2.4.1 Gii thiu v phng php ........................................................................ 40
2.4.2 Cc k thut tch s dng lc mng ......................................................... 44
2.4.2.1 Vi lc (Microfiltration) ....................................................................... 44
2.4.2.2 Siu lc (Ultrafiltration) ..................................................................... 45
2.4.2.3 Thm thu ngc (Reverse Osmosis : RO) ........................................ 45
2.4.2.4 Lc nano (Nanofiltration) ................................................................... 45
2.4.2.5 Bc hi thm thu qua mng (Pervaporation) .................................... 46
2.5 Phng php kt hp bc hi thm thu v ry phn t ................................. 48
2.6 Kt hp chng ct v thm thu qua mng ...................................................... 48
CHNG 3. LA CHN PHN MM M PHNG THCH HP H
TR TNH TON ............................................................................................... 49
3.1 Phn mm PRO/II ............................................................................................ 49
3.1.1 Gii thiu chung ........................................................................................ 49
3.1.2 Nhc im khi s dng cho cng ngh tch nc ca ethanol............... 50
3.2 Phn mm Hysys (Aspen Hysys) ..................................................................... 50
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3.2.1 Gii thiu chung ........................................................................................ 50

3.2.2 La chn phn mm Aspen Hysys ............................................................ 51
CHNG 4. NG DNG PHN MM HYSYS M PHNG CC CNG
NGH TCH NC SN XUT ETHANOL TUYT I .................. 53
4.1 M phng phng php chng ct chn khng ............................................... 53
4.1.1 M phng im ng ph ca hn hp ethanol nc 760 mmHg ...... 53
4.1.1.1 Cc thao tc m phng ....................................................................... 53
4.1.1.2 Nhp dng vo (Feed) ........................................................................ 56
4.1.1.3 M phng thp .................................................................................... 57
4.1.2 M phng thp chng ct 404.6 mmHg................................................. 59
4.2 M phng chng ct ng ph.......................................................................... 61
4.2.1 Chng ct ng ph vi benzen ................................................................. 61
4.2.1.1 Chn m hnh nhit ng ................................................................... 61
4.2.1.2 M phng cc thit b ......................................................................... 62
4.2.1.2.1 Thp lm m c Concentrator ................................................. 62
4.2.1.2.2 Thit b tch nc Dehydrator ..................................................... 63
4.2.1.2.3 Bnh tch DECANT nh thp Dehydrator ................................. 65
4.2.1.2.4 Thit b thu hi benzen BZ Stripper ............................................ 66
4.2.2 Chng ct ng ph vi cyclohexan (CH) ................................................. 68
4.2.2.1 Thit k thit b tch nc Dehydrator ............................................... 68
4.2.2.2 Thit k bnh tch 3 pha lng lng ..................................................... 70
4.2.2.3 M phng thp hi lu Cyclohexan ................................................... 71
4.3 M phng chng ct trch ly ............................................................................ 72
4.3.1 M phng thp tch nc Dehydrator ...................................................... 72
4.3.2 M phng thp hi lu EG ........................................................................ 74
4.4 Hp ph bng ry phn t ................................................................................ 76
4.4.1 M phng hp ph bng ry phn t ......................................................... 76
4.4.1.1 M phng thp bc hi C-1601 .......................................................... 76
4.4.1.2 M phng thit b hp ph V-1601 v cc thit b tch, phi trn ..... 80
4.4.1.3 M phng cm cc thit b trao i nhit ........................................... 82
4.4.2 Tnh ton thp hp ph .............................................................................. 85
4.4.2.1 Mc tiu vic tnh ton thp hp ph ................................................. 85
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4.4.2.2 Tnh ton ng cong Breakthrough .................................................. 86

4.4.2.2.1 Tnh chiu cao ca vng cn bng ............................................... 86
4.4.2.2.2 Tnh thi gian hp ph theo ng cong breakthrough .............. 87
4.4.2.3 Tnh ton c kh thp hp ph ............................................................ 96
4.4.2.3.1 Tnh lng zeolite cn thit ......................................................... 96
4.4.2.3.2 Tnh lng nhit ta ra trong qu trnh hp ph .......................... 96
4.4.2.3.3 Tnh chiu cao thp hp ph ........................................................ 97
4.4.2.3.4 Tnh tn tht p sut qua lp ht xc tc ..................................... 99
4.4.2.3.5 Tnh chiu dy thn thp ............................................................ 100
4.4.3 La chn cc thit b ph ........................................................................ 101
4.4.3.1 Thit b trao i nhit ....................................................................... 101
4.4.3.1.1 Thit b truyn nhit loi v bc ngoi ...................................... 101
4.4.3.1.2 Thit b truyn nhit loi ng ..................................................... 102
4.4.3.1.3 Thit b truyn nhit loi tm ..................................................... 103
4.4.3.1.4 Thit b truyn nhit loi xon c .............................................. 104
4.4.3.1.5 Thit b truyn nhit loi ng c gn ......................................... 104
4.4.3.2 Thit b ngng t .............................................................................. 105
4.4.3.3 La chn bm ................................................................................... 105
CHNG 5. NH GI CC CNG NGH TCH NC SN XUT
ETHANOL TUYT I .................................................................................. 107
KT LUN .......................................................................................................... 111
TI LIU THAM KHO.................................................................................... 112
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DANH MC HNH NH
Hnh 1.1 Cy Jatropha, mt trong nhng nguyn liu chnh ch bin du sinh hc ....... 4
Hnh 1.2 Ch bin Biodiesel t hoa hng dng .......................................................... 8
Hnh 1.3 Cng thc 3D ca ethanol ................................................................................. 9
Hnh 1.4 Mt trong nhng nh my ch to nhin liu sinh hc ti M ....................... 15
Hnh 1.5 Hnh nh v nh my sn xut Bioethanol i Lc Qung Nam ............ 16
Hnh 1.6 Gin im ng ph ca hn hp ethanol nc (1bar)............................ 19
Hnh 1.7 Lu sn xut Bioethanol ca Lurgi t la go ........................................... 20
Hnh 1.8 Lu sn xut Bioethanol t ht bp ........................................................... 21
Hnh 1.9 Lu chung sn xut bioethanol t nhiu ngun nguyn liu ..................... 23
Hnh 2.1 Chng s dng hai thp chng ct vi p sut khc nhau .............................. 24
Hnh 2.2 Tch hn hp ng ph ethanol nc bng Benzen ..................................... 27
Hnh 2.3 Cng ngh chng ct ng ph s dng Cyclohexane .................................... 27
Hnh 2.4 S m phng cng ngh chng ng ph s dng tc nhn Cyclohexane. 28
Hnh 2.5 S chng ct trch ly thng dng ............................................................... 29
Hnh 2.6 S m phng cng ngh chng ct trch ly bng Ethyleneglycol ............. 30
Hnh 2.7 S m phng cng ngh hp ph vi ry phn t ..................................... 31
Hnh 2.8 Cu trc c bn ca Zeolite ............................................................................ 32
Hnh 2.9 S m phng cng ngh tch nc bng ry phn t ............................... 36
Hnh 2.10 Nguyn l lc mng ...................................................................................... 40
Hnh 2.11 Cu to ca mng lc zeolite ........................................................................ 41
Hnh 2.12 Modules ca Zeolite ...................................................................................... 41
Hnh 2.13 Nguyn tc ca thit b lc mng Zeolite ..................................................... 42
Hnh 2.14 S sn xut Ethanol nng cao bng phng php thm thu qua mng
lc...................................................................................................................................... 43
Hnh 2.15 S cng ngh tch nc bng phng php thm thu qua mng lc ..... 48
Hnh 3.1 Hnh nh m phng tch Phenol bng proII ................................................... 50
Hnh 3.2 Hnh nh m phng bng Aspen Hysys .......................................................... 51
Hnh 4.1 S cng ngh chng ct p sut kh quyn ............................................. 53
Hnh 4.3 La chn n v trong h SI ........................................................................... 54
Hnh 4.4 Hp thoi Simulation Basis Manager ............................................................. 54
Hnh 4.5 Danh sch cc cu t trong databank Hysys ................................................... 55
Hnh 4.6 La chn cu t............................................................................................... 55
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Hnh 4.7 Chn m hnh nhit ng ................................................................................ 55

Hnh 4.8 PFD thao tc m phng................................................................................... 56
Hnh 4.9 Nhp thnh phn cc cu t ............................................................................ 56
Hnh 4.10 Kt qu thnh phn dng nguyn liu vo .................................................... 57
Hnh 4.11 La chn loi thp m phng................................................................... 57
Hnh 4.12 Thng s ca thp Concentrator ................................................................... 58
Hnh 4.13 Khai bo ch tiu cht lng sn phm ......................................................... 58
Hnh 4.14 Hi t thp Concentrator ............................................................................... 59
Hnh 4.15 S m phng thp chng ct 404.6 mmHg .......................................... 60
Hnh 4.16 S cng ngh m phng chng ng ph vi benzen .............................. 61
Hnh 4.17 Chn m hnh nhit ng VLE, LLE cho cc thp chng ct ...................... 61
Hnh 4.18 Hi t thp Concentrator cho chng ng ph vi benzen ........................... 62
Hnh 4.19 Thng s thp tch nc cho chng ng ph vi benzen ............................ 64
Hnh 4.20 Hi t thp Dehydrator ................................................................................. 64
Hnh 4.21 S m phng khu vc tch nc ca chng ng ph bng benzen ........ 64
Hnh 4.22 S m phng thit b DECANT tch pha nng ....................................... 65
Hnh 4.23 Thng s thp hi lu benzen ....................................................................... 66
Hnh 4.24 Hi t thp hi lu benzen ............................................................................ 67
Hinh 4.25 S m phng qu trnh tch nc bng chng ng ph vi cyclohexan 68
Hnh 4.26 Thng s vn hnh thp tch nc vi chng bng CH ............................... 69
Hnh 4.27 Hi t thp Dehydrator vi chng bng CH ................................................. 69
Hnh 4.28 M hnh bnh tch 3 pha ............................................................................... 70
Hnh 4.29 Thng s vn hnh thp hi lu cyclohexan ................................................ 71
Hnh 4.30 Hi t thp hi lu cyclohexan ..................................................................... 71
Hnh 4.31 S m phng cng ngh tch nc bng Ethyleneglycol ........................ 72
Hnh 4.32 Thng s thp tch nc bng chng trch ly ............................................... 73
Hnh 4.33 Hi t thp tch nc bng chng trch ly.................................................... 74
Hnh 4.34 Thng s vn hnh thp hi lu EG ............................................................. 75
Hnh 4.35 Hi t thp hi lu EG .................................................................................. 75
Hnh 4.36 S m phng cng ngh tch nc bng ry phn t .............................. 76
Hnh 4.37 Thng s thp bc hi C-1601 ...................................................................... 79
Hnh 4.38 Hnh nh m phng thp bc hi C-1601 ..................................................... 79
Hnh 4.39 S m phng khu vc kh nc bng ry phn t .................................. 80
Hnh 4.40 Thng s vn hnh thp hp ph V-1601 ..................................................... 80
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Hnh 4.41 S m phng thit b hp ph v gii hp V-1601 .................................. 81

Hnh 4.42 S m phng cm cc thit b trao i nhit ........................................... 82
Hnh 4.43 ng cong breakthrough cc chiu cao lp hp ph khc nhau ............. 95
Hnh 4.44 Bng tham kho thi gian qu trnh hp ph bng phng php PSA ......... 96
Hnh 4.45 Thit b truyn nhit loi v bc ngoi ....................................................... 102
Hnh 4.46 Thit b trao i nhit loi ng lng ng..................................................... 103
Hnh 4.47 Thit b trao i nhit dng tm .................................................................. 103
Hnh 4.48 Thit b truyn nhit loi xon c ............................................................... 104
Hnh 4.49 Thit b ngng t loi ng chm ch U c vch chy trn ......................... 105
Hnh 4.50 Hnh nh mt loi bm ht chn khng ...................................................... 106
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
DANH MC BNG BIU

Bng 1.1 Bng thng k mt vi tnh cht ca ethanol ...................................... 10
Bng 1.2 Sn lng ethanol nhin liu 10 nc dn u trn th gii ............ 13
Bng 1.3 Cc d n xy dng nh my Bioethanol ti Vit Nam ...................... 17
Bng 2.1 Cc im ng ph ca hn hp ethanol nc ................................. 25
Bng 2.2 So snh cc k thut lc mng ............................................................ 47
Bng 4.1 Kt qu m phng thp chng ct p sut kh quyn ....................... 59
Bng 4.2 Kt qu m phng thp chng ct p sut 404.6 mmHg ................. 60
Bng 4.3 H s tng tc aij gia cc cu t cho VLE ....................................... 61
Bng 4.4 Kt qu m phng thp Concentrator.................................................. 62
Bng 4.5 Thnh phn nguyn liu vo thp tch nc Dehydrator.................... 63
Bng 4.6 Thnh phn vo ra ca thit b tch nc Dehydrator ........................ 65
Bng 4.7 Thng s vo ra ca thit b tch DECANT nh thp Dehydrator . 66
Bng 4.8 Thng s kt qu m phng thp hi lu benzen BZ Stripper............ 67
Bng 4.9 Thnh phn lu lng nguyn liu vo thp tch nc ...................... 68
Bng 4.10 Thnh phn lu lng i vo v ra khi thp tch nc ................... 69
Bng 4.11 Thnh phn lu lng bnh tch 3 pha .............................................. 70
Bng 4.12 Kt qu m phng thp thu hi cyclohexan ...................................... 72
Bng 4.13 Thnh phn nguyn liu vo thp tch nc ..................................... 73
Bng 4.14 Kt qu m phng thp tch nc bng chng trch ly vi EG ........ 74
Bng 4.15 Kt qu m phng thp hi lu EG ................................................... 75
Bng 4.16 Thnh phn lng hi v nht trn mi a ca thp C-1601 ........ 77
Bng 4.17 Kt qu m phng thp bc hi C-1601 ........................................... 79
Bng 4.18 Thnh phn vo ra ca thit b hp ph V-1601 ............................... 81
Bng 4.19 Kt qu m phng thit b hp ph v gii hp V-1601.................... 82
Bng 4.20 Thng s vo ra ca thit b trao i nhit H-1606 ........................... 83
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Bng 4.25 Mt s tnh cht ca zeolite 3A ......................................................... 86

Bng 4.26 Mt vi thng s ca nguyn liu trc khi vo thp hp ph ......... 88
Bng 4.27 Thng s phc v tnh ton ng cong breakthrough ..................... 91
Bng 4.28 Kt qu tnh ton phc v kho st ng cong Breakthrough ........ 92
Bng 4.29 Thi gian v c/cf theo cc chiu cao lp hp ph khc nhau ............ 94
Bng 5.1 Bng so snh nh gi cc cng ngh tch nc ca ethanol ........... 107
Bng 5.2 Chi ph ca mt vi thit b trong cng ngh tch nc ................... 109
Bng 5.3 Nng sn phm ethanol thu c ca cc cng ngh tch nc .. 110
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LI M U
S khm ph ra du m nh du mt bc ngot ln trong lch s pht

trin ca x hi loi ngi. Du m v cc sn phm t du m ng gp trong
tt c cc lnh vc i sng ni chung v cc ngnh nng lng ni ring. Tuy
nhin, bn cnh nhng mt u vit, chng ta khng th khng ni n nhng vn
tn ti do qu trnh khai thc v s dng du m qu mc gy ra vic thiu ht
nng lng trong tng lai, nhng ng k nht l s nhim mi trng do kh
thi ca qu trnh t chy nhin liu.
Ngi ta c tnh kh thi t cc hot ng c lin quan cc sn phm du
m v nhin liu ha thch chim khong 70% tng lng kh thi trn ton th
gii. Kh thi l nguyn nhn trc tip gy ra nhng bin i kh hu, hiu ng nh
knh v hng lot cc vn v mi trng. Nhiu n lc v ang c thc
hin nhm tm kim nhng ngun nng lng thay th, trong , mt trong nhng
ngun nng lng mi ang c quan tm hin nay l nhin liu sinh hc. y l
ngun nng lng c th ti sinh v t gy nhim mi trng. V n c th c
chia thnh cc loi nh sau:
Nhin liu lng
Kh sinh hc (Biogas)
Nhin liu sinh hc rn
Trong Bio Ethanol l mt loi nhin liu sinh hc lng mi, hin ang
c nghin cu, sn xut v ng dng rng ri trn ton th gii. Loi nng
lng sinh hc ny ra i nhm p ng nhu cu tiu th nng lng trn th gii
ng thi c kh nng thay th dn cho ngun nng lng ha thch ang c nguy
c cn kit trong tng lai.
Gp phn thc hin mc tiu em thc hin ti: M phng v
nh gi cc cng ngh tch nc sn xut Ethanol tuyt i trn c s
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kin thc c bn, ng dng phn mm m phng v tnh ton em hon thnh
ti ny. ti gm cc phn chnh nh sau:
Tng quan v nhin liu sinh hc Bioethanol trn th gii v nc ta.
Tng quan cc cng ngh tch nc ca Ethanol.
La chn phn mm m phng thch hp h tr cho qu trnh tch nc.
M phng cc cng ngh tch nc sn xut Ethanol tuyt i. T d
liu m phng tnh ton thit k thit b hp ph v la chn thit b trao i nhit
ph hp vi nhu cu s dng.
nh gi so snh cc phng php tch nc nhm thu c cn tinh khit.
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CHNG 1
TNG QUAN V NHIN LIU SINH HC V
ETHANOL
1.1 Tng quan v nhin liu sinh hc
1.1.1 Nhin liu sinh hc Ngun nng lng tt yu
Vo th k 19, g l ngun nng lng lm chy my ng c hi nc
trong giao thng vn ti, gip y mnh ngnh cng nghip c gii. Sau , con
ngi ch to my pht in cung cp ngun in nng mi c nhiu cng dng
cho i sng hng ngy v thay th dn nhng my chy bng hi nc. Khi tm
thy ngun nhin liu ha thch nh than , du m v kh t, con ngi nhanh
chng chuyn sang s dng cc ngun nng lng khng ti to ny chy my
n, ch yu trong ngnh vn ti, nhit v in nng. Dng nhin liu lng (xng
du) tr nn thng dng hn cho nhin liu giao thng vn ti v ta nhiu nhit
lng, d s dng hn loi nhin liu kh v rn, v t ngun nng lng rn
c s dng gim dn.
Nng lng l vn sng cn ca ton nhn loi. Con ngi ang khai
thc n mc cao nht cc ngun nng lng ha thch (du m, kh thin nhin,
than ), nhng d tr ca cc ngun nhin liu ny ngy cng cn kit vi tc
phi m. Theo cc iu tra quc t th nu khng tm kim thm c cc ngun
d tr mi th vi lng khai thc nh hin nay, khong 85.9 triu thng mi
ngy, th du m s cn kit sau 43 nm na. Vi lng khai thc 19BBOE (tng
ng triu thng du m) mi ngy th kh thin nhin cng s cn kit sau 60
nm na. Vi lng khai thc khong 29.85BBOE mi ngy th than nhiu nht
l 148 nm na cng s cn kit.
Theo tnh ton ca cc chuyn gia kinh t nng lng, du m v kh t
hin chim khong 60 - 80% cn cn nng lng th gii. Vi din bin phc tp
ca gi xng du gn y cho thy nhu cu du th ngy cng ln cng nh nhng
bt n chnh tr ti nhng nc sn xut du m ngy cng lan rng ra. Hn na
nhin liu ha thch pht sinh nhiu kh thi gy nhim mi trng, hiu ng
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nh knh. i ph vi tnh hnh chng ta cn tm ra cc ngun nng lng

mi thay th, v u tin hng u c dnh cho cc ngun nng lng ti sinh v
thn thin vi mi trng.
Trong s cc ngun nng lng thay th du m ang s dng hin nay
(nng lng gi, nng lng mt tri, nng lng ht nhn,), nng lng sinh
hc ang l xu th pht trin tt yu, nht l cc nc nng nghip v nhp khu
nhin liu, do cc li ch ca n nh: cng ngh sn xut khng qu phc tp, tn
dng ngun nguyn liu ti ch, tng hiu qu kinh t nng nghip, khng cn
thay i cu trc ng c cng nh c s h tng hin c v gi thnh cnh tranh
so vi xng du.
Hnh 1.1 Cy Jatropha, mt trong nhng nguyn liu chnh ch bin du sinh hc
Trong nhng nm gn y ngi ta s dng cn t (Ethanol) pha vo

xng chy my gim phn no s s dng xng. Ethanol c lm ra t nhng
ngun nguyn liu ti sinh nh: ph phm nng nghip (vt liu ph thi sau gt
hi nh l, rm, r, thn bp, li bp), ph phm lm nghip (vn g, mt ca, vn
thn cy hoc cnh cy), cc ph phm hu c trong rc (rc trong nh cc loi
giy vn), ph phm t nh my thc phm gia cng (ph phm ca nh my ru
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
v nh my giy), cy cng nghip (nhng loi thc vt ln nhanh) c gieo

trng cho mc ch lm nguyn liu.
1.1.2 Tnh hnh pht trin nhin liu sinh hc (BioFuel) hin nay
1.1.2.1 Pht trin nhin liu sinh hc cc nc trn th gii
Nng lng ha thch ngy cng cn dn, yu cu bc xc v vn
nhim mi trng vi nhng tc ng gy bin i kh hu ton cu l nhng l do
khin cc nc trn th gii t 5 - 10 nm tr li y ro rit nghin cu pht
trin ngun nng lng thay th. Nhin liu sinh hc khng phi l nhin liu mi,
c p dng kh lu k t khi ng c diezel u tin chy bng du lc ra i
nm 1898 trin lm Paris (Php). Tc gi ca ng c diezel u tin - ng
Rudolf Diezel tng tin on rng nhin liu t sinh khi s l tng lai tht
cho ng c ca mnh. T nm 1993 n nm 2001, sn lng Biodiesel ca EU
tng gp 10 ln, t mc 80.000 tn vo nm 1993 ln 780.000 tn vo nm 2001,
c l nc sn xut hng u, tip theo l Php, Italia v o. Hin nay, trn ton
EU Biodiesel c s dng chy ng c di dng pha trn vi diesel thng
thng. Ti c, o v Thy in, Biodiesel c s dng di dng tinh khit
trong cc loi xe ti nng. Bioethanol s dng lm nhin liu t chu u tng
gp 4 - 5 ln, t mc 47.000 tn vo nm 1993 ln 216.000 tn vo nm 2001.
Php, Ty Ban Nha v Thy in l cc nc ng vai tr ln trong th trng
Bioethanol chu u. Bioethanol ti y cng c dng c di dng tinh khit
ln pha trn vi xng. Ti Php, Bioethanol ch yu chuyn ha thnh ph gia
ETBE pha xng. Quy m sn xut Biofuel ton cu m rng dn sut nhng nm
1980, trc khi t mc pht trin cao hn nhiu vo nhng nm 1990. Sn lng
Biofuel ton cu hin t khong 15 triu tn/nm. Cc nc EU ch chim mc
di 6% tng sn lng (890.000 tn vo nm 2000). Hu ht sn lng Biofuel
ton cu tp trung vo Bioethanol (nm 2000 t 14.6 triu tn).
1.1.2.2 Pht trin nhin liu sinh hc ti cc nc trong khu vc
Trung Quc
Trung Quc ang dnh mi quan tm ln cho s pht trin Biofuel. Do tc
pht trin kinh t cao v ko di lin tc nn Trung Quc ang thiu ht nng
lng. Nc ny xem vic pht trin nng lng sinh hc l mt trong cc gii
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php gim thiu chi ph nhp khu du m, gp phn m bo an ninh nng lng.
Sn lng ethanol ca Trung Quc hin ng th 3 th gii vi con s 3 t lt/nm.
Thi Lan
Hin ti quy m sn xut ethanol Thi Lan cn nh, nng sut v k thut
canh tc ma v cc cy trng lm nguyn liu cha cao nn mc d nc ny c
quan tm ti cc chng trnh biofuel nhng cho ti nay vn cha c tin b ng
k. Chnh ph Thi Lan va ra thng bo p dng chnh sch sn xut gasohol s
dng rng ri khp thnh ph Bng Cc k t thng 1/2005 vi t l pha trn 10 20% ethanol trong xng s dng.
Nht Bn
Nht Bn l nc tiu th xng du ln th 2 trn th gii ch ng sau
M, ln ti 215 triu tn trong nm 2003 (theo s liu ca B Kinh t, Thng mi
v Cng nghip Nht Bn), trong 99% c nhp khu.
Philippin
B Khoa hc v Hi ng k thut R&D v cng nghip v Nng lng
Philippin ang c chnh sch tch cc thc y s dng Biofuel xe my v xe ba
bnh gim nhim mi trng. Biodiesel Philippin ch yu c sn xut t
du da (cocometyl este CME) l ngun nng lng r tin c th dng thay th
xng chy xe my v xe ba bnh ng c 2 k (lng xe my v xe ba bnh chim
gn 35% trong tng s 4 triu u xe Philippin v hin ti 75% trong tng s xe
Philippin l ng c 2 k).
1.1.3 Phn loi nhin liu sinh hc
Ty theo tnh cht c bn m ta c th chia nhin liu sinh hc thnh ba loi
chnh nh sau:
Kh sinh hc (Biogas)
Diesel sinh hc (BioDiesel)
Xng sinh hc (Gasohol)
1.1.3.1 Kh sinh hc (Biogas): l sn phm kh t qu trnh phn hy sinh
khi, phn gia sc v phn ngi, bn cng nh vi khun ln men ym kh
(trong iu kin khng c oxy khng kh) c gi l Biogas. Biogas cha nhiu
Methane (CH4).
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* Nguyn liu sn xut kh sinh hc: c ngun gc t ng vt v thc vt:

Ngun gc thc vt nh l cy, thn cy, ph phm cy trng (rm, r,
thn l ng, khoai, u.), rc sinh hot hu c v cc loi cy xanh hoang di
(rong, bo, cc cy phn xanh thi) cng c xem l mt ngun nguyn liu
sn xut kh sinh hc.
Ngun gc ng vt nh phn gia sc, gia cm, phn bc..., cc b phn
c th ca ng vt nh xc ng vt cht, rc v nc thi cc l m, c s ch
bin thu, hi sn
* u im khi s dng kh sinh hc:
V mt mi trng: dng kh Biogas lm nhin liu s gim mt phn
vic s dng nhin liu ha thch v vic cht ph rng lm ci t nn gp
phn bo v rng, gim ng k cc cht kh gy hiu ng nh knh.
V mt k thut: cng ngh n gin, d lp t v tn t chi ph.
V mt kinh t - x hi: s tit kim c chi ph mua nhin liu v
phn bn.
1.1.3.2 Diesel sinh hc (BioDiesel): Diesel sinh hc l mt loi nhin liu c
tnh cht tng ng vi nhin liu du diesel nhng khng phi c sn xut
t du m m c sn xut t du thc vt hay m ng vt bng phn ng
chuyn ha este.
* Nguyn liu sn xut Diesel sinh hc nh: du thc vt (ci du, du hoa
hng dng, du da), m ng vt, v du n ph thi qua s dng.
* Cc phng php ch bin Diesel sinh hc: phng php pha long vi diesel,
phng php vi nh tng ha du, phng php nhit phn v phng php
chuyn i este.
* u nhc im khi s dng diesel sinh hc:
u im: gim c lng kh thi gy ra hiu ng nh knh, khng c
hoc cha rt t cc hp cht ca lu hunh (nh hn 0.001% so vi 0.05% trong
du diesel), khng cha HidroCacbon thm nn khng gy ung th, c ch s
cetan cao hn diesel.
Nhc im: Biodiesel c nhit tr thp hn so vi diesel, v thng
c sn xut ch yu theo m nn nng sut thp.
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.
Hnh 1.2 Ch bin Biodiesel t hoa hng dng
1.1.3.3 Xng sinh hc (Gasohol): bao gm Biomethanol, Bioethanol, Trong

s cc dng xng sinh hc ny, Bio-Ethanol l loi nhin liu sinh hc thng dng
nht hin nay trn th gii v c kh nng sn xut quy m cng nghip t
nguyn liu cha ng nh ma, c ci ng v nguyn liu cha tinh bt nh:
ng cc, khoai ty, sn
* Nguyn liu sn xut xng sinh hc:
Cy nng phm cha ng nh ma, c ci ng, nng phm
cha tinh bt gm ht ng cc nh la m, la, bp,v c nh khoai ty, khoai
m, khoai lang.
Nng phm cha du nh u, u phng, ht ci du, ht
Thc vt hoang di nh to nc ngt, to bin, c Vetiver, c voi
(Elephant grass, Pennisetum Purpureum), c tranh (Imperata cylindrica),
Ph thc vt t sn xut cy nng phm v cy k ngh: rm r, b ma,
thn, g, mn ca, tru, ht cao su, ht bng vi.
Ngoi ra cn c mt s loi nguyn liu khc nh giy ph thi, rc thi
thnh ph, ph thi chung tri gia sc (phn chung).
* Phng php sn xut xng sinh hc:
sn xut cn tuyt i ngi ta tin hnh cc bc nh sau:
X l nguyn liu v tin x l.
ng ho v ln men.
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Tinh ch sn phm (chng ct, tch nc, bc hi, tch lng rn).
* u nhc im khi s dng xng sinh hc:
u im: s dng ethanol lm nhin liu l mt bin php nhm lm
tng ch s octane ca xng, thay th cho nhng ph gia gy nhim mi trng,
m bo an ton nng lng cho mi quc gia v y l ngun nng lng c kh
nng ti to c.
Nhc im: chi ph bo qun v tn cha gasohol cao do tnh ht m
ca Ethanol, khi dng ethanol pha trn vo xng s lm gim cng sut ng c
so vi khi dng xng.
Tm li, vic s dng gasohol c nhiu u im nhng cng c nhng mt
hn ch. Tuy nhin khi phn tch tng quan gia cc mt li v hi ngi ta vn
thy mt li ln hn, mang nhiu ngha chin lc hn. Nh vy vic sn xut
v s dng gasohol ni chung hay Ethanol ni ring l mt trong nhng xu th tt
yu mang tnh cp bch v cn thit cho nhu cu hin nay Vit Nam cng nh
cc nc trn th gii.
1.2 L thuyt tng quan v ethanol

1.2.1 S lc v Ethanol
1.2.1.1 Tnh cht Ethanol
Ethanol (C2H5OH) l mt hp cht hu c dng lng, nm trong dy ng
ng ca ru metylic, d chy, khng mu, c mi thm, v cay, nh hn nc,
khi lng ring l 0.789 g/ml 15oC, si nhit 78.15oC, ha rn m
114.3oC, tan v hn trong nc. S d ethanol tan trong nc v hn v c nhit
si cao hn nhiu so vi este hay aldehyde c khi lng phn t xp x l do s
to thnh lin kt hydro gia cc phn t ru vi nhau v vi nc.
Hnh 1.3 Cng thc 3D ca ethanol
Sau y l bng thng k mt vi thng s th hin tnh cht ca ethanol:

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10
Bng 1.1 Bng thng k mt vi tnh cht ca ethanol
Tng quan
Danh php IUPAC Ethanol
Tn khc
Thuc tnh
0.789 g/cm3
T trng
Ru etylic, Cn,
ha tan trong
Hydroxyetan
nc
Cng thc phn t
C2H5OH hay C2H6O
im nng chy
Phn t gam
46.07 g/mol
im si
Biu hin
Cht lng trong sut
pKa
Tan ln hon ton

-114.3oC
(158.7K)
78.15oC (351.2K)
15.9
(H+ t nhm OH)
nht 20oC
1.2 cP
im bt la
13oC
Ethanol to hn hp ng ph vi nc c thnh phn 95.57% khi lng

(tng ng 96% th tch ethanol). Nn khng th dng chng ct thng thng
thu c tinh khit ca ethanol ln hn 95.57%.
1.2.1.2 ng dng ca Ethanol
1.2.1.2.1 Cc cht iu ch t Ethanol
Etyle este
Trong s hin din ca cht xc tc axit (thng thng l axit sulfuric
H2SO4 m c) ethanol phn ng vi cc axit cacboxylic to ra este:
CH3CH2OH + RCOOH RCOOCH2CH3 + H2O
Hai etyle este c sn xut nhiu nht l etyle acrylat (t ethanol v axit
acrylic) v etyle axetat (t ethanol v axit axetic). Etyle acrylat l mt n phn t
c s dng trong sn xut polyme acrylat c cng dng lm cht kt dnh hay
cc vt liu che ph. Etyle axetat l dung mi ph bin s dng trong sn, cc vt
liu che ph v trong cng nghip dc phm. Cc etyle este khc cng c s
dng trong cng nghip nhng vi sn lng t hn nh l cc cht to mi hoa
qu nhn to.
Dm
Dm l dung dch long ca axit axetic c iu ch bng phn ng ca vi
khun Acetobacter trn dung dch ethanol. Mc d theo truyn thng ngi ta iu
ch dm t cc ung cha cn nh ru vang, ru to v bia nhng dm cng
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11
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
c th iu ch t cc dung dch ethanol cng nghip. Dm iu ch t ethanol

chng ct c gi l dm chng ct v n c s dng ph bin trong ngm
dm thc phm hay lm gia v.
Etylamin
Khi nung nng ti 150 220oC trn cht xc tc Niken gc silica- hay
alumina-, ethanol v amoniac phn ng vi nhau to ra etylamin. Cc phn ng
tip theo to ra dietylamin v trietylamin.
CH3CH2OH + NH3 CH3CH2NH2 + H2O
CH3CH2OH + CH3CH2NH2 (CH3CH2)2NH + H2O
CH3CH2OH + (CH3CH2)2NH (CH3CH2)3N + H2O
Cc etylamin c s dng trong vic tng hp cc dc phm, ha cht
nng nghip v cc cht hot tnh b mt.
1.2.1.2.2 Ethanol nhin liu
Ethanol nhin liu cng l ethanol (cng mt loi vi ethanol trong ru
vi cc sn phm c cha cn) c s dng nh mt loi nhin liu, thc cht
l nhin liu sinh hc c th s dng thay th cho xng du. Bi v n c sn
xut d dng t nhng loi cy trng ph bin nh ma, ng, sn, xc thc vt thn
g, Ethanol nhin liu c sn xut ngy cng nhiu trn th gii thay th
mt phn xng du. y l ngun ti nguyn ti to, t c tnh v t gy nhim
mi trng. Ethanol nhin liu c ch s Octane cao nn thng dng pha vo
xng, ph bin nht l t l 10% ethanol v 90% xng (xng E10). Loi xng ny
vn dng c cho cc loi ng c xng truyn thng m khng cn phi thay i
ng c cho ph hp vi hn hp nhin liu xng - ethanol. Trn th gii xut
hin cc dng xe gi l FFV (Flexible - Fuel Vehicles) s dng tt hn hp nhin
liu ethanol ln xng nhng tt nht l E85 (85% ethanol v ch 15% xng truyn
thng) ch khng phi E100 (100% ethanol) nh cc dng xe Chevrolet Corsa,
Chevrolet Astra hay Saab BioPower.
1.2.1.2.3 Cc ng dng khc
Ethanol tinh khit v ethanol 95% l cc dung mi tt v c s dng
trong cc loi nc hoa, sn, cn thuc. Cc t l khc ca ethanol vi nc hay
cc dung mi khc cng c th dng lm dung mi.
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Cc loi ung cha cn c hng v khc nhau do c cc hp cht to

mi c ha tan trong n trong qu trnh v nu ru. Khi ethanol c sn
xut nh l ung hn hp th n l ru ng cc tinh khit.
Dung dch cha 70% ethanol ch yu c s dng nh l cht ty u.
Ethanol cng c s dng trong cc gel v sinh khng khun ph bin nht
nng khong 62%. Kh nng kh trng tt nht ca ethanol khi n trong dung
dch khong 70%, nng cao hn hay thp hn ca ethanol c kh nng khng
khun km hn. Ethanol git cht cc vi sinh vt bng cch bin tnh protein ca
chng v ha tan lipit ca chng. N hiu qu trong vic chng li phn ln cc
loi vi khun v nm cng nh nhiu loi virus, nhng khng hiu qu trong vic
chng li cc bo t vi khun.
Ru vang cha t hn l 16% ethanol nn khng t bo v c chng
trc vi khun. Do iu ny, vang Bordeaux thng thng c lm nng thm
bng ethanol ti t nht 18% ethanol theo th tch ngn chn qu trnh ln men
nhm duy tr ngt v trong vic pha ch lu tr, t thi im n c kh
nng ngn chn vi khun pht trin trong ru, cng nh c th lu tr lu nm
trong cc thng g, bng cch ny vang Bordeaux c th lu tr lu nm m khng
b hng. Do kh nng st khun ca ethanol nn cc ung cha trn 18%
ethanol theo th tch u c kh nng bo qun lu di.
1.2.1.3 C ch ph gia ca Ethanol khi pha vo xng
Ethanol c tr s octane cao RON = 120 135, MON = 100 106, thng
c pha vo xng vi hm lng 10 15% khi lng. Khi pha ethanol vo xng
do bn thn n l cht c tr s octane cao do s lm tng tr s octane ca xng.
Mt khc, do bn thn qu trnh chy trong ng c xng l qu trnh chy
cng bc, vic tn dng khng kh trong bung t s khng hon ton. Do s
c nhin liu chy trong iu kin thiu oxy, dn n sn phm chy khng hon
ton (sn phm chy bn). Khi ta a ethanol vo dng ph gia th qu trnh chy
trong ng c s:
Chy hon ton nh c oxy sn c trong ethanol nn ta gim thiu
c qu trnh thi cc kh c hi ra mi trng.
Gim tiu tn nhin liu.
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Chnh s b sung thm oxy vo hn hp chy m bo qu trnh chy

hon ton, sn phm chy sch hn. Vic s dng ethanol pha vo xng ang l
hng pht trin c trin vng nht v n c nhng u im sau:
C tr s octane cao thay th nhng ph gia c hi vi con ngi.
C hm lng oxy ln hn so vi MTBE, ETBE, TAME,
ng c s dng xng pha ethanol d khi ng, vn hnh n nh hn
so vi cc loi ph gia khc. Cng ngh sn xut n gin hn v tn dng

c nhiu ngun nguyn liu sn c.
Bn cnh vic s dng ph gia ethanol cng c nhng nhc im l:
kh nng bo qun ph gia ethanol l rt kh (y l nhc im quan trng nht),
gi thnh ca nhin liu tng i cao.
1.2.1.4 Tnh hnh sn xut Ethanol trn th gii
Dn u trong cng nghip sn xut ethanol nm 2006 l Hoa K vi 4.855
t gallon v Brazil vi 4.49 t gallon, chim 70% tng lng ethanol ca th gii
l 13.5 t gallon (khong 40 triu tn). Nm 2007, Hoa K v Brazil tip tc chim
88% trong tng s 13.1 t gallon ethanol c sn xut trn th gii. c khuyn
khch mnh m, cng nghip sn xut ethanol cng pht trin nhanh mt s quc
gia nh Thi Lan, Colombia v mt s quc gia Trung M.
Bng 1.2 Sn lng ethanol nhin liu 10 nc dn u trn th gii
Ngun: en.wikipedia.org
Tnh hnh sn xut ethanol nhin liu cc nc trn th gii
(20072011)
Tp 10 quc gia/khu vc dn u
(Triu gallons ca M/nm )
V
Quc gia/Khu vc
th
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
13,900
13,231
10,938
9,235
6,485
Brazil
5,573.24 6,921.54
6,577.89
6,472.2
5,019.2
Chu u
1,199.31 1,176.88
1,039.52
733.60
570.30
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4
Trung Quc
Thi Lan
Canada
14
541.55
501.90
486.00
435.20
89.80
79.20
290.59
237.70
211.30
91.67
66.00
52.80
Colombia
83.21
79.30
74.90
56.80
26.40
26.40
10
554.76
462.3
87.2
Khu vc khc
Tng
541.55
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
356.63
66.04
247.27
22,356.09 22,946.87 19,534.993 17,335.20 13,101.7
Brazil, n , Trung Quc l cc nc c iu kin thun li nht sn

xut cc loi nhin liu c th ti ch trn, vi t ai mu m, nhiu nh nng mt
tri v ma thu hoch ko di c nm. Brazil ang l nc i tin phong, sn xut
c 14 t lt cn t cy ma (tng ng hai mi vn thng). Lut php ca
Brazil qui nh tt c cc loi phng tin giao thng phi s dng xng pha vi
22% cn ethanol, trong khi cng c 20% cc cc loi xe c ch hot ng bng
cn ethanol. Hn na, gi ca cn ethanol rt thp, ch khong 25 la mt thng
(vi dung tch bng 1 thng xng). Chng trnh ny ca chnh ph Brazil to
ra gn 1 triu vic lm, v tit kim c 60 t la tin nhp khu du trong 3
thp nin va qua. S tin ny ln gp 10 ln tng s tin u t vo chng trnh
ny, v gp hn 50 ln s tin tr cp ban u. Cc chnh sch quan trng ca
chnh ph Brazil thc y s bng n ca ngun nhin liu mi ny bao gm:
vic tiu th c m bo bi cng ty du kh quc doanh Petrobras; cho cc
hng sn xut ethanol vay vi li sut thp; gi gi ethanol n nh, bng 59% gi
xng do nh nc qui nh. C gn 25% lng xng c thay th bng cn
ethanol, s cn c sn xut trn 5% din tch t nng nghip.
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Hnh 1.4 Mt trong nhng nh my ch to nhin liu sinh hc ti M
1.2.1.5 Tnh hnh sn xut Bioethanol ti Vit Nam

Ngy 20/11/2007, Th Tng Chnh Ph chnh thc ph duyt n
pht trin nhin liu sinh hc n nm 2015, tm nhn n nm 2025 (Quyt nh
s 177/Q-TTg), trong nm 2010 sn xut c 100.000 tn xng E5/nm v
50.000 tn B5/nm (du diesel sinh hc), m bo 0.4% nhu cu nhin liu c
nc v n nm 2025 s c sn lng hai loi sn phm ny p ng 5% nhu
cu th trng ni a. n cng a ra 6 gii php quan trng nhm pht trin
nng lng sinh hc v kin lp th trng a ngnh ny tng bc hi nhp
vi th gii.
thc hin chin lc ny, PetroVietNam d kin t 2011 n 2015 s
a 3 nh my ethanol sinh hc Qung Ngi, Ph Th, Bnh Phc vo hot
ng vi tng cng sut 300.000 tn/nm v t sn phm ny s pha thnh nhin
liu E5 E10, p ng khong 20% tng nhu cu tiu th xng sinh hc c nc.
T nm 2008 n nay Vit Nam c 4 d n sn xut ethanol sinh hc t sn lt
hoc r ng trn vi xng thnh gasohol. Hin nay c mt nh my sn xut
cn nhin liu ln nht Vit Nam, cng l 1 trong 3 nh my ln nht khu vc
ng Nam i vo hot ng ti x i Tn, huyn i Lc, Qung Nam.
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Hnh 1.5 Hnh nh v nh my sn xut Bioethanol i Lc Qung Nam
Nh my sn xut ny do cng ty C phn ng Xanh lm ch u t

hot ng th nghim c 7 thng, vi sn phm chnh l cn nhin liu hay cn
gi l cn tuyt i (99.5%) dng pha vi xng to thnh xng sch (xng E5).
M cn u tin ca Cng ty c phn ng Xanh (Qung Nam) t 120.000
lit/ngy ra l vo thng 10/2009, gp phn a tng sn lng cn ca Vit
Nam trong nm ny t 50 triu lit/nm.
Tuy nhin gi cn trn th trng trong nc tng t 5000 ng/lit nm
2001 ln 13.000 ng/lit nm 2010 v n thng 5/2012 l 30.000 ng/lit (gi
c tnh n ngy 15/05/2012 Ngun www.vatgia.com) tr thnh gi cao hn
gi bn trong khu vc. S d c tnh trng ny v quy m sn xut nh, cng ngh
lc hu, cha s dng nhiu loi nguyn liu khc r hn, cha tn dng cc ph
phm h gi thnh sn phm, quan trng nht l do nh hng ca s tng
mnh gi xng du trn th gii. Hin nay, ton quc c 40 trm cung cp xng
E5. D kin, n nm 2015, s c hn 4.000 im bn xng E5 trn c nc, sn
sng phc v nhu cu ca ngi dn mun s dng xng sinh hc bo v mi
trng. S trm cung cp xng s tng ty theo tnh hnh sn xut ethanol trong
nc p ng nhu cu n mc no.
Sn xut nhin liu sinh hc Vit Nam cng c nhiu i tc nc
ngoi rt quan tm. ng ch trong s ny l cc D n JICA Nht bn h tr
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Vit Nam nghin cu sn xut nhin liu sinh hc s dng cc loi ph phm b
ma, rm r; d n do Chnh ph H Lan ti tr s dng tru, v c ph, tri iu,
v iu, rong bin; chng trnh tng th v nghin cu v pht trin nhin liu
sinh hc Vit Nam ca Hn Quc sn xut diesel sinh hc v cc ha cht tinh
khit thn thin vi mi trng t du thc vt v.v
Gn y, nhiu d n xy dng nh my sn xut Bioethanol c khi
cng vi mc tiu p ng t l pha ethanol bt buc l 5% trong giai on nm
2012 n nm 2014 v 10% cho giai on t nm 2015 n nm 2025. Chng hn
d n u t xy dng nh my sn xut Bioethanol khu vc pha Bc do cng ty
c phn ha du v nhin liu sinh hc du kh (PVB) thuc Petrovietnam lm ch
u t. D n xy dng tp trung min Trung gn khu cng nghip Dung Qut
(ng Xanh, Petrosetco). D n Bioethanol Bnh Phc cng ang pht trin
(20/3/2010 chnh thc khi cng xy dng ti x Minh Hng, huyn B ng, tnh
Bnh Phc). Cc nh my ni trn u s dng sn lt l ngun nguyn liu
chnh.
Bng tm tt cc d n xy dng Nh my ethanol nhin liu ti Vit Nam
nh sau:
Bng 1.3 Cc d n xy dng nh my Bioethanol ti Vit Nam
Ngun: Tng hp t Bo Thanhnien s 142 (5994)
v ORIENT BIOFUELS ca TS. Trn Ngc Ton, Vietnamnet
Thng k nm 2012
Tn nh my
Cng sut
Nh my i Tn,
100
Qung Nam
Triu lt/nm
Nh my C-Dt,
50
c Nng
Triu lt/nm
Nh my Tam
Nng,
Ph Th
Ngy hot
ng d kin
Thng 3/2009
Thng 12/2008
100
Triu lt/nm
Thng 6/2011
Ch u t
Cng ty ng
Xanh
Cng ty i
Vit
Cng ty PVB,
thuc PV OIL
Tin
hot ng
ang chy th
ng th
khi cng k
hp ng EPC
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Petrosetco,
Nh my Dung
100
Qut
Triu lt/nm
NMLD Bnh
Thng 7/2011
Sn thuc
Petrovietnam
Nh my Bnh
100
Phc
Triu lt/nm
Lin doanh
Thng 7/2011 ITOCHU Nht
bn v PV OIL
ng th
khi cng k
hp ng EPC
D kin qu I
nm 2010 k
hp ng EPC
v khi cng
1.2.2 Quy trnh chung sn xut ethanol nhin liu

Cc bc c bn trong qu trnh sn xut ethanol quy m ln l ln men
ng, chng ct v tch nc (qu trnh ny ty tiu chun v mc ch thu sn
phm ethanol m c cc cng ngh khc nhau). Trc khi ln men mt s nguyn
liu t nng nghip cn phi qua qu trnh dch ha v ng ha cc hydrat
cacbon (xenlulozo, tinh bt) thnh ng. Qu trnh ny thc hin nh enzym.
1.2.2.1 Qu trnh ln men (Fermentation)
Ethanol s dng trong ung cha cn cng nh phn ln ethanol s
dng lm nhin liu c sn xut bng cch ln men. Khi mt s loi men nht
nh (quan trng nht l saccharomyces cerevisiae) chuyn ha ng trong iu
kin khng c oxy (gi l ym kh) chng to ra ethanol v kh cacbonic. Phn ng
ha hc tng qut c th vit nh sau:
C6H12O6 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2
Qu trnh nui cy men theo cc iu kin sn xut ethanol c gi l
qu trnh hay qu trnh ln men ru.
sn xut ethanol t cc nguyn liu cha tinh bt nh ht ng cc th
trc tin chng phi c chuyn ha thnh ng. Trong qu trnh men, theo
truyn thng n c to ra bng cch cho ht ny mm hay . Trong qu trnh
ny mm, ht to ra cc enzym c chc nng ph v tinh bt to ra ng.
sn xut ethanol lm nhin liu, qu trnh thy phn ny ca tinh bt thnh glucozo
c thc hin nhanh chng hn bng cch x l ht vi axit sulfuric, enzym nm
amylaza hay t hp ca c hai phng php.
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Qu trnh ln men sn xut ethanol c th thu c t xenlulozo. Vic

thc hin cng ngh ny c th gip chuyn ha mt lot cc ph thi v ph phm
nng nghip cha nhiu xenlulozo, chng hn li ng, rm r hay mn ca thnh
cc ngun nng lng ti sinh. Cho n gn y th gi thnh ca cc enzyme
cellulas c th thy phn xenlulozo l rt cao. Hng Iogen Canada a vo
vn hnh x nghip sn xut ethanol trn c s xenlulozo u tin vo nm 2004.
Phn ng thy phn xenlulozo gm cc bc:
Bc 1: thy phn xenlulozo thnh ng mantozo di tc dng ca
men amylaza.
(C6H10O5)n C12H22O11
Bc 2: thy phn tip mantozo thnh glucozo di tc dng ca men
mantaza.
C12H22O11 C6H12O6
Bc 3: phn ng ln men ru c xc tc l men zima.

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
1.2.2.2 Qu trnh chng ct (distillation)

c th s dng ethanol lm nhin liu th nc cn c loi b gn nh
hon ton. Phn ln nc c loi b bng qu trnh chng ct, nhng tinh
khit b gii hn khong 95.57% do im ng ph ca hn hp nc ethanol.
Hnh 1.6 Gin im ng ph ca hn hp ethanol nc (1bar)

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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Hn hp Ethanol - nc 95.57% khi lng (hay 96% th tch ethanol) c

th tng c s dng chy ng c nhng ngi ta nhn thy n khng ph
hp pha vo xng truyn thng m phi l ethanol tinh khit (hm lng nc
phi nh hn 1%). Do sau qu trnh chng ct ethanol cn phi c x l tch
nc thu c sn phm ethanol tinh khit (hay ethanol tuyt i) dng pha vo
xng chy trn ng c xng thng thng.
1.2.2.3 Qu trnh tch nc (dehydration)
Qu trnh ny cn c th gi l qu trnh lm tinh khit ethanol. C nhiu
cng ngh nhm mc ch tch nc ra khi ethanol c trong phng th nghim v
trong cng nghip nh chng ct ng ph, dng cht ht m, hp ph bng ry
phn t hay mi nht l cng ngh dng mng lc. Cng ngh no cng c hai mt
ca n, c cng ngh chi ph u t thp nhng nng ethanol cha cao, c cng
ngh th thu c nng ethanol cao nhng chi ph u t ban u kh ln. Tm
li, ty vo mc ch s dng ethanol, nng cn t n ca ethanol v iu
kin u t m ngi ta s dng cng ngh cho ph hp. Mc d cng ngh sau ra
i c kh nng tch u vit hn cng ngh trc nhng cc cng ngh c vn cn
ph bin nhiu quc gia.
1.2.3 Mt s lu sn xut bioethanol
1.2.3.1 Sn xut Bioethanol t tinh bt
Bioethanol hin nay sn xut da vo ngun nguyn liu tinh bt (la, sn,
ht bp,). Di y l mt s lu i din cho qu trnh sn xut bioethanol
t tinh bt:
Hnh 1.7 Lu sn xut Bioethanol ca Lurgi t la go

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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Hnh 1.8 Lu sn xut Bioethanol t ht bp
1.2.3.2 Sn xut Bioethanol t r ng

R ng l nguyn liu cha cc loi ng khng tinh khit thu c
trong qu trnh sn xut ng, t l r ng chim 3 3.5% trng lng nc
ma. R ng cn dng lm thc n gia sc, dng trong cc ngnh cng nghip
khc. Nhng gii quyt lng r ng ca nh my ng th ch yu dng
sn xut ethanol.
R ng l ngun nguyn liu quan trng sn xut ru, n ph hp vi
4 iu kin sn xut ru:
Gi r v khng c tp cht c hi.
Sn lng nhiu.
S dng tin li.
Ngun cung cp ph bin.
Vy vic s dng r ng sn xut ru l ti u, mt mt s dng trit
ph liu, mt khc hn ch vic s dng cc loi lng thc cha tinh bt nh:
sn, ng, khoai sn xut Bioethanol. Qu trnh sn xut ethanol t r ng tri
qua cc cng on chnh sau:
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Mt r
Pha long s b
Acide ha
Dch ng c bn
Dch ln men
Men ging SX
Ln men
Kh CO2
Men ging PTN
Gim chn
Hi t
Gia nhit
Tch bt
Thp tch th
Hm
Cn th
Hi t
Thp trung gian
Cn u (35%)
Cn tch cn u
Hi t
Thp tch tinh
Nc thi
Lm ngui
Cn thnh phm 95.57%
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
1.2.3.3 Sn xut Bioethanol t Xenlulozo

Sn xut bioethanol i t xenlulozo l mt hng mi ang trong giai on
pht trin v nghin cu v mt phn nh hng ca vic sn xut bioethanol n
ngun lng thc th gii khi i t nguyn liu tinh bt. V cc n v c bn ca
xenlulozo vn l glucozo nn nguyn tc chung thu c ethanol vn l cc qu
trnh ln men, chng ct v tch nc nh vi nguyn liu tinh bt.
Hnh 1.9 Lu chung sn xut bioethanol t nhiu ngun nguyn liu
Tm li: Ethanol sinh hc c kh nng thay th hon ton xng sn xut t du m

hoc c th pha trn vi xng to ra xng sinh hc. Trn th trng ta thng
gp cc loi xng sinh hc nh E5, E20, E85Cc loi xng thp hn E25 c
dng trc tip cho ng c chy xng thng thng, khng phi chnh sa, ci to
my. Dng loi xng ny va gim s ph thuc nhp khu xng sn xut t du
m, va nng cao ch s octane ca xng, li gim lng kh pht thi c hi. Tuy
nhin vi cc cng ngh sn xut ethanol hin nay th ch thu c 96% th tch
ethanol, do ethanol to im ng ph vi nc nn chng ct thng thng khng
th to ra ethanol tinh khit hn 96%, v vy vic tch nc to ethanol tuyt
i (hn 99.8% th tch) l iu cn thit. Sau y, em xin trnh by mt vi cng
ngh tch nc chnh cho hn hp ethanol nc.
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
CHNG 2
CC CNG NGH TCH NC CA ETHANOL
2.1 Phng php chng ct
2.1.1 Pressure Swing Distillation (PSD)
PSD l mt dng chng ct c bit tch hn hp ng ph m khng cn
tiu tn thm dung mi no khc. Cng ngh ny gm nhiu thp chng ct vn
hnh cc p sut khc nhau b gy im ng ph. Thp u tin vn hnh
mt p sut no tch mt lng nh ethanol t hn hp. Phn ct t thp
ny tip tc c a qua thp tip theo vn hnh mt p sut khc tch mt
lng nh ethanol na. Dng y thp hi lu, nhp li vi dng nguyn liu ban
u. Qu trnh c lp li cho n khi thu c ethanol c nng cao.
Hnh 2.1 Chng s dng hai thp chng ct vi p sut khc nhau
Phng php ny khng hiu qu v ethanol thu c c nng cha cao,

cng vi vic phi dng nhiu thp chng ct nn chi ph lp t l kh ln.
2.1.2 Chng luyn trch ly vi mui khan
u im:
- Chng luyn trch ly c th to ra sch cao hn cc thp lm sch thng
thng. C vn u t v chi ph vn hnh u gim.
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25
- Phng php ny s dng tc nhn l mui nn tng i d kim v r

tin. Thit b vn hnh n gin, nng sn phm ethanol cao hn 96% th tch.
Nhc im:
- Ring i vi cn nhin liu ngi ta i hi hm lng cht rn ha tan rt
t v vy cn phi c thm cng on tch mui.
- S c mt ca mui dn n kh nng n mn vt liu cao, nn cn ch to
thit b chu n mn tt.
2.1.3 Chng ct chn khng
Tin hnh chng ct Ethanol cng nghip p sut chn khng ph v
im ng ph ca hn hp ethanol nc.
Di p sut chn khng, hn hp ethanol nc c nhng im ng ph
khc nhau.
Bng 2.1 Cc im ng ph ca hn hp ethanol nc
Hm lng ru trong hn hp
p sut (mmHg)
Nhit si (oC)
70.0
27.97
100.00
100.0
33.35
99.56
129.7
39.20
98.70
198.4
47.60
97.30
404.6
63.04
96.25
760.0
78.15
95.57
1075.4
87.12
95.35
1451.3
95.35
95.25
ng ph (% khi lng)
Nh vy l p sut thng (760 mmHg) th hn hp ng ph ethanol

nc c nhit si l 78.15oC v hm lng ethanol sn phm thu c l
95.57% v khi lng. p sut 70 mmHg th nhit si ca hn hp ethanol
nc l 27.97oC v mt im ng ph.
Tuy nhin phng php ny khng c tnh kh thi v chi ph lp t v vn
hnh kh ln s y gi cn khan tng cao.
2.1.4 Chng ct ng ph (Azeotropic Distillation)
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
y l phng php c s dng ph bin trong cng nghip. Nguyn tc

ca phng php ny l ta a vo ethanol cng nghip mt cht mi lm thay i
bay hi tng i ca cc cu t trong hn hp, to hn hp ng ph mi gm
ba cu t: cu t mi, nc v ethanol c nhit si thp hn hn hp ng ph
ban u. Nh vy c th tch nc khi ethanol.
Yu cu ca cht mi thm vo:
C bay hi ln hn cc cu t trong hn hp.
To hn hp ng ph vi cu t cn tch (hoc to hn hp ng ph ba
cu t) nhit thp hn nhit ca hn hp ng ph ban u.
Khng ha tan cu t cn tch, d dng thu hi.
R tin, d kim.
y dng dung mi tch mt hn hp ng ph ethanol nc thng
l n-Heptane, Benzen hoc Cyclohexane c gi l Entrainer. Do n-Heptane hay
cyclohexane c u im tri hn l n khng c hi bng benzen khi c mt
trong sn phm nn vn c s dng nhiu hn.
Hn hp ethanol nc sau qu trnh chng ct thng thng ch t c
nng ethanol ti a l 95.57% v khi lng do khi hn hp t n trng
thi ng ph. t c nng ethanol ln hn khng th tip tc tin hnh
chng ct thng thng na m phi tin hnh chng ct ng ph bng cch thm
vo mt cu t th ba (Entrainer) ph v im ng ph.
Chng ng ph bng Benzen
ph v im ng ph ca hn hp ethanol nc trong qu trnh chng
ct gi s thm vo mt lng nh Benzen, v hn hp ny thc hin qu trnh
chng ct phn on mt ln na. Benzen to im si hn hp cp ba vi nc v
ethanol 64.85oC nhm tch ethanol ra khi nc, v im si hn hp cp hai
vi ethanol nhm tch phn ln benzen. Tuy nhin, mt lng rt nh benzen vn
cn ln trong sn phm v th vic s dng ethanol ny vi ngi c th gy tn
hi cho gan v h trung ng thn kinh. Vic s dng cyclohexane cng mang li
hiu qu nh benzen v n khng c nh benzene, nn benzen b cm s dng
nhiu nc trn th gii do tc hi gy ung th ca n.
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Hnh 2.2 Tch hn hp ng ph ethanol nc bng Benzen
Chng ng ph bng Cyclohexane

Ethanol 10% sau qu trnh ln men c a qua thit b tinh ch Mash
Column v Rectification Column.
Hnh 2.3 Cng ngh chng ct ng ph s dng Cyclohexane
Sau khi ra khi thp Rectification nng ethanol t khong 55% , tip
tc c a vo thp chng ct ng ph s dng cyclohexane. Sn phm nh
c lm lnh sau c ngng t, cyclohexane lng xung pha di y v
c hi lu v thp chng ct, phn cn li bnh lng c a vo thp hi
lu dung mi (Recovery Column). Dung mi i ra pha nh c lm lnh v a
vo thit b lng ri tr v thp chng ct ng ph. Nc c a ra t y ca
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
thp hi lu dung mi vi hm lng ethanol khong 100ppm. Sn phm y

thp chng ct ng ph l ethanol gn nh tuyt i (khong 99.59%).
Hnh 2.4 S m phng cng ngh chng ng ph s dng tc nhn Cyclohexane
* u nhc im ca cng ngh chng ct ng ph

u im:
- L phng php tch hiu qu h hai hay nhiu cu t c to thnh im
ng ph khi tin hnh chng iu kin thng.
- Vi vic la chn dung mi hp l qu trnh chng ct s n gin d vn
hnh. Cng ngh tng i n gin.
Nhc im:
- Bng vic thm vo Benzen hay Cyclohexane th trong sn phm s cn li
mt lng nh d ca cc cht ny, nhng y l nhng cht rt c hi i vi c
th con ngi (hin ti vn cha pht hin cyclohexane c nh hng n ngi).
- Tn dung mi.
- Yu cu v nng lng nhit cao, lm bay hi dung mi trong qu trnh
chng ct.
- D gy nhim mi trng nu dung mi b r r.
- Gi thnh sn phm tng i cao
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
2.1.5 Chng ct trch ly (Extractive Distillation)

Nguyn tc: Hn hp Ethanol nc c nhit si gn nhau to thnh
dung dch ng ph 78.15oC p sut 101.3 kPa. Vi hn hp ny khng th dng
phng php chng luyn thng thng tch cc phn t ra dng nguyn cht
d thp v cng cao v lng hi lu l rt ln. Phng php chng luyn trch ly
thc hin bng cch a thm cu t phn ly c tc dng ph v hn hp ng ph,
lm tng bay hi tng i ca mt phn t trong hn hp.
Hnh 2.5 S chng ct trch ly thng dng
Chng ct trch ly bng Ethyleneglycol l mt cng ngh bc hi mt phn

ca cc cu t kh bay hi v vi dung mi (Entrainer) nhit cao khng to
thnh hn hp ng ph vi cc cu t ban u trong hn hp ng ph ban u.
Trong cng ngh ny gm hai thp chng ct: mt thp chng ct trch ly v mt
thp hi lu li dung mi trch ly. Dung mi ny a vo a th ba ca thp trch
ly, cn hn hp ng ph np vo gia thp. Ti nh ca thp trch ly thu c sn
phm ethanol khan v y dng ra l hn hp ca nc Ethyleneglycol c
a vo thp th hai hi lu dung mi. Trong thp ny, nc c tch ra
nh thp v y l Ethyleneglycol sch c hi lu li thp trch ly.
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Hnh 2.6 S m phng cng ngh chng ct trch ly bng Ethyleneglycol
2.2 Dng Na2SO4, CaSO4, CaCO3, CuSO4 khan hp ph nc

Phng php ny da vo tnh ho nc ca cc mui Na2SO4, CaSO4,
CaCO3, CuSO4khan. Sau khi hp ph nc chng s c un nng ti sinh
cht hp ph. Tuy nhin phng php ny cho hiu sut thu hi ru thp (t
6065% so vi nguyn liu ethanol th ban u) ch thch hp cho vic sn xut
cn khan c cng sut nh phng th nghim, khng thch hp trong vic sn
xut cn khan vi quy m ln.
2.3 Hp ph bng ry phn t

2.3.1 Gii thiu v phng php
Nguyn tc ca phng php ny l da vo kh nng hp ph chn lc ca
Zeolite cng nh da trn s chnh lch p sut hp ph (Pressure Swing
Adsorption), khi hn hp Ethanol nc s c ha hi v nhp liu vo thit
b ry phn t v qu trnh phn tch s xy ra trn b mt ca Zeolite (loi 3A).
Loi ny c kch thc l khong 3Ao s "nht" phn t hi nc c kch thc
2.75Ao v phn t Ethanol c kch thc 4.4Ao nh th s c tch ra.
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31
Hnh 2.7 S m phng cng ngh hp ph vi ry phn t
2.3.2 Gii thiu v Zeolite

Zeolite l cc Aluminosilicat tinh th c cu trc khng gian 3 chiu vi h
thng l xp ng u v rt trt t cha cc cation nhm I v II. H thng mao
qun ny c kch c phn t, cho php chia cc phn t theo hnh dng v kch
thc. V vy zeolite cn c gi l cht ry
phn t.
Cng thc ha hc ca zeolite c th biu din
nh sau:
Mex/n[x(AlO2)y(SiO2)].zH2O
Cng thc cu to ca Zeolite:
Trong :
Me+: l cation b tr in tch khung c ha tr n.
y/x: t s nguyn t Si/Al, t s ny thay i ty theo loi zeolite.
z: l s phn t nc kt tinh trong zeolite.
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
V cu trc, zeolite c hnh thnh t mng li ba chiu ca cc t din

TO4, vi T l Al hoc Si. C th biu din n v cu trc c bn ca zeolite nh
sau:
T din SiO4
T din [AlO4]
Hnh 2.8 Cu trc c bn ca Zeolite
Vic thay th ng hnh Si4+ bng Al3+ trong cc t din SiO4 dn n d

mt in tch m [AlO4]. in tch m d c cn bng bi s c mt ca
cation Me+ (thng l kim loi kim hoc kim th), gi l cation b tr in tch
khung.
Cc c trng c bn ca zeolit l cc kiu cu trc tinh th, cu to hnh
hc (cch sp xp cc t din, th tch cc l xp, kch thc cc knh, rnh, cc l
xp), t s Si/Al v cc cation b tr (Na+, Ka+, Ca2+).
Cu trc khng gian ba chiu ca zeolit c hnh thnh bi s ghp i
cc t din SiO4 v [AlO4] to thnh cc vng 4, 6, 8, 10 hay 12 cnh hoc hnh
thnh cc vng khp 4x2 hoc 6x2 cnh to ra mt hnh lp phng hoc mt lng
tr 6 cnh. y l nhng n v cu trc th cp (Secondary Building Units
SBU). Cc SBU kt hp vi nhau to nn cc h zeolite c cu trc tinh th v h
thng mao qun khc nhau.
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
V phn loi, zeolite c phn loi theo nhiu tiu ch khc nhau:
Theo ngun gc: gm zeolite t nhin v zeolite tng hp
Theo chiu hng khng gian ca cc knh hnh thnh cu trc mao qun:
gm zeolite c h thng mao qun 1 chiu, 2 chiu, 3 chiu.
Theo ng knh mao qun: gm zeolite mao qun nh (ng knh
34Ao), zeolite mao qun trung bnh (4.56Ao), zeolite mao qun rng (715Ao).
Theo t l Si/Al: zeolite hm lng Si thp (Si/Al = 1.11.2 : loi A, X),
hm lng Si trung bnh (Si/Al= 1.22.5 : loi Y, Chabazit ), hm lng Si cao
(> 2.5).
A) Sodalite
B) Zeolite loi A
C) Zeolite loi X,Y
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Zeolite loi A l loi zeolite tng hp c cu trc di dng lp phng n

gin tng t nh kiu lin kt trong tinh th NaCl, vi cc nt mng li l cc
bt din ct. i vi zeolite loi A t l Si/Al = 1 nn s nguyn t Si v Al trong
mi n v Sodalit bng nhau. V vy vi mi bt din ct c to bi 24 t din
c 48 nguyn t oxy lm cu ni, vy cn d 12 in tch m. trung ha 12
in tch m ny ta phi c 12 cation ha tr 1 hoc 6 cation ha tr 2. Trong trng
hp ca zeolite A l 12 ion K+ hoc 6 cation Ca2+.
c tnh ca zeoilte 3A:
L loi zeolite giu nhm, t l Si/Al thp.
Cation b tr in tch K+ : K12[(AlO2)12.(SiO2)12]
Kch thc mao qun: 3Ao.
Ngi ta tm thy c 40 cu trc zeolite khc nhau trong t nhin. Trong
khi s pht trin ca vt liu ny trong lnh vc nh hp ph, phn tch, xc
tc, em li nhng kh nng ln nh cc phng php tng hp zeolite ang
c thc hin trong phng th nghim. Hin nay c khong 200 loi zeolite tng
hp, tuy nhin mi ch c mt lng nh trong s c s dng rng ri trong
cng nghip.
2.3.3 Qu trnh hp ph
Hp ph l qu trnh ht cc cht trn b mt cc vt liu xp nh cc lc
b mt. Cc vt liu xp c gi l cht hp ph, cht b ht c gi l cht b
hp ph.
Hp ph xy ra do lc ht tn ti trn v gn st b mt trong cc mao
qun.
Hp ph ha hc: lc hp ph mnh nht l lc ha tr gy ln hp ph ha
hc, to nn cc hp cht kh bn trn b mt, kh nh hp ph hoc chuyn cc
phn t thnh cc nguyn t.
Hp ph vt l: lc hp ph l lc vt l Van Der Waals tc dng trong
khong khng gian gn st b mt.
Mt hin tng thng xy ra trong b mt kh rn l pha kh ngng t
thnh cht lng trong mao qun nh, iu ny xy ra di tc dng ca lc mao
qun.
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Mi phn t b hp ph (d dng kh hay lng) u gim t do, do

qu trnh hp ph lun km theo s ta nhit.
Hp ph vt l: nhit hp ph nh.
Hp ph ha hc: nhit hp ph ln hn, c th bng nhit phn ng. Do s
ta nhit, trong qu trnh hp ph vn tch nhit lun c quan tm.
ng hc ca qu trnh hp ph: qu trnh hp ph t pha lng hoc pha kh
ln b mt xp ca cht hp ph gm 3 giai on:
Chuyn cht t lng pha lng n b mt ngoi ca ht cht hp ph.
Khuch tn vo cc mao qun ca ht.
Hp ph lm bo ha dn tng phn khng gian hp ph, ng thi lm
gim t do ca cc phn t b hp ph, km theo s ta nhit.
Yu cu ca cc vt liu hp ph:
C b mt ring ln.
C cc mao qun ln cc phn t hp ph ln b mt, nhng cng cn
nh loi cc phn t xm nhp, c tnh chn lc.
C th hon nguyn d dng.
Bn nng lc hp ph, ngha l ko di thi gian lm vic.
bn c chu c rung ng v va p.
2.3.4 Cng ngh qu trnh hp ph PSA
Dng c a vo h thng tch nc l mt hn hp ng ph gm hai
thnh phn 95% ethanol v 5% nc. thu c sn phm ethanol c tinh
khit ti thiu 99.5% v th tch th cn qua cc giai on sau :
Tin gia nhit v ha hi dng lng.
Tch nc ca kh ethanol m bng phng php PSA.
Lm ngui v ngng t kh ethanol khan thnh pha lng.
2.3.4.1 Chun b dng nguyn liu
Trc khi a hn hp ng ph qua thp hp ph th cn ha hi ton b
lng lng v hp ph y s dng alumino silicate 3A nn rt c hi v gim
kh nng hp ph khi trong dng nguyn liu c cha pha lng.
Dng nguyn liu ethanol 95% th tch u tin a qua thit b trao i
nhit ng ch U. Dng lng i ngoi ng c gia nhit bi dng sn phm kh
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
nng i trong ng. Trong qu trnh ny dng nguyn liu ch c lm nng ln

ch khng c hin tng ha hi. Sau dng hn hp nng tip tc qua thit b
trao i nhit Bayonet, ti y nguyn liu c ha hi hon ton. Dng hn hp
nng i ngoi ng, c ha hi bng mt dng hi nc qu nhit i trong ng.
2.3.4.2 Qu trnh tch nc
Dng kh nng m ethanol a vo mt trong hai thp hp ph s dng
cng ngh Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) tch nc ca ethanol. Qu trnh
tch nc qua cc giai on sau :
Qu trnh tng p trong ct hp ph.
Qu trnh hp ph ti p sut cao.
Gim p bng bm chn khng.
Gii hp bng mt dng sn phm sch p sut thp.
Ch d phng.
Hnh 2.9 S m phng cng ngh tch nc bng ry phn t
Tng p
Ban u ct th nht hot ng 101.3 kPa. Khi qu trnh bt u, van 1
v van 7 m ra cho dng kh ethanol m i vo nh ca ct u tin, y ct
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
hot ng p sut cao. Trong giai on ny, qu trnh hp ph nc trn ry phn

t bt u, tuy nhin phn ln giai on hp ph xy ra giai on tip theo.
Qu trnh hp ph
Van 5 v 6 m giai on gii hp bt u ct th hai. Lc van 1, 4, 7, 5 v
6 m dng kh c th di chuyn lin tc trong c hai thit b. ct th nht qu
trnh kh nc tip tc din ra v kt qu l thu c kh ethanol khan ra y
thit b mt.
Dng sn phm ethanol khan ra t y thit b hp ph c chia lm hai

dng : 60% dng sn phm ra v 40% dng c a vo thit b th hai lm dng
kh hp ph. H thng tch dng c iu khin bi van 6 v 7, n c th m
mt phn cho php hay hn ch lng sn phm vo thit b th hai.
Nng ca nc trong sn phm cn xp x bng khng do yu cu loi
b hon ton nc trong ethanol m. iu c ngha l tch hon ton nc ra
khi ethanol, nhng trong thc t vic tch ny rt kh xy ra v n mt lc no
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
qu trnh hp ph s gim do ry phn t b bo ha hi nc, v vy trong

sn phm lun cha mt lng nc rt nh.
Giai on tho kh
Giai on ny cn tho dng kh ca ct th nht ra gim p sut chun
b cho giai on kh hp ph tip theo. Giai on ny cc van 2, 3, 8 m; van 1, 4,
5, 6, 7 ng. y qu trnh tho kh s dng mt loi bm chn khng, mc ch
ca n l lm gim p sut ca ct xung di p sut kh quyn chun b
cho giai on kh hp ph xy ra.
Giai on kh hp ph
Kh hp ph l giai on cui cng trong chu k PSA v loi b ht nc
b hp ph trong ry phn t giai on trc, c th ti s dng li ry phn t
trong qu trnh tip theo. B cm bin v iu khin p sut c thm vo gia
hai ct gip chuyn t qu trnh hp ph sang kh hp ph. Khi cm bin p
sut o p sut ct mt thp th van 5 v 6 m dng kh ethanol khan i
vo y ct mt giai on kh hp ph bt u.
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Van 5 ng li mt phn iu chnh kh dng kh hp ph i vo ct

mt bng vi p sut ca ct. Vic vn hnh p sut thp bng bm chn khng
cho php lng nc d dng tch ra khi ry phn t bng dng kh ethanol khan
c a vo t y ct.
Lng kh tinh khit v p sut bn trong ct ny xc nh thi gian cn
thit cho qu trnh kh hp ph. thi gian ti sinh nh nht th bn trong ct
cha mt lng ln kh sch v p sut thp. Giai on kh hp ph cho ry
phn t ny khong 6.33 pht. Thi gian ny ph hp v n ln hn thi gian cn
thit cho qu trnh hp ph v c th b i thi gian cht. Thi gian ny thng
c xc nh bng d liu thc nghim, c th tnh ton thng qua p sut, tc
dng np liu v tc dng tinh khit. B cm bin nng t nh thit b s
tt h thng bm chn khng v ng van 5 v 6 khi hm lng nc trong sn
phm l ti thiu.
S loi b hon ton nc khi ry phn t rt kh khn v khng kinh t v
chi ph thit b v vn hnh kh cao.
2.3.4.3 Lm lnh v ngng t
Phn chnh 60% kh ethanol khan khng s dng cho qu trnh kh hp ph
c a qua hai thit b trao i nhit lm ngui v ngng t thnh sn phm
lng cui cng. Dng kh ethanol sch ra t y ct hp ph nhit cao c
a qua thit b trao i nhit ng ch U lm ngui sn phm cng nh gia
nhit cho dng nguyn liu i vo. Dng nhit ny s dng cho thit b trao i
nhit giai on tin gia nhit dng nguyn liu.
Cui cng dng kh c lm ngui a qua thit b trao i nhit Bayonet
s dng nc lnh ngng t thnh sn phm lng. Dng kh c lm ngui i
trong ng, nc lnh i ngoi ng, kt qu cui cng thu c sn phm 99.5
99.8% v th tch Ethanol.
* u nhc im cng ngh s dng ry phn t
u im:
- Ethanol thng phm c cht lng cao v n nh.
- Loi b gn nh hon ton kh nng gy nhim mi trng.
- Tn t nng lng tiu th.
- Ethanol mt mt rt t.
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
- Kh nng c kh ha v t ng ha cao.
- Thi gian sng ca cht hp ph di.
- Gim tiu th nng lng cho qu trnh chng ct.
Nhc im: nhc im ca cng ngh ny l vn u t ban u ln do
phi thit k mt dy chuyn cng ngh hin i vi t ng ha cao.
2.4 Cng ngh lc mng (Membrane Technology)

2.4.1 Gii thiu v phng php
Lc mng l mt xu hng cng ngh mi c pht trin v ng dng
cui th k XX. Phng php ny hin nay vn ang trn nghin cu v n c
nhiu u im. Lc mng c th c chia ra lm bn nhm chnh: vi lc
(Microfiltration MF), siu lc (Ultrafiltration UF), lc phn t hay lc nano
(Nanofiltration NF), thm thu ngc (Reverse Osmosis RO).
Nguyn l lc mng da trn s phn tch cc phn t trong nc qua lp
vch ngn (mng) nh lc tc dng. Lc tc dng c th l chnh lch p sut
(P), hiu in th (E), nng dung dch (C) Mng lc c ch to t cc
vt liu c ngun gc v c nh gm nung chy, cc hp cht cacbon, silic, zicron,
hoc t ngun gc hu c nh cao su, vi aming, axetat xenlulo, poly-ethylene,
poly-propylene. B dy mng t 0.052 mm. Cc l nh trn mng c ch to
bng cch chiu tia phng x, lazer, cc phn ng ha hc trong iu kin nhit
, p sut thch hp. m bo nng nc tun hon trn b mt mng lc,
trnh hin tng phn cc nng gy tc, hng mng lc, ng thi tng ti a
din tch b mt tip xc vi nc v gim kch thc thit b ngi ta thng sn
xut cc module mng lc v ghp chng li vi nhau. Cc module ny c th
c sn xut di dng tm phng, ng cun hay si rng.
Hnh 2.10 Nguyn l lc mng

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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Thng dng hin nay i vi qu trnh tch loi nc khi ethanol l cng
ngh lc mng Zeolite. V nguyn tc th cng ging nh phng php Ry phn
t, ch c khc l cu to ca vt liu lc khng ch c Zeolite m Zeolite c
ph trn b mt ca mt loi vt liu nn (Ceramic support), ngoi ra cu to ca
thit b lc cng khc, thit b lc mng Zeolite ging nh thit b truyn nhit ng
chm, cc mng Zeolite l cc ng c gn thnh chm v lng vo trong
v, dng hn hp nhp liu s di chuyn bn ngoi ng, cc phn t nc s i qua
li lc Zeolite nh ng lc ca qu trnh l chnh lch gia p sut nhp liu bn
ngoi li lc (p sut d) v bn trong li l p sut chn khng. Phn t Ethanol
s c tch ra pha ngoi ng lc (pha v ca thit b).
Hnh 2.11 Cu to ca mng lc zeolite
Hnh 2.12 Modules ca Zeolite
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Hnh 2.13 Nguyn tc ca thit b lc mng Zeolite

Ngun: www.greencarcongress.com
V nguyn tc hn hp Ethanol nc c a vo pha trong li ng,

cc phn t nc c kch thc nh hn lp mao qun ca mng zeolite s bc hi
qua lp mng v i ra pha ngoi, phn t ethanol c kch thc ln hn s c
gi li v tip tc i ra pha sau.
Tuy cng s dng vt liu ry phn t Zeolite nh phng php hp ph
chn lc bng ry phn t, nhng tc dng ca vt liu ry phn t hai phng
php hon ton khc nhau.
So snh phng php hp ph chn lc v phng php lc mng nh sau:
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43
Phng php hp ph chn lc
Phng php lc mng
- Hn hp Ethanol nc i vo thp - Hn hp Ethanol nc i vo

c th dng lng hoc hi.
dng hi.
- Nc b gi li trong lp cht hp - Nc v ethanol u khng b gi li.

ph zeolite trong thp v c tch ra - Lm vic lin tc ch vi mt thp.
trong giai on nh hp ph.
- lm vic lin tc, yu cu phi c
hai thp thit k song song vi nhau.
1 Thit b lc mng
2 Bm tuye
3 Bm ly tm
4 Thit b tn dng nhit
5 Thit b trao i nhit
6 Bm chn khng
Hnh 2.14 S sn xut Ethanol nng cao bng phng php thm thu qua
mng lc
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
qu trnh thu hi ethanol c trit , ngi ta thc hin ghp cc

thit b thnh modules thm thu nh sau:
Qu trnh tch nc trong ethanol s dng mng lc thng thng bao gm

nhiu module mng lc ni tip nhau c cch nhau bi cc thit b trao i
nhit. Nguyn liu sau khi i ra khi thp chng ct c nng ethanol khong
94%, sau c trao i nhit vi dng sn phm ethanol khan, tip tc i qua
thit b trao i nhit to hn hp hi trc khi i vo module mng lc u
tin, sau khi qua module ny th nhit ca hn hp b gim do qu trnh
tch lc nc xy ra tt hn th nguyn liu phi i qua thit b gia nhit tip theo,
qu trnh xy ra cc module tng t nh module u tin. Ethanol ra khi
module cui cng c nng trn 99.9% v th tch sau khi trao i nhit vi
dng sn phm t thp chng ct c lm lnh n nhit tn cha ri a v
b cha ethanol. Nc c tch ra t y thp chng.
2.4.2 Cc k thut tch s dng lc mng
2.4.2.1 Vi lc (Microfiltration)
Vi lc l hnh thc lc mng vi kch thc l mng nh c micromet
(m). Cc l nh ny c kch thc ph bin dao ng t 0.110 m. Vi lc
thng c s dng loi b cc loi vi khun. Vi lc c ng dng nhiu
trong cc qu trnh x l nc khi cn tch loi cc ht tp cht c ng knh ln
hn 0.1 m.
Cc ng dng ph bin ca vi lc:
Tit trng dc phm v ung.
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Lm sch nc tri cy, ru, bia.

Tch loi vi khun khi nc trong qu trnh x l nc thi sinh hc.
Tch hn hp du nc.
X l nc s b cho qu trnh lc nano hay thm thu ngc.
2.4.2.2 Siu lc (Ultrafiltration)
Siu lc l qu trnh tch loi c chn lc qua mng di p lc ln n 145
psi (10 bar). Siu lc c s dng khi cn yu cu tch loi hon ton virus, cc
ht tp cht trong cht lng c kch thc t 0.001 0.1 m.
Mt s v d v ng dng siu lc trong cng nghip:
Cng nghip sn xut b sa.
Cng nghip thc phm.
Tch hn hp nc ln du, x l sn.
Cng nghip dt.
Siu lc cng c th c ng dng trong qu trnh x l nc s b cho
qu trnh lc nano hay thm thu ngc. Vic x l nc s b rt quan trng khi
ng dng phng php lc mng, bi v h s cu cn l mng c th gy bt n
cho qu trnh lm sch. Vic x l s b khng nhng quan trng i vi lc nano
v thm thu ngc m cn vi c qu trnh vi lc v siu lc. V vy, vic x l
s b phi c xc nh ngay khi bit c thnh phn nc thi.
2.4.2.3 Thm thu ngc (Reverse Osmosis : RO)
Thm thu ngc l mt qu trnh lc thng s dng i vi nc. N lm
vic da trn nguyn tc s dng mt p lc ln y dung mi qua mng lc v
cho php gi li hu nh ton b cht tan. iu ny ngc vi thm thu thng
thng nn c gi l thm thu ngc.
Mt s ng dng ca thm thu ngc:
Sn xut nc ung tinh khit.
Lm sch nc v nc thi.
Sn xut thc n cng nghip.
H thng ra xe.
Sn xut hydro.
2.4.2.4 Lc nano (Nanofiltration)
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Lc nano v khi nim v c ch rt ging thm thu ngc. S khc bit

gia hai loi lc ny l mc loi b cc ion ha tr I nh ion Clo chng hn.
Thm thu ngc loi b cc ion ha tr I mc 98 99% 200 psi (13.8 bar),
cn lc nano cng loi b cc ion ha tr I nhng mc khc nhau 5090%
ph thuc vo loi vt liu v k thut sn xut mng lc. Do hin nay c hng
lot mng lc nano. Mi loi c bit ph hp vi mt s ng dng v c th loi
ny dng c cho ng dng ny nhng khng dng c cho ng dng khc.
Lc nano thng c s dng lm mm nc hay cc ng dng trong
dc phm v thc phm.
2.4.2.5 Bc hi thm thu qua mng (Pervaporation)
Bc hi thm thu qua mng l hnh thc tch hn hp lng bng cch ha
hi mt phn ri cho qua mng lc c hay khng c l xp. Tn gi ca phng
php ny bt ngun t hai bc c bn ca qu trnh: trc tin l s thm qua
mng ca cht thm, ri ha hi cht thnh pha hi.
Phng php ny c dng kh ph bin trong cng nghip vi nhiu qu
trnh khc nhau, c bit trong qu trnh lm tinh khit cc hn hp si ng ph.
Phng php ny t ra rt hu ch khi dng tch nc trong cc dung mi hu
c hay loi b cc tp cht hu c lm sch nc. Hn na, phng php ny l
s la chn kh thch hp tch cc sn phm nhy cm vi nhit .
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
So snh cc k thut lc mng

Bng 2.2 So snh cc k thut lc mng
Vi lc
Siu lc
Thm thu
Bc hi thm
ngc
thu qua mng

Cu t ca mt
Tc cc hp
cht hu c v
Nguyn tc
polyme c
kch thc
0.110 m
Tch nc v Tch dung mi
hn hp thm
dung mi
ra khi cht tan,
qua mng ri
khi cc i
ch c dung mi
bay hi p
phn t hay
thm qua mng
sut thp v
nhng cht
cn cht tan th
c loi b bi
keo
khng
mi trng chn
khng
Loi mng
Pha nguyn
liu
ng lc qu
trnh
Kch thc l
Kch thc l Dy, ch cho
Dy, ch cho
mng 0.110
mng 1100
dung mi
dung mi
nm
khuch tn
khuch tn
Lng
Lng
Lng hay kh
Lng
Chnh lch p
Chnh lch
Chnh lch p
sut 35350
p sut
sut 7007000
kPa
140700 kPa
kPa
Loi b cht
rn l lng
ng dng
trong dung
trong cng
dch, vi khun
nghip
trong cng
nghip dc,
in t
Loi b cc
cht keo, kt
t trong nc
thi, cc qu
trnh sn xut
thc phm
p sut hi
770 kPa
To nc ung
t nc bin,
nc mn, nc
ngm, sn xut
nc tinh khit
cho cng nghip
Tch nc trong
cc dung mi,
tch hn hp
ng ph
dc, in t
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
2.5 Phng php kt hp bc hi thm thu v ry phn t

Theo phng php ny th nc c hp ph bng bc hi thm thu qua
mng, sau qua ry phn t tip tc hp ph. Phng php ny cho nng
cn cao nhng i hi u t c bn ln, nn gi thnh sn phm rt cao.
2.6 Kt hp chng ct v thm thu qua mng

Bn cht ca phng php l s dng thp chng ct nng cao nng
Ethanol, ng thi to hn hp hi i vo thit b phn tch loi mng. Vic s
dng kt hp s cho php linh ng hn trong ngun nguyn liu u vo.
Hnh 2.15 S cng ngh tch nc bng phng php thm thu qua mng lc
Tm li: Qua vic nghin cu mt vi cng ngh tch nc ca hn hp ethanol

nc, chng ta nhn thy c mt s cng ngh rt hu ch v tin dng v c th
thu c sn phm ethanol c nng cao v t yu cu s dng. Tuy nhin
nh gi v la chn cc cng ngh tch nc ph hp vi yu cu thc tin, th
chng ta nn s dng mt s phn mm m phng li cc cng ngh v xem xt
c ph hp hay khng. Sau y, em xin trnh by cch la chn phn mm m
phng v s dng m hnh cho qu trnh tnh ton, la chn cng ngh tch
nc thu c sn phm ethanol tuyt i ph hp vi yu cu s dng.
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
CHNG 3
LA CHN PHN MM M PHNG THCH HP
H TR TNH TON
C rt nhiu phn mm h tr trong qu trnh m phng cng ngh ho hc nh:
-
DESIGN II (WINSIM): S dng trong cng nghip ni chung.
PROSIM: S dng trong cng nghip ha hc.
HYSIM (HYSYS): S dng trong cng ngh ch bin kh.
PRO/II (SIMSCI): S dng trong cng ngh ha hc, cng ngh lcha du.
ASPEN: S dng trong cng ngh ha hc.
Trong cc phn mm k trn, thng dng v ph bin nht thng s dng

l hai phn mm Pro/II v Hysys. Kho st hai phn mm tm c s la chn
phn mm m phng thch hp h tr tnh ton.
3.1 Phn mm PRO/II

3.1.1 Gii thiu chung
L phn mm tnh ton thng dng trong lnh vc ha hc, c bit l cng
ngh lc du ca SIMSCI, l phn mm tnh ton kh chnh xc cho qu trnh
chng ct. Pro/II vn hnh theo cc module lin tip, mi thit b c tnh ring
r v ln lt tnh cho tng thit b. N bao gm cc ngun d liu phong ph, cc
phng php tnh cht nhit ng, m phng qu trnh trng thi tnh
V d: M phng cc thp chng ct tch Phenol
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Hnh 3.1 Hnh nh m phng tch Phenol bng proII
L mt phn mm c giao din kh thn thin vi ngi s dng, thao tc

n gin. V tnh thm m c nh gi kh cao.
3.1.2 Nhc im khi s dng cho cng ngh tch nc ca ethanol
Nhc im ca phn mm Pro II l khng c kh nng tnh kinh t,
s dng nh gi chi ph hiu qu ca qu trnh v t m hnh ha c dy
chuyn cng ngh phc v hiu qu khi xy dng nh my.
3.2 Phn mm Hysys (Aspen Hysys)

3.2.1 Gii thiu chung
So vi ProII, giao din Hysys tuy khng p hn nhng mc tin li
trong s dng, kt qu m phng vi kh cng tt hn. Mc d vy, khi lm vic
vi cng ngh tch nc ca ethanol c hai phn mm u bc l nhiu yu im.
Nh khi tch nc ca ethanol bng phng php chng ng ph vi cyclohexane
cn nhp cc h s tng tc gia cc cu t mt cch chnh xc v trong phin
bn Hysys 3.2 mc nh cc h s tng tc nn khi m phng khng th thu
c kt qu chnh xc nh thc t v sai s l kh ln.
Tuy nhin, phn mm Aspen Hysys khi m phng cng ngh ny c nhiu
u im hn v truy xut kt qu kh nhanh, cng nh kh nng t tnh ton li
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
mt cch t ng khi ta thay i mt thng s bt k no , tnh nng ny PRO/II

khng c, cng t c th th li bng cc thng s khc m c nhanh c kt
qu. Hysys khi xut kt qu c th xem c kt qu ca tng vng tng thit b,
cn PRO/II phi truy xut ra dng bng khng th thay i gi tr trn nu ta
mun th li vi thng s, hay d liu khc.
V d: m phng s cng ngh nh my ch bin kh Dinh C bng Aspen
Hysys ch GPPM
Hnh 3.2 Hnh nh m phng bng Aspen Hysys
3.2.2 La chn phn mm Aspen Hysys

Tch hp nhng u im ca Hysys v Aspen cho ta mt phn mm tip
cn vi cng ngh tch nc ca ethanol mt cch tt hn. Bn cnh kh nng t
ng tnh ton li th Aspen Hysys cn c tnh nng trch xut qua phn mm tnh
ton ph bin Excell gip ngi s dng c th theo di c tt c cc s liu
cng nh kt qu tnh ton ca qu trnh.
Aspen Hysys c th tnh kinh t c, nh ta c th nh gi s b c
chi ph u t hay vn hnh thit b, cng l mt trong nhng c s gip ta tin
hnh la chn kiu thit b sao cho t yu cu ra nhng li ti u v chi ph.
Khc vi ProII, Aspen Hysys c hai ch m phng:
M phng tnh c th gip bn thit k, ti u, vn hnh mt quy trnh ho
hc hay mt phn xng tt hn. Ch tnh c th biu din bng cn bng nng
lng v vt cht v nh gi nhiu phn khc nhau ca nh my. Ngi k s
thit k c th s dng ch m phng tnh ti u qu trnh gim vn v
gim chi ph thit b trong khi hiu sut sn phm vn ti a.
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Vi m phng ng chng ta c th chng minh c nh my c th sn

xut ra cc sn phm mong mun trong mt phng thc an ton v d khi ng.
Bng cch nh ngha cc tiu chun chi tit ca thit b trong m phng ng
chng ta c th thay i hot ng ca thit b ln tnh trng mong mun nh vic
lp t v iu chnh h thng iu khin. Phn tch m phng ng trong mt h
thng qu trnh c th cung cp thng tin v bn cht bn trong.
Tm li vi hai ch m phng ca Aspen Hysys, ta c th kim tra:
Vic ti u qu trnh.
Ti u h thng iu khin.
nh gi c tnh an ton.
Chuyn tip gia nhng iu kin hot ng.
Khi ng/ Ngng li cc iu kin.
Vy m phng bng phn mm Aspen Hysys hon ton c th p ng yu
cu ca vic la chn: tnh ton n nh nhanh chng chnh xc d dng s
dng.
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CHNG 4
NG DNG PHN MM HYSYS M PHNG CC CNG
NGH TCH NC SN XUT ETHANOL TUYT I
4.1 M phng phng php chng ct chn khng

4.1.1 M phng im ng ph ca hn hp ethanol nc 760 mmHg
M phng li im ng ph ca hn hp ethanol nc p sut kh
quyn (760 mmHg) c nhit si l 78.15oC.
Hnh 4.1 S cng ngh chng ct p sut kh quyn
4.1.1.1 Cc thao tc m phng

T Menu Tools Preferences Tab Variables chn n v.
Hnh 4.2 Ca s giao din Hysys
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Chn SI trong mc Available Unit Sets Tab Clone

i tn trong mc Unit Set Name: DATN
Display Units : chn Flow (kgmole/h), Mass Flow (tonne/d)
p sut l kg/cm2, nhit oC
Hnh 4.3 La chn n v trong h SI
Nhp chn New Case thit lp mt quy trnh m phng mi.

Nhp chn Add trong hp thoi Simulation Basis Manager di y:
S dng nt ny nhp
Fluid Package vo b nh
Hnh 4.4 Hp thoi Simulation Basis Manager
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Hnh 4.5 Danh sch cc cu t trong databank Hysys
Tip tc nhp vo tab Components chn cc cu t c mt trong thnh

phn dng th vin cc cu t c sn.
Hnh 4.6 La chn cu t
Chn m hnh nhit ng NRTL (Non-random-two-liquid : m hnh c

pht trin bi Renon v Prausnitz).
Hnh 4.7 Chn m hnh nhit ng

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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Nhn button Enter Simulation Environment

Xut hin PFD Case (Main)
Hnh 4.8 PFD thao tc m phng
4.1.1.2 Nhp dng vo (Feed)

p sut
: 1.033 kg/cm2 ( 760 mmHg)
Nhit : 78.15oC
Lu lng: 100 kgmole/h
Nhp thnh phn cc cu t nh hnh sau:
Hnh 4.9 Nhp thnh phn cc cu t

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Pha np liu vo thp trng thi lng si.
Hnh 4.10 Kt qu thnh phn dng nguyn liu vo
4.1.1.3 M phng thp

Trn thanh Palette chn thp c thit b ngng t nh v un si y thp.
Double-click trn thp ri nhp nh sau:
Hnh 4.11 La chn loi thp m phng
S a ca thp: 30, np liu vo a 15.

p sut nh: 1.033 kg/cm2, p sut y: 1.033 kg/cm2.
Cho tr lc thit b ngng t v un si li u bng 0.
Chn thit b ngng t hon ton.
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Cng sut thit b ngng t: Q-C

Cng sut thit b un si li: Q-Reboiler
Hnh 4.12 Thng s ca thp Concentrator
Vo mc Monitor trong tap Design click vo Add Spec, ri chn Column

Component Fraction nh hnh di gn thnh phn phn mole ca
ethanol nh v nc y thp vi tiu chun sn phm nh sau:
95.57% khi lng ethanol nh, 99.96% khi lng nc y.
Hnh 4.13 Khai bo ch tiu cht lng sn phm

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n vo Run chy thp vi 2 tiu chun trn.
Hnh 4.14 Hi t thp Concentrator
Nu tng tiu chun sn phm hn 95.57% khi lng ethanol (tng

ng 89.4% mole) nh th thp khng th hot ng c, cng
chnh l im ng ph ca hn hp ethanol nc p sut kh quyn 760
mmHg. Nn c tng thm s a ca thp hay thay i nhit p sut th
tiu chun nh cng khng th vt qu 95.57% khi lng ethanol.
Thnh phn nguyn liu, nh y nh bng sau:
Bng 4.1 Kt qu m phng thp chng ct p sut kh quyn
Nguyn liu
Sn phm nh Sn phm y
Nhit , oC
78.1
78.1
99.7
p sut, kg/cm2
1.033
1.033
1.033
Lu lng mole, kgmole/h
100
67.08
32.92
% mole ethanol, %
60
89.4
0.10
% mole nc, %
40
10.6
99.9
4.1.2 M phng thp chng ct 404.6 mmHg

Thnh phn, lu lng cng nh phn chng ng ph p sut kh
quyn 4.1.1, y nhit si l 63.0oC, p sut 404.6 mmHg 0.5501 kg/cm2.
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Hnh 4.15 S m phng thp chng ct 404.6 mmHg
Thnh phn nguyn liu, nh y nh bng sau:

Bng 4.2 Kt qu m phng thp chng ct p sut 404.6 mmHg
Nguyn liu
Sn phm nh
Sn phm y
63
63
83.2
0.5501
0.5501
0.5501
100
65.57
34.43
% mole ethanol, %
60
91.5
0.010
% mole nc, %
40
8.50
99.99
Cng sut Condenser, kW
---
7.155.105
---
Cng sut Reboiler, kW
---
---
7.156.105
Nhit , oC
p sut, kg/cm2
Nh vy khi chng p sut cng thp (khng th qu thp) th qu trnh

chng thu c ethanol c nng cng cao hn, chng 404.6 mmHg th
ethanol thu c vi 96.5% khi lng, nu chng 70 mmHg th hm lng
ethanol thu c gn nh hon ton. Tuy nhin, phng php ny khng kh thi
do thp vn hnh p qu thp nn chi ph vn hnh lp t v an ton kh cao.
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4.2 M phng chng ct ng ph

4.2.1 Chng ct ng ph vi benzen
Hnh 4.16 S cng ngh m phng chng ng ph vi benzene
4.2.1.1 Chn m hnh nhit ng

Nhp cc cu t ethanol, nc, benzen. Chn m hnh nhit ng NRTL
cho cn bng lng hi (VLE: vapour liquid equilibrium) cho cc thit b thp
chng ct (Dehydrator, BZ Stripper), chn phng trnh nhit ng NRTL cho cn
bng lng lng trong bnh tch (LLE: liquid liquid equilibrium)
Hnh 4.17 Chn m hnh nhit ng VLE, LLE cho cc thp chng ct
Vo tap Binary Coeffs nhp cc h s tng tc aij cho cn bng lng

hi (VLE) ca cc cu t nh bng di y [2]. Cn h s tng tc cn bng
lng lng gi tr mc nh trong Hysys.
Bng 4.3 H s tng tc aij gia cc cu t cho VLE
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Ethanol
Nc
Benzen
---
631.902
1561.777
Nc
2178.536
---
2416.534
Benzen
-312.470
3585.707
---
Ethanol
4.2.1.2 M phng cc thit b

4.2.1.2.1 Thp lm m c Concentrator
Nguyn liu trc khi qua thit b tch nc bng chng ct ng ph vi
benzen c nng ethanol thp nn a qua thp lm m c, tng t 60%
mole ethanol nguyn liu ln 91% mole ethanol nh thp, sau a qua thp
tch nc.
Np liu vo a 15 ca thp p sut kh quyn, trng thi lng si 78oC.
Thp c 30 a, vn hnh p sut kh quyn (1.033 kg/cm2).
B qua tr lc trong thp (tr lc trn mi a, thit b un si y, thit
b ngng t nh).
Hnh 4.18 Hi t thp Concentrator cho chng ng ph vi benzen
Thnh phn lu lng vo ra thp Concentrator nh sau:

Bng 4.4 Kt qu m phng thp Concentrator
Feed
Wet Ethanol
Bottom
Nhit , oC
78.1
78.1
99.7
p sut, kg/cm2
1.033
1.033
1.033
169.7
68.84
100.9
% mole ethanol, %
36.97
91
0.10
% mole nc, %
63.03
9.0
99.9
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4.2.1.2.2 Thit b tch nc Dehydrator

Nguyn liu vo thp gm 2 dng:
Dng th nht t phn hi lu phn nh trong bnh tch ngng t nh
thp Dehydrator, nhit 25oC, p sut 1.033 kg/cm2, vo nh thp.
Dng th hai (t tn l dng in) t hn hp ca hai dng t nh thp
Concentrator l WetEthanol v mt dng hi lu l hi ca thp trch ly benzen
(VapStripRecycle), dng in c nhit 79.4oC, p sut 1.033 kg/cm2, vo a th 7
ca thp.
Thnh phn dng nguyn liu nh sau:
Bng 4.5 Thnh phn nguyn liu vo thp tch nc Dehydrator
Dng nguyn liu
Wet Ethanol VapStripRecycle
Nhit , oC
78.1
98.1
p sut, kg/cm2
1.033
1.033
68.84
12.51
% mole ethanol, %
91
6.84
% mole nc, %
9.0
93.04
0.12
LightRecycle
in
25
79.43
p sut, kg/cm2
1.033
1.033
231.5
81.35
% mole ethanol, %
35.95
78.06
% mole nc, %
0.77
21.92
% mole benzen, %
63.28
0.02
% mole benzen, %
Dng nguyn liu
Nhit , oC
Thp tch nc c 30 a, ch c mt thit b un si li y thp

(Reboiler), thp lm vic p sut kh quyn, b qua tr lc ca thp (tr
lc trn mi a, tr lc thit b un si li).
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Hnh 4.19 Thng s thp tch nc cho chng ng ph vi benzen
Yu cu sn phm y vi 99.99% mole ethanol, hay 0.01% mole benzen.

Ri cho thp hi t vi tiu chun .
Hnh 4.20 Hi t thp Dehydrator
Hnh 4.21 S m phng khu vc tch nc ca chng ng ph bng benzen

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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Thnh phn lu lng i vo ra khi thp tch nc Dehydrator qua qu

trnh m phng nh sau:
Bng 4.6 Thnh phn vo ra ca thit b tch nc Dehydrator
Nguyn liu vo
Sn phm nh
Sn phm y
LightRecycle
in
(Vap Top)
(Pure Ethanol)
25
79.4
68.4
78.2
1.033
1.033
1.033
1.033
231.5
81.35
250.4
62.46
% mole ethanol, %
35.95
78.06
33.65
99.98
% mole nc, %
0.77
21.92
7.84
0.02
% mole benzen, %
63.28
0.02
58.51
Nhit , oC
p sut, kg/cm
Lu
lng
mole,
kgmole/h
4.2.1.2.3 Bnh tch DECANT nh thp Dehydrator

y s dng m hnh nhit ng NRTL cho cn bng lng lng (LLE),
dng nh thp Dehydrator a qua thit b lm lnh xung 25oC, sau cho qua
bnh tch 3 pha nm ngang, tch cc cu t nng (nc v mt phn rt nh
ethanol, benzen cn ln trong ) qua thit b thu hi benzen (BZ Stripper), cn
phn nh (ethanol, benzen v mt phn rt nh nc) ca bnh tch (Light) th hi
lu li nh thp Dehydrator.
Ta c hnh nh m phng khu vc bnh tch nh sau:
Hnh 4.22 S m phng thit b DECANT tch pha nng
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Bng 4.7 Thng s vo ra ca thit b tch DECANT nh thp Dehydrator
Vap Top
To
Light
Heavy
Nhit , oC
68.4
25
25
25
p sut, kg/cm2
1.033
1.033
1.033
1.033
250.4
250.4
231.8
18.6
% mole ethanol, %
33.65
33.65
36.03
4.06
% mole nc, %
7.84
7.84
0.77
95.85
% mole benzen, %
58.51
58.51
63.20
0.09
4.2.1.2.4 Thit b thu hi benzen BZ Stripper

Dng nguyn liu vo thp BZ Stripper gm 2 dng, t y bnh tch
DECANT (Heavy) v dng t y thp Concentrator nhp li. Nguyn liu c
a vo nh thp p sut kh quyn, nhit 97oC.
Thp gm 10 a, ch c thit b un si li, b qua tr lc thp (tr lc trn
mi a, tr lc thit b un si li y thp).
Hnh 4.23 Thng s thp hi lu benzen
Chy hi t thp vi tiu chun sn phm y l 99.99% mole nc, hay

0.01% mole ethanol.
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Hnh 4.24 Hi t thp hi lu benzen
Kt qu m phng nh bng sau:

Bng 4.8 Thng s kt qu m phng thp hi lu benzen BZ Stripper
Nguyn liu
Sn phm
Sn phm
nh
(VapStrip)
(Water)
Heavy
Bottom
25
99.7
97.1
98.1
100
1.033
1.033
1.033
1.033
1.033
18.6
100.9
119.5
12.51
107
% mole ethanol, %
4.06
0.10
0.72
6.84
0.01
% mole nc, %
95.85
99.9
99.27
93.04
99.99
% mole benzen, %
0.09
0.01
0.12
Nhit , oC
p sut, kg/cm2
Lu lng mole,
kgmole/h
Tuy nhin, vi mt lng rt nh benzen cn ln trong sn phm v vic s

dng loi ethanol ny vi con ngi gy hu qu suy gim thn kinh trung ng.
Do ng xm nhp ca benzen trong iu kin sn xut ch yu l ng h hp
v benzen d bc hi v tn ng nhng ni thp, t thng gi, benzen c th
c hp th vo c th bng cch ngm qua da, qua ng tiu ha. Trong nhim
c gan, thn, phi mn tnh n tc dng ln ty xng do mt phn chuyn cc
hp cht phenol. Nh vy, sn phm chng ny kh c nu c s dng.
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4.2.2 Chng ct ng ph vi cyclohexan (CH)
Hinh 4.25 S m phng qu trnh tch nc bng chng ng ph vi cyclohexan
4.2.2.1 Thit k thit b tch nc Dehydrator

Dng vo thp tch nc Dehydrator gm:
Dng nguyn liu F1 98oC vo a 15 ca thp
Dng S1: gm dng cyclohexan mi (Makeup) v dng hi lu t nh thp
CH Stripper thu hi cyclohexan, vo a th 10 ca thp.
Dng hi lu nh Top t phn nh ca bnh tch lng lng.
S ny s dng bm tng p cho cc dng pha lng.
Thnh phn ca dng nguyn liu vo thp tch nc:
Bng 4.9 Thnh phn lu lng nguyn liu vo thp tch nc
Recycle
Makeup
S1
F1
Top
70
65
70
98
50
1.033
2.113
2.113
2.139
2.066
282.4
0.855
283.2
244.64
284.41
% mole ethanol, %
70.99
---
70.78
88.5
7.66
% mole nc, %
21.05
---
20.99
11.5
0.29
% mole CH, %
7.96
8.23
---
92.05
Nhit , oC
p sut, kg/cm
Lu lng mole,
kgmole/h
Thp tch nc Dehydrator ch c thit b un si li, gm 31 a, p sut

nh l 2.066 kg/cm2 (2 atm), p sut y l 2.221 kg/cm2 (2.15 atm).
Tr lc 5 mbar/a, b qua tr lc thit b un si li y thp.
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Hnh 4.26 Thng s vn hnh thp tch nc vi chng bng CH
Tiu chun sn phm y l 92% khi lng ethanol.
Hnh 4.27 Hi t thp Dehydrator vi chng bng CH
Thnh phn lu lng vo ra thp Dehydrator:

Bng 4.10 Thnh phn lu lng i vo v ra khi thp tch nc
Nguyn liu
Sn phm
Sn phm
nh
(Out)
(Ethanol)
S1
F1
Top
70
98
50
83.9
98.9
2.113
2.139
2.066
2.066
2.221
283.2
244.64
284.41
586.8
225.4
% mole ethanol, %
70.78
88.5
7.66
43.26
82.0
% mole nc, %
20.99
11.5
0.29
8.15
18.0
% mole CH, %
8.23
---
92.05
48.59
Nhit , oC
p sut, kg/cm
Lu lng mole,
kgmole/h
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Trong s m phng ny ethanol thu c ch t 92% v khi lng

(82% mole), nu tng thm ch tiu v cht lng sn phm y th phn mm
khng th hi t c, do trong qu trnh m phng cc h s tng tc gia cc
cu t (ethanol vi nc, nc vi CH) ch cc gi tr mt nh trong Hysys,
v vy kt qu m phng khng ng vi gi tr thc t thu c i vi cn bng
lng hi trong thp tch nc gm 3 cu t: ethanol, nc v CH.
4.2.2.2 Thit k bnh tch 3 pha lng lng
Cng ging nh m hnh chng ng ph bng benzen, dng hi i ra t nh thp
tch nc a qua thit b lm lnh ri qua bnh tch, tch s b 3 pha lng-lnghi, dng lng nh c hi lu li thp Dehydrator, dng lng nng cho qua thp
thu hi CH.
Hnh 4.28 M hnh bnh tch 3 pha
Kt qu m phng thit b tch 3 pha:

Bng 4.11 Thnh phn lu lng bnh tch 3 pha
Phn nh
Phn nng
(12)
(13)
50
50
50
2.066
0.64
0.64
0.64
586.8
586.8
274.7
313.2
43.26
43.26
26.06
12.75
% mole nc, %
8.15
8.15
2.95
58.47
% mole CH, %
48.59
48.59
70.99
28.78
Out
in
Nhit , oC
83.9
p sut, kg/cm2
Lu lng mole,
kgmole/h
% mole ethanol,
%
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
4.2.2.3 M phng thp hi lu Cyclohexan

Thp c thit b ngng t nh v thit b un si li y, gm 22 a.
Tr lc 50 mbar/a, b qua tn tht p sut nh v y, np liu vo a
th 11.
Hnh 4.29 Thng s vn hnh thp hi lu cyclohexan
Tiu chun sn phm nh 70.99% mole ethanol, t s hi lu nh 0.3.
Hnh 4.30 Hi t thp hi lu cyclohexan
Thnh phn lu lng thp hi lu cyclohexan nh sau:

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Bng 4.12 Kt qu m phng thp thu hi cyclohexan

Nguyn liu
Sn phm nh
Sn phm y
D1
(D2)
(B2)
50
70
87.2
1.55
1.033
2.118
310.49
282.4
28.09
% mole ethanol, %
64.56
70.99
0.07
% mole nc, %
28.19
21.05
99.93
% mole CH, %
7.25
7.96
Nhit , oC
p sut, kg/cm2
Lu lng mole,
kgmole/h
Cyclohexan (CH) l dung mi cng nghip c dng thay th cho benzen

v n t c, CH ch gy ng nh. S chuyn ha CH trong c th khng tc hi
n c quan to huyt nh benzen. Ngi ta cha ghi nhn c tc hi no trn
ngi khi tip xc vi cyclohexan. V vy hin nay vic s dng CH vn cn ph
bin.
4.3 M phng chng ct trch ly

M phng chng ct trch ly bng dung mi Ethyleneglycol (EG).
Hnh 4.31 S m phng cng ngh tch nc bng Ethyleneglycol
4.3.1 M phng thp tch nc Dehydrator

Nguyn liu vo thp gm:
Dng th nht nguyn liu (Feed) vo a th 14 ca thp, nhit 78.1oC.
Dng th hai gm: lng EG mi v EG hi lu t y thp Recovery EG.
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
73
Bng 4.13 Thnh phn nguyn liu vo thp tch nc
EG Recovery
Makeup
in
Feed
80
80
80
78.1
1.033
1.033
1.033
1.033
195.1
0.18
195.2
244.64
---
88.5
% mole nc, %
0.04
---
0.04
11.5
% mole EG, %
99.96
99.96
---
Nhit , oC
p sut, kg/cm2
Lu lng mole,
kgmole/h
% mole ethanol, %
Thp vn hnh p sut kh quyn, p sut nh 1.033 kg/cm2 vi thit b

ngng t nh v p sut y 1.033 kg/cm2 vi thit b un si y.
Thp gm 22 a, b qua tr lc ca thp (tr lc trn mi a, tn tht p
sut thit b ngng t nh v thit b un si li y).
Hnh 4.32 Thng s thp tch nc bng chng trch ly
Ch tiu sn phm 0.01% mole EG nh, 0.1% mole Ethanol y.
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
74
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Hnh 4.33 Hi t thp tch nc bng chng trch ly
Chy thp vi ch tiu cht lng nh trn, ri th li vi cc ch tiu khc

nh t s hi lu nh, thnh phn EG y so snh cc kt qu thu c, t
cho thy khi cho thp hi t nh hay y th gi tr khng thay i ng k.
Bng 4.14 Kt qu m phng thp tch nc bng chng trch ly vi EG
Nguyn liu
Sn phm nh
Sn phm y
in
Feed
(Ethanol)
(Bottom)
80
78.1
78.1
162.4
1.033
1.033
1.033
1.033
195.2
244.64
61.92
202.1
96.04
99.32
0.11
% vol nc, %
0.04
3.96
0.68
1.11
% vol EG, %
99.96
---
98.78
Nhit , oC
p sut, kg/cm2
Lu lng mole,
kgmole/h
% vol ethanol, %
4.3.2 M phng thp hi lu EG

Nguyn liu vo thp i ra t y ca thp tch nc, vo a th 6 nhit
162oC. Thp hi lu EG hot ng p sut kh quyn, gm 12 a vi thit b
ngng t nh v un si li y.
B qua tr lc thp (tr lc trn mi a, tn tht p sut nh, y).
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
75
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Hnh 4.34 Thng s vn hnh thp hi lu EG
Cho thp hi t vi ch tiu cht lng sn phm: 0.0001% mole EG nh,

0.001% mole nc y.
Hnh 4.35 Hi t thp hi lu EG
Kt qu m phng nh sau:
Bng 4.15 Kt qu m phng thp hi lu EG
Nguyn liu
Sn phm nh
Sn phm y
Bottom
(Water)
(EG)
162.4
93.5
197.4
1.033
1.033
1.033
202.1
7.0
195.1
% mole ethanol, %
0.11
0.01
% mole nc, %
1.11
99.97
0.01
% mole EG, %
98.78
0.02
99.99
Nhit , oC
p sut, kg/cm
Lu
lng
mole,
kgmole/h
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
76
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Lng y i ra t thp Recovery EG l ethyleneglycol tinh khit nhit

cao c lm lnh xung 80oC sau c trn chung vi dng EG mi tinh
khit nh l mt dng ca dung mi nguyn cht ri hi lu li thp tch nc lm
dung mi tch nc cho thp Dehydrator.
4.4 Hp ph bng ry phn t

4.4.1 M phng hp ph bng ry phn t
Hnh 4.36 S m phng cng ngh tch nc bng ry phn t
Dng nguyn liu 30oC c tin gia nhit bi thit b trao i nhit H-1605
tng nhit ln 82.4oC, ri a vo thp bc hi C-1601 nng nhit nguyn
liu ln 92.8oC v nng ethanol tng ln 94% v th tch, sau li tip tc gia
nhit ln na bng thit b H-1602 n nhit 122oC trc khi a vo thp hp
ph V-1601. Sn phm sau khi hp ph kh gn nh hon ton nc (99.8%
th tch ethanol) c tch ra 2 phn:
Mt phn 40% c s dng kh hp ph cho thit b gii hp, sau
ngng t dng gii hp c nng thp bng thit b trao i nhit H-1603
ri a vo thp bc hi C-1601 nng nng nguyn liu ln 94% v
th tch trc khi vo thp hp ph.
Phn cn li 60% c lm ngui bng chnh dng nguyn liu ban u v
nc lnh 30oC, sau ngng t thnh sn phm lng.
4.4.1.1 M phng thp bc hi C-1601
Xc nh s a l thuyt ca thp:
Chn m hnh nhit ng NRTL cho h 2 cu t ethanol v nc.
iu kin vn hnh thp C-1601: tnh = 91oC;
ty= 112oC
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
Pnh = 1.7 kg/cm2;
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
77
Py = 1.8 kg/cm2;
b qua tn tht p sut ca thp.
Tiu chun sn phm ca thp C-1601 nh l 92.75% khi lng ethanol.

T s hi lu kho st: 4.0 (tham kho cng ngh PRAJ).
S a thc t: 22 a S a l thuyt = tch ca hiu sut s dng a v
s a thc t.
Hiu sut s dng a c tra trn biu Q2-IFP (en%, .)
Kho st: tm s a l thuyt cho thp C-1601
Kho st mt thp 19 a vi nguyn liu vo gm hai cu t ethanol v nc:

Nguyn liu vo thp gm 2 dng: Top, v To Tray 11 (s liu xem Bng
4.17). Ch tiu cht lng sn phm nh: 92.75% khi lng ethanol.
Cho thp hot ng n nh vi ch tiu cht lng trn.
Vo tab Parameters ca thp, ta ly c s liu thnh phn lng hi ca 2
cu t v nht trn tng a nh sau:
Bng 4.16 Thnh phn lng hi v nht trn mi a ca thp C-1601
Thnh phn pha lng
Thnh phn pha hi
Ethanol
Nc
Ethanol
Nc
nht
(cP)
0.824875
0.175125
0.36929
0.161093
0.36929
0.800872
0.199128
0.36979
0.179145
0.36979
0.780969
0.219031
0.37005
0.193479
0.37005
0.763882
0.236118
0.37016
0.205345
0.37016
0.748763
0.251237
0.37016
0.215518
0.37016
0.735019
0.264981
0.37009
0.224509
0.37009
0.722209
0.277791
0.36996
0.232675
0.36996
0.709986
0.290014
0.36979
0.240278
0.36979
0.698059
0.301941
0.36959
0.247525
0.36959
10
0.686155
0.313845
0.36936
0.254591
0.36936
11
0.685141
0.314859
0.36911
0.255176
0.36911
12
0.683211
0.316789
0.36873
0.256289
0.36873
13
0.679559
0.320441
0.36837
0.258392
0.36837
S a
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
78
14
6.73E-01
0.327367
0.36805
0.262354
0.36805
15
0.659292
0.340708
0.36777
0.269856
0.36777
16
0.632647
0.367353
0.36749
0.284295
0.36749
17
0.57506
0.42494
0.3668
0.313127
0.3668
18
0.42694
0.57306
0.36142
0.375453
0.36142
19
0.124674
0.875326
0.30873
0.535973
0.30873
Reboiler
1.55E-02
0.98448
0.23536
0.865219
0.23536
Ta tnh hng s cn bng
K ethanoli
ca tng cu t trn mi a:
yethanoli
xethanoli , i l s a = (120) vi 20 l Reboiler.
bc hi tng i trn mi a i =
K ethanol
K nuoc
[8, trang 78]
bc hi tng i ca h = 20 1. 2 ... 20 = 1.5959

C nht trn tng a: bit nht ca dng Top vo nh thp l 0.4123
cP, dng To Tray 11 vo a th 11 ca thp l 0.4217 cP nht trung
bnh ca ton thp l = 20 1 . 2 ... 20 = 0.3573
Ta c c tch s gia . = 1.5959 x 0.3573 = 0.5688
Tra hiu sut s dng a trn gin Q2 da theo . l 57.5%
T ta c c s a l thuyt ca thp l 13 a.
M phng thp C-1601:

Nhp dng nguyn liu vo thp:
Dng nguyn liu ban u sau khi gia nhit ln 82.4oC a vo nh thp.
Dng th hai c hi lu t thit b gii hp a vo a th 11 ca thp.
Thp bc hi ch c thit b un si li H-1601 c gia nhit bng dng
hi nc nng 138oC, 3.6 kg/cm2. Thp gm 13 a, p sut nh 1.7 kg/cm2, p
sut y 1.8 kg/cm2, b qua tn tht p sut ti y. Ch tiu cht lng sn phm
1.55% mole ethanol y thp.
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
79
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Hnh 4.37 Thng s thp bc hi C-1601
Hnh 4.38 Hnh nh m phng thp bc hi C-1601
Kt qu m phng thp C-1601 nh sau:

Bng 4.17 Kt qu m phng thp bc hi C-1601
Nguyn liu
Sn phm nh
Sn phm y
Top
To Tray 11
(3)
(11)
Trng thi pha
Lng
Lng
Hi
Lng
Nhit , oC
82.4
82.4
91.3
112.4
p sut, kg/cm2
4.2
4.5
1.7
1.8
Lu lng, tn/ngy
248.45
184.78
417.8
15.39
% th tch ethanol, %
95
86.74
94.13
1.81
% th tch nc, %
13.26
5.87
98.19
755.2
788.9
2.277
931.8
Khi
kg/m3
lng
ring,
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
80
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
4.4.1.2 M phng thit b hp ph V-1601 v cc thit b tch, phi trn

M phng thit b hp ph V-1601:
Thnh phn nguyn liu: sn phm nh 91oC, 1.7 kg/cm2 ca C-1601 sau
khi qua thit b trao i nhit H-1602 nng nhit ln 122oC, p sut 1.65
kg/cm2 ri a vo thit b hp ph bng ry phn t V-1601.
Hnh 4.39 S m phng khu vc kh nc bng ry phn t
Do trong phn mm Hysys khng c thit b hp ph nn y ta thay th

thit b hp ph bng mt Component Splitter m phng.
Gi s trong qu trnh hp ph ch c nc b Zeolite gi li, v nng
ethanol u ra t 99.8% v th tch y thp (dng 5-1), cn nc b gi li
trong thp qu trnh m phng c ra nh 122oC, 0.145 kg/cm2.
Hnh 4.40 Thng s vn hnh thp hp ph V-1601

SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
81
Kt qu m phng thp hp ph V-1601:

Bng 4.18 Thnh phn vo ra ca thit b hp ph V-1601
Top V-1601
5-1
Trng thi pha
Hi
Hi
Hi
Hi
Nhit , oC
91.3
122
122
122
p sut, kg/cm2
1.7
1.65
0.145
1.5
Lu lng, tn/ngy
417.8
417.8
29.33
388.5
% th tch ethanol, %
94.13
94.13
99.8
% th tch nc, %
5.87
5.87
100
0.2
2.277
2.039
---
2.055
Khi
lng
ring,
kg/m3
M phng thit b gii hp:

Trong phn mm Hysys khng c thit b hp ph hay kh hp ph nn
y thit b gii hp l cc thit b tch dng v phi trn Mixer, TEE.
Dng sn phm ra t nh thit b V-1601 c xem l lng nc b hp
ph, cn dng 5-1 l sn phm ethanol tinh khit 99.8 % th tch c tch thnh 2
phn: 40% dng lm kh hp ph, 60% c lm ngui ngng t thnh sn
phm. Vi 40% , trn chung vi dng nc trong thp hp ph nng
ethanol gim xung cn 86.73% v th tch, ri c lm ngui v a vo thp
bc hi C-1601 tng nng ethanol ln 94.13% th tch trc khi a li vo
thp hp ph V-1601.
Hnh 4.41 S m phng thit b hp ph v gii hp V-1601
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
82
M phng c kt qu nh sau:
Bng 4.19 Kt qu m phng thit b hp ph v gii hp V-1601
Top V-1601
5-1
5-2
5-3
Trng thi pha
Hi
Hi
Hi
Hi
Hi
Nhit , oC
122
122
122
122
122
p sut, kg/cm2
0.145
1.5
1.5
0.145
1.5
Lu lng, tn/ngy
29.33
388.5
155.4
184.7
233.1
% th tch ethanol, %
99.8
99.8
86.73
99.8
100
0.2
0.2
13.27
0.2
---
2.055
2.055
0.1595
2.055
% th tch nc, %
Khi
kg/m3
lng
ring,
4.4.1.3 M phng cm cc thit b trao i nhit
Hnh 4.42 S m phng cm cc thit b trao i nhit
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
83
Thit b H-1606:
Bng 4.20 Thng s vo ra ca thit b trao i nhit H-1606
Dng vo
Dng ra
Anhydrous
To H-1606
CWR
To H-1603
Trng thi pha
Lng
Lng
Lng
Lng
Nhit , oC
74.2
30
33.5
34.9
p sut, kg/cm2
4.8
2.8
4.4
Lu lng, tn/ngy
233.1
2162
2162
233.1
% th tch ethanol, %
99.8
99.8
% th tch nc, %
0.2
100
100
0.2
741.5
---
---
780.1
Khi
lng
ring,
kg/m3
Alcohol
Thit b H-1603:
Dng vo
Dng ra
5-3
To H-1603
To H-1604
To H-1608
Trng thi pha
Hi
Lng
Lng
Lng
Nhit , oC
122
33.5
60
58.1
p sut, kg/cm2
0.145
2.8
4.8
1.49
Lu lng, tn/ngy
184.7
2162
184.7
2162
% th tch ethanol, %
86.73
86.73
% th tch nc, %
13.27
100
13.27
100
0.1595
---
811.6
---
Khi lng ring,

kg/m3
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
84
Thit b H-1608:
Dng vo
Dng ra
To COOLING
5-5
To H-1608
To RECY
Lng-hi
Lng
Lng
Lng
Nhit , oC
87.4
58.1
74
75.2
p sut, kg/cm2
1.47
1.49
1.45
2.8
Lu lng, tn/ngy
233.1
2162
233.1
2162
% th tch ethanol, %
99.8
99.8
% th tch nc, %
0.2
100
0.2
100
2.918
---
741.0
---
Trng thi pha
Khi
lng
ring,
kg/m3
TOWER
Thit b H-1604:
Dng vo
Dng ra
To H-1604
5-4
To C-1601
Trng thi pha
Hi
Lng
Lng-hi
Lng
Nhit , oC
122
60
87.5
82.4
p sut, kg/cm2
1.5
4.8
1.48
4.5
Lu lng, tn/ngy
233.1
184.7
233.1
184.7
% th tch ethanol, %
99.8
86.73
99.8
86.74
% th tch nc, %
0.2
13.27
0.2
13.26
2.055
811.6
2.237
788.9
Khi lng ring,

kg/m3
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
85
Thit b H-1605:
Dng vo
Dng ra
5-4
To
5-5
Lng
Lng-hi
Lng
Lng-hi
Nhit , oC
30
87.5
82.4
87.4
p sut, kg/cm2
4.5
1.48
4.2
1.47
Lu lng, tn/ngy
248.45
233.1
248.45
233.1
% th tch ethanol, %
95
99.8
95
99.8
% th tch nc, %
0.2
0.2
806.9
2.237
755.2
2.918
Trng thi pha
Khi
lng
kg/m3
ring,
4.4.2 Tnh ton thp hp ph

4.4.2.1 Mc tiu vic tnh ton thp hp ph
Vic tnh ton thit k thp hp ph c xem l phn quan trng nht ca
thit k qu trnh tch nc. Kch thc ca m hp ph c tnh ton bng cch
s dng cc cng thc v ch dn a ra trong ti liu ca Henley v Zeochem
mt trong nhng nh sn xut ry phn t uy tn trong thit k thp hp ph (cung
cp cho hn 80% th trng th gii trong lnh vc lm khan cn sn xut
Bioethanol).
Tnh thit b hp ph l xc nh lng cht hp ph, thi gian hp ph,
kch thc thit b, nng lng tiu hao. tnh c cc i lng trn cn phi
bit lng cht b hp ph trong hn hp kh, c trng ca chng, nng u
ca cht b hp ph v cht hp ph cn chn. Khi nguyn liu c chun b,
n c a qua thp hp ph tch nc. Mt trong hai thp s ng vai tr l
thp hp ph v thp cn li l thp ti sinh, qu trnh s dng phng php PSA
(Pressure Swing Adsorption) tch nc. Vi PSA, mi thp hot ng lun
phin trong hai na chu k (theo Henley 2006).
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
86
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
4.4.2.2 Tnh ton ng cong Breakthrough

4.4.2.2.1 Tnh chiu cao ca vng cn bng
Vic u tin ca tnh chiu cao ca vng cn bng l phi tnh c ng
knh ca m zeolite (ng knh trong ca thp). Khi ng knh m c
tnh ton, lng zeolite cn thit cho vic hp ph nc c th c xc nh.
Vn tc hi vo thp: V
Trong :
61 .5
[1, trang 76]
V l vn tc hi vo thp (ft/pht)
l khi lng ring ca nguyn liu vo thp (lbs/ft3)
Vi = 2.039 kg/m3 = 0.1273 lbs/ft3 (tra trong bng 4.18)
61.5
min
m
.
0.8758 m/s
lbs 60s 3.28 ft
0.1273 3
ft
ng knh thp D
Din tch thp A
QF
V
4. A
, vi A l din tch thp (m2)
[1, trang 76]
Vi QF l lu lng th tch vo (m3/s), QF = 2.3715 m3/s

A
2.3715
2
2.708 m
0.8758
ng knh thp D
4 x 2.708
1.856 m
V khng c sn d liu thc nghim, nn mt m hnh thit k quy m ln

ca mt thp hp ph khng th d dng hon thnh. Do , s quy c tnh chiu
cao ca m c thc hin cho mt thp hp ph tng xc tc c nh l tng
v sau p dng cho m hnh thp hp ph tng xc tc c nh trong thc t.
Chiu cao m ban u c xc nh bng vic tnh chiu di ca vng cn bng
(LES length of equilibrium zone), n c hon thnh da vo vic xc nh cn
bng vt cht ca nc trn ton h thng. Lng nc hp ph trong mi chu k
c tm bng cch nhn lu lng hp ph vi thi gian hp ph. Thi gian
mt chu k in hnh cho PSA khong 5-30 pht, do , vi mc ch thit k ny
thi gian hp ph c thc hin bng hai phn ba gi tr ti a, tc 20 pht.
Bng 4.25 Mt s tnh cht ca zeolite 3A [1, trang 40]
SVTH: L Gia Trung
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87
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Ta tnh cc i lng sau:

Lng nc b hp ph trong mt chu k (kg): Fmol x Mnc x
( l thi gian lu ca dng nguyn liu trong thp hp ph)
hp ph ca zeolite q =
Chn hp ph q = 10%
Chiu cao ca vng cn bng hay chiu cao l thuyt ca lp zeolite (m)
LES =
Hay LES =
Trong :
time. Adsorption Rate

, (m)
q. . A
time t: thi gian hp ph 1 chu k (pht), chn l 20 pht.

: khi lng ring ca zeolite 3A, kg/m3 (tra Bng 4.25).
A: din tch thp, m2.
Lng nc b hp ph c m phng phn mm Hysys (67.84 kgmole/h).

20 min .
LES
kgmoleH 2 O
kgH2 O
h
x67 .84
x18
60 min
h
kgmoleH 2 O
= 2.005 m 2 m
0.1x750 x 2.708
Kt qu tnh ton chiu cao ca lp hp ph l thuyt LES y l 2.0 m

thi gian tng ng l 20 pht. Tuy nhin chiu cao ny ch l d on ban u
trong vic xc nh m hnh ca mt ng cong breakthrough, s c s dng
xc nh chiu cao thc ca lp m.
4.4.2.2.2 Tnh thi gian hp ph theo ng cong breakthrough
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
88
ng cong breakthough l mt ng cong th hin mi quan h gia t

s nng nc trong sn phm so vi trong nguyn liu c/cf theo thi gian. Mc
ch ca vic tnh ton v kho st ny l xc nh hm lng nc trong sn
phm ra ca thit b tch nc theo thi gian. phn mm m phng Hysys
khng cho php m phng thp hp ph vi hot ng ca lp zeolite, do ta ch
s dng mt thit b Splitter tch nc sao cho p ng yu cu nng ra ca
sn phm. Vic tnh ton thit b hp ph nc trong Ethanol vi cht hp ph l
Z3-03 s c thc hin chi tit di y. S dng ng cong breakthrough s
gip chng ta tm c thi gian qu trnh hp ph tng ng vi nng
c
0.002
= 0.03407 (t s tng ng ti a nng nc trong nguyn liu

cf
0.0587
trc khi vo thp hp ph i vi nng nc trong sn phm l 0.2% th tch).

Thi gian m nc bt u xut hin trong sn phm c gi l thi gian
breakthrough. Khi thp hot ng qua thi gian breakthrough, nng ca nc
trong sn phm s tng ln cho n khi tng ng vi nng ca nc trong
nguyn liu. Ti thi im ny cc ry phn t c coi l hon ton bo ha v s
khng c kh nng hp ph nc v bt u chuyn qua qu trnh gii hp.
T qu trnh m phng Hysys, ta thu c mt s kt qu sau:
Bng 4.26 Mt vi thng s ca nguyn liu trc khi vo thp hp ph
Nguyn liu vo thp hp ph

Thng s
K hiu
n v
Gi tr
Lu lng th tch vo
QF
m3/h
8537.6802
Nhit
p sut
122
kg/cm2
1.65
Khi lng ring
kg/m3
2.039
nht
cP
0.0086
Phn mol H2O
0.166636
Phn mol Ethanol
0.833364
KLPT H2O
MH2O
g/mol
18
KLPT Ethanol
MEt
g/mol
46
KLPT trung bnh
Mi
g/mol
41.33
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
89
phc v cho vic tnh ton ng cong breakthrough ta cn tnh mt vi

gi tr sau ( n gin cch vit ta gi A l cu t ethanol, B l cu t nc):
Tnh khi lng hn hp MAB =
2
1
1
MA MB
2
1
1
46 18
25 .875 g/mol
Xc nh th tch khuch tn ca ethanol (C2H6O):
= (2).(15.9) + (6).(2.21) + (1).(6.11) = 51.17

Vi C = 15.9, H = 2.21, O = 6.11
[1, trang 77]
T ta tnh c h s khuch tn ca nc H2O B = 13.1

Xc nh h s khuch tn ca ethanol trong nc:
, cm2/s
DAB =
Trong :
[1, trang 77]
T l nhit K ( 122oC), T = 395K

P l p sut tnh bng atm, P = 1.65 kg/cm2 = 1.6 atm
Tnh c DAB = 0.1672 cm2/s

Vn tc trung bnh ca phn t:
[1, trang 78]
n v vi l cm2/s
Trong :
R l hng s kh = 8.314 g/mol.K

Mi l khi lng phn t trung bnh ca hn hp, g/mol
T l nhit hp ph, K
Tnh c vi = 449.80 cm/s

Tnh h s khuch tn Knudsen : Dki =
d p vi
3
, cm2/s
Trong dp l ng knh ca l xp ca zeolite Z3-03

Tnh c Dki = 4.5.10-10 cm2/s
Tnh b mt khuch tn:
DS = 1.6
Trong :
Hads l nhit hp ph ca nc (kcal/kg nc) = 990 kcal/kg nc
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
90
R l hng s kh = 1.987 cal/mol.K

T l nhit Kelvin, v m = 2
Ta tnh c DS = 9.67.10-5 cm2/s
Tnh h s Reynold: NRe =
Trong :
D p .G
Dp l ng knh ht xc tc, Dp = 3 mm
G l lu lng tnh trn mt n v din tch, kg/m2.s
l nht dng vo, kg/m.s
Tnh G = 1.78 kg/m2.s, = 8.56.10-6 kg/m.s

T tnh c h s Reynold NRe = 625.89
Tnh chun s Schmidt: NSci =
.D AB
Tnh c NSci = 0.251

Tnh h s Cherwood: NShi = 2 + 0.6.NRe0.5.NSci1/3
Tnh c NShi = 1.15
Tnh h s chuyn khi: kc =
N Shi .D AB
Dp
, cm/s
Tnh c kc = 0.639 cm/s

Kho st ng cong Breakthrough:
S dng phng trnh Klinkenberg:
Trong l h s khng th nguyn i din cho khong cch v l h s

khng th nguyn i din cho thi gian.
Vi hm s erf l hm tch phn:
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
91
Bng tnh ton phc v cho vic kho st ng cong breakthrough:

Bng 4.27 Thng s phc v tnh ton ng cong breakthrough
Thng s
Th tch nguyn t C
K hiu
vc
n v
cm /nguyn t
Gi tr
15.9
Th tch nguyn t H
vH
cm3/nguyn t
2.21
Th tch nguyn t O
vO
cm3/nguyn t
6.11
hp ph
10
zeolite
kg/m
750
Hng s kh
g/mol.K
8.314
ng knh l xp ca Z3-03
dp
cm
3.00E-12
Nhit hp ph ca nc
Hads
kcal/kg nc
990
ng knh ht xc tc
Dp
0.003
Hng s cn bng hp ph
H s truyn khi tng
s-1
0.339
Thi gian hp ph 1 chu k
pht
20
rng
KLR ca zeolite 3A
245
0.3
Tnh cc gi tr:

0.339 x 245 x 2 1 0.3

.
338 .6653
1.15
0.3
0.339 .1200
2
406 .0915
1.15
c
1
1
1
1 erf
cf
2
8. 8.
= 0.9937
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
92
Ta c bng kt qu tnh ton cc thng s tnh ng cong breakthrough sau:

Bng 4.28 Kt qu tnh ton phc v kho st ng cong Breakthrough
Thng s
K hiu
Kt qu
n v
MAB
25.875
g/mol
Th tch khuch tn ca ethanol
vA
51.17
Th tch khuch tn ca nc
vB
13.1
H s khuch tn ethanol vo nc
DAB
0.1672145
cm2/s
Khi lng TB hn hp ethanol nc
Mi
41.33412
g/mol
Vn tc phn t trung bnh
vi
449.8061
cm/s
H s khuch tn Knudsen
Dki
4.50E-10
cm2/s
B mt khuch tn
Ds
9.67202E-05
cm2/s
Chun s Reynold
NRe
625.89
Chun s Schmidt
NSci
0.251
Chun s Sherwood
NShi
1.15
H s truyn khi
kc
0.639291
= f(k, K, z, u, p)
338.6653
= f(k, t, z, u)
406.208
c/cf
0.9937145
Khi lng hn hp ethanol nc
c/cf = f(, )
cm/s
Nh vy, LES = 2 ch l mt d on nh ni trn trong vic m hnh

ha ca ng cong breakthrough. Sau khi xc nh c/cf ti chiu cao ny, d dng
thy nng nc trong sn phm ra c = 0.9937.cf = 0.05833 l khng tha mn
nng m ta cn. Lc , ta kho st cc gi tr quanh 2m, ta s xt z = 2.2; 3.5;
3.2 m kho st n gi tr nng c/cf = 0.03407 (d on gi tr ny bng cch
c lng nng nc ti a trong ethanol 99.8% th tch l 0.2% th tch v
nng nc trong nguyn liu ban u trc khi a vo thp hp ph l
5.8703% th tch). Theo hm kho st, ta ch c th kho st c cc gi tr c/cf t
0.5 tr ln (tnh bng cc cng thc trn). Nh vy vic kho st ng cong
breakthrough t gi tr 0.5 tr xung s khng tnh c bng cng thc (do trong
cng thc tnh c/cf c hm tch phn erf, nu gi tr c/cf < 0.5 th ngha l hm erf
mang gi tr m v n s khng tnh c). Vy ta s da trn cc gi tr ln hn
0.5 kho st on cn li ca breakthrough bng cch tnh i xng.
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
93
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
V d: i vi LES = 2, ta tnh c cc gi tr t 0.5 tr xung nh sau:

16.31
16.61
16.655
16.700
17.000
17.200
17.600
18.000
18.400
18.800
19.200
19.600
20.000
21.292
22.000
22.500
23.000
23.500
24.000
24.500
25.000
25.500
26.000
0.394296118
0.486053188
0.50007635
0.514099512
0.605856582
0.663797972
0.766940998
0.848801669
0.908316618
0.948065046
0.972517672
0.986409171
0.993714528
0.999666707
0.99994956
0.999988139
0.999997455
0.999999501
0.99999991
0.999999985
0.999999998
1
1
Gi gi tr (16.655; 0.5) lm gi tr chun.

Ly gi tr i xng ca (16.7; 0.514099) qua
gi tr chun bng cch tnh chnh lch gia
16.655 v 16.7 (gi l x).
Ly gi tr chun tr i cho x ta s c gi tr
mi vi c/cf nh hn 0.5. C tip tc nh th

ta s c cc gi tr kho st ht ng
breakthrough.
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
94
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Ta c bng kho st c/cf v t theo cc chiu cao lp hp ph khc nhau nh sau:

Bng 4.29 Thi gian v c/cf theo cc chiu cao lp hp ph khc nhau
z = 2.0
t
9.31
9.81
10.31
10.81
11.31
12.018
13.31
13.71
14.11
14.51
14.91
15.31
15.71
16.11
16.31
16.61
16.655
16.700
17.000
17.200
17.600
18.000
18.400
18.800
19.200
19.600
20.000
21.292
22.000
22.500
23.000
23.500
24.000
c/cf
0.000153
0.000153
0.000155
0.000165
0.000203
0.000486
0.006438
0.013744
0.027635
0.052088
0.091836
0.151351
0.233212
0.336355
0.394296
0.486053
0.500076
0.5141
0.605857
0.663798
0.766941
0.848802
0.908317
0.948065
0.972518
0.986409
0.993715
0.999667
0.99995
0.999988
0.999997
1
1
z = 2.2
t
c/cf
12.07
0.001294
12.57
0.001321
13.07
0.001417
13.57
0.001739
14.07
0.00271
14.57
0.005364
15.07
0.011913
15.57
0.026439
15.77
0.035836
15.97
0.048007
16.17
0.063484
16.37
0.082802
16.57
0.106459
16.77
0.134879
16.97
0.16836
17.17
0.207028
17.37
0.250797
17.57
0.299337
17.77
0.352062
17.97
0.408136
18.17
0.466507
18.285 0.500643
18.400 0.534779
18.600
0.59315
18.800 0.649224
19.000 0.701948
19.200 0.750489
19.400 0.794258
19.600 0.832926
19.800 0.866407
20.000 0.894827
20.200 0.918484
20.400 0.937801
20.600 0.953279
20.800
0.96545
21.000 0.974847
21.500 0.989372
22.000 0.995921
22.500 0.998576
23.000 0.999547
23.500 0.999868
24.000 0.999965
24.500 0.999991
z = 3.5
t
c/cf
20.21
0.001953
21.21
0.001958
23.21
0.002389
24.21
0.004626
24.71
0.007978
25.71
0.027233
26.21
0.048994
26.71
0.084053
27.21
0.136388
28.21
0.300758
28.71
0.408938
28.76
0.42038
28.81
0.431902
28.86
0.443493
29.01
0.47859
29.06
0.490363
29.07
0.49272
29.08
0.495078
29.09
0.497437
29.1
0.499796
29.105 0.500976
29.110 0.502156
29.120 0.504515
29.130 0.506874
29.140 0.509232
29.150
0.51159
29.200 0.523363
29.350 0.558459
29.400 0.570051
29.450 0.581572
29.500 0.593015
30.000 0.701194
31.000 0.865565
31.500
0.9179
32.000 0.952958
32.500
0.97472
33.500 0.993975
34.000 0.997326
35.000 0.999564
37.000 0.999994
38.000
1
39.000
1
z = 3.2
t
c/cf
16.71
0.000298
17.71
0.000298
18.71
0.0003
22.71
0.010262
23.71
0.04078
24.21
0.07381
24.71
0.124843
25.21
0.1973
26.21
0.403973
26.31
0.427941
26.41
0.452225
26.51
0.476736
26.601 0.499162
26.602 0.499409
26.603 0.499655
26.605 0.500149
26.607 0.500643
26.608 0.500889
26.609 0.501136
26.700 0.523562
26.800 0.548073
26.900 0.572357
27.000 0.596325
28.000 0.802997
28.500 0.875455
29.000 0.926488
29.500 0.959518
30.500 0.990036
34.500 0.999998
35.500
1
36.500
1
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
95
ng cong breakthrough kho st 4 chiu cao lp hp ph khc nhau:

ng cong Breakthrough
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
z=2
c/cf
0.6
z = 2.2
0.5
z = 3.5
z = 3.2
0.4
Gi tr nhn c
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Time (pht)
Hnh 4.43 ng cong breakthrough cc chiu cao lp hp ph khc nhau
Trn th ta thy rng ng cong breakthrough ca z = 3.2 m i qua

tung 0.03407 m ta ang tm. Kho st xung quanh gi tr tnh hm lng
nc st vi yu cu nht (ln nht l 0.2% th tch), t s xc nh c thi
gian ca qu trnh hp ph. Ti im breakthrough tnh c bt u xut hin
nc trong sn phm ra v nng nc trong ry phn t s tng dn ln v bng
nng nc trong nguyn liu, tc ry phn t bo ha khng cn kh nng
hp ph, im bo kt thc qu trnh hp ph chuyn sang qu trnh gii hp.
Vy chiu cao vng cn bng hay chiu cao l thuyt ca lp zeolite bng
3.2 m l gi tr cho kt qu thch hp nht, tng ng vi ta (23.57; 0.03407).
Ta ly im ny lm kt qu sau cng v khi tnh li nng nc ra trong sn
phm c = 0.03407cf = 0.03407 x 0.058703 = 0.002 phn th tch. im
breakthrough thch hp c ta (23.57; 0.03407) trong thi gian ca qu trnh
hp ph l 23.57 pht. Khong thi gian ny kh chnh xc theo bng tham kho
thi gian ca phng php PSA sau:
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
P Blowdown
96
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
B Pressurize
Hnh 4.44 Bng tham kho thi gian qu trnh hp ph bng phng php PSA
4.4.2.3 Tnh ton c kh thp hp ph

4.4.2.3.1 Tnh lng zeolite cn thit
Theo th breakthrough ta thy thi gian hp ph ca zeolite khong 23.57 pht.
n gin th xem nh trong qu trnh hp ph ch c nc b hp ph cn
ethanol khng b hp ph (trn thc t th ethanol cng b hp ph nhng vi hm
lng rt nh, nn trng hp tnh ton ny c th b qua).
Theo m phng trong Hysys th lng nc b hp ph l 1222 kg/h, vy lng
nc b hp ph trong 23.57 pht l: Mnc = 1222.
23.57
= 480.04 [kg nc]
60
Lng zeolite cn dng hp ph lng nc trn l:

Mzeolite =
0.02
.M nuoc
102.5.10 6.18
[3, trang 242]
M zeolite 5203.7 kg
lng zeolite cn dng trong 2 thp l: 5203.7 x 2 = 10407.4 kg
Th tch lp zeolite trong thp l:

Vzeolite =
M zeolite
zeolite
5203 .7
= 6.939 m3
750
Trong zeolite tra bng 4.25

4.4.2.3.2 Tnh lng nhit ta ra trong qu trnh hp ph
Tnh lng nhit ta ra trong qu trnh hp ph 122oC:
Gi Q1 l nhit ta ra khi zeolite hp ph nc, ta c nhit hp ph ca nc trn
zeolite 3A l 990 kcal/kg nc (tra bng 4.27)
3
Q1 = Mzeolite.Hads = 5203.7 x 990 = 5151663 kcal = 5151 Mcal = 21551.10 kJ
Tnh nhit trung bnh ca ton b thit b trong qu trnh hp ph:

Theo tnh ton trn ta c nhit hp ph l 122oC, nhit lng ta ra ca
qu trnh hp ph l Q1. Nhit lng ny c th lm cho nhit ton thit b tng
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
97
ln hay khng, do ta tnh xem nhit ny c ng k hay khng c th tn

dng c nhit ca qu trnh ny.
Gi nhit ca ton thit b tng ln t2oC, gi thit cc iu kin sau: coi
lng nc b hp ph l khng ng k so vi lng ru i vo v ra khi thit
b, nhit lm vic ti 122oC.
Lng ethanol i vo thp hp ph trong 23.57 pht l:
Methanol vo = 16146.
23.57
= 6342.7 kg
60
Nhit lng cn thit a khi ru ny t 122oC ln t2oC l:

T2
Q2 ru = Methanol vo. C P
ethanol
.dT , [kJ]
395
Trong nhit dung ring ca ethanol: CP ethanol = 100.922 0.112.T , [J/gmol.K]

Nhit lng cn thit nng khi zeolite t 122oC ln t2oC l:
Q2 zeolite = CP zeolite.(T2 395)
Trong CP zeolite = 1.07 kJ/kg.oC, l nhit dung ring ca zeolite (bng 4.25)
Gi s lng nhit tn tht ca qu trnh ny l 10% Q2 tt = 0.9Q1
Cn bng nhit lng : Q2 tt = Q2 ru + Q2 zeolite
Nh vy, ta c phng trnh bc 2, gii phng trnh ny c t2 = 123.5oC
Vy vi qu trnh ny ta khng th tn dng nhit c v nhit ny ch duy
tr nhit hp ph. Do , ta thy trong s cng ngh chnh ca nh my
(tham kho s cng ngh PRAJ) khng c thit b tn dng nhit ta ra ca qu
trnh hp ph ti V-1601.
4.4.2.3.3 Tnh chiu cao thp hp ph
Trong qu trnh hp ph c s phn chia thnh cc khu vc hp ph theo
chiu cao ca thp:
Vng cn bng, ti cht hp ph bo ha hi nc v qu trnh hp
ph khng cn din ra na.
Vng hp ph, ti din ra qu trnh hp ph, cht b hp ph i vo trong
mao qun ca cht hp ph.
Vng hot ha cht hp ph : cha din ra qu trnh hp ph.
Chiu di vng hp ph :
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
q 0.7895
0.5506
0.2646
.(R.S )
V
hz = A.
Trong :
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
98
, cm
[4, trang 390]
A l hng s, A = 141
hz : chiu di vng hp ph, m
q:lng nc trong pha hi qua 1 m2 tit din thp trong 1h, kg/m2.h
R.S : % m bo ha trong pha hi , R.S = 100%
Lng nc tnh theo cng thc sau :

q=
Trong :
E.W .P.V
T .z
, kg/m2.h
[4, trang 391]
E l hng s, E = 0.0000173
P: p sut hp ph, kPa, P = 1.65 kg/cm2 = 161.8 kPa
z: t s nn, z = 1
W: lng nc i trong thp trong 1m3 hn hp hi, kg/106.m3
V: vn tc hi vo thp, m/pht
T: nhit hp ph, Kelvin, T = 122 + 273 = 395K
Theo tnh ton mc 4.4.2.2.1 th V = 0.8758 m/s = 52.5 m/pht

Lng m i trong thp: W = (nng phn khi lng nc).106.hn hp
6
6
3
W = 0.0725 x 10 x 2.039 = 147827.5 kg/10 m
0.0000173x147827.5 x161.8 x52.5

55 kg/h.m2
395x1
T suy ra chiu cao vng hp ph hz 111.4 cm 1.11 m

Tra th 19.7 [4, trang 389], ta c xs = 16
Vi ng knh thp D = 1.85 m, ta c chiu cao ca lp hp ph trong thp l:
hzeolite =
4.M zeolite
4 x5203 .7
= 2.58 2.6 m
2
zeolite . .D
750 . .(1.85 ) 2
Theo cng thc 19.1 [4, trang 388] ta c:

x
x s .hzeolite 0.45 hz 16 .2.58 (0.45 ).(1.11)
= 12.9 kg nc/100 kg zeolite

hzeolite
2.58
T cng thc 19.5 [4, trang 391], ta tnh chiu cao vng m :
hb 127 .3.
M nuoc
480 .04
127 .3.
1.85 m
2
zeolite .D .x
750 .(1.85 ) 2 .(12 .9)
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
99
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Trong : Mnc = 480.04 kg nc, l lng nc b hp ph trong 23.57 pht

T s liu tnh c ta la chn thp nh sau :
Chiu cao thp Hthp = 4 m
Chiu cao lp hp ph hzeolite = 2.6 m
Khong cch gia lp m n bch trn hai mt trn, di l 0.4 m [12].
Chiu cao phn np trn v y l 1 m [12].
4.4.2.3.4 Tnh tn tht p sut qua lp ht xc tc
y ta tnh tr lc qua lp m xc tc bng phng trnh Ergun, mt k
s ha hc ngi Th Nh K Sabri Ergun vo nm 1952. Phng trnh ny nu
ln mi quan h gia chun s Reynold (Grp) c trng cho ch thy lc v h
s ma st (fp) :
fp
150
1.7555
Gr p
[21]
Trong fp v Grp c nh ngha nh sau :
Vi : p l tr lc ca m xc tc, kg/m.s2
L l chiu cao l thuyt ca lp m, m
Dp l ng knh tng ng hnh cu ca ht xc tc, m
l khi lng ring ca hn hp dng vo thp, kg/m3
l nht ng lc ca cht lng, kg/m.s
Vs l tc dng chy qua m, m/s
l xp ( rng) ca ht xc tc
Vi cc gi tr trn c tnh v tra trong bng 4.27
Suy ra :
fp
Grp =
0.003 .( 0.8758 ).( 2.039 )

= 894.133
(1 0.3). 8.56 .10 6
150
1.7555 = 1.9233
894.133
Vi chiu cao l thuyt ca lp m c tnh mc 4.4.2.2.2 l L = 3.2 m

Suy ra :
f p .L. .Vs 2 1 1.9233.(3.2).(2.039).(0.8758) 2 1 0.3
p
. 3
.
= 83193.595 kg/m.s2
3
Dp
0.003
0.3
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
100
p 0.833 bar 83.19 kPa
Vy tr lc qua lp m xc tc khong 83.19 kPa.

4.4.2.3.5 Tnh chiu dy thn thp
[12]
Thp hp ph hnh tr ng c ng knh trong D = 1.85 m lm vic p

sut 1.65 kg/cm2 (1.6 atm).
Ta chn vt liu l X18H10T.
Tra bng XII.4 [6, trang 309] ta c thng s ca thp X18H10T nh sau :
- bn ko Sk = 540.106 N/m2
- bn un Sc = 220.106 N/m2
Chiu dy ca thn hnh tr c tnh theo cng thc:
S
Trong :
Dt . p
C
2[ ] p
,m
[7, trang 360]
p l p sut trong ca thit b, N/m2

Dt l ng knh trong thit b, Dt = D = 1.85 m
l h s bn hnh tr theo phng dc
Dng hn gip ni hai bn bng h quang in. Tra bng gi tr h s bn hn ca

thn hnh tr [7, trang 362] ta c:
= 0.95
[]: ng sut cho php, N/m2
[] = .
, N/m2
Trong :
l h s hiu chnh, ta chn thit b loi I. Theo bng XIII.2 [7,
trang 356] c = 0.75.

Tra bng XIII.3 [7, trang 356] ta c: nk = 2.6 v nc = 1.5
Vi nk, nc l h s an ton theo gii hn bn, gii hn chy
k
540.106
6
2
[ k ]
.
.(0.75) 155.77.10 N/m
nk
2.6
Vi [ c ]
220.106
6
2
.
.0.75 110.10 N/m
nc
1.5
Ta chn ng sut cho php [] = [c] = 110.106 N/m2

C l s b sung cho n mn, bo mn v dung sai v chiu dy, m
C = C1 + C 2 + C 3
SVTH: L Gia Trung
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101
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Vi: C1 l s b sung do n mn i vi vt liu bn thi gian lm vic 1520

nm, ta chn C1 = 1 mm
C2 l i lng b sung bo mn, chn C2 = 0
C3 l i lng b sung cho dung sai ca chiu dy, C3 ph thuc vo chiu
dy tm vt liu cho trong bng XII.9 [7, trang 364]
Gi s chiu dy ca thp l 5 mm th C3 = 0.5 mm
C = 1 + 0.5 = 1.5 mm
Chiu dy ca thp l:
S=
1.85.(1.6).(9.81.10 4 )
-3
1.5.10 3 4.89.10 m
6
4
2.(110.10 ).0.95 (1.6).(9.81.10 )
Ta chn chiu dy ca thp l 5 mm

Kim tra ng sut ca thnh theo p sut th
Pth = 1.5.p = 1.5.(1.6).(9.81.104) = 235.44.103 N/m2
ng sut th ca thn thit b :
[ ]
[ ]
Dt ( S C ). pth , N/m2
2.( S C ).
1.85 (0.005 0.0015 ).235440

2.( 0.005 0.0015 ).0.95
[12]
65.62.106 N/m2
110 .10 6
91 .67 .10 6 N/m2

So snh thy <
1.2
1.2
Do vy, vi chiu dy v thp S = 5 mm th ng sut ca thn thp nh hn

gii hn cho php ca vt liu Ta chn chiu dy ca thn thp l 5 mm.
4.4.3 La chn cc thit b ph
4.4.3.1 Thit b trao i nhit
Trong cng ngh ha hc thit b trao i nhit l mt thit b khng th
thiu trong hu ht cc nh my ha cht. Da vo cch thc truyn nhit ngi ta
chia cc loi thit b truyn nhit lm 3 loi chnh: loi gin tip, loi m v loi
trc tip (hn hp). Tuy nhin vi cng ngh kh nc sn xut ethanol tuyt
i bng phng php hp ph zeolite ta ch quan tm n loi thit b trao i
nhit loi gin tip.
4.4.3.1.1 Thit b truyn nhit loi v bc ngoi [9, trang 112]
SVTH: L Gia Trung
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B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Khi un nng hoc lm lnh cc thit b phn ng, c bit l nhng thit b
bn trong khng t c ng xon, ta thng truyn nhit gin tip qua v thit
b. Thng thng loi thit b ny c b mt thit b 10 m2 v p sut 10 at.
Hnh 4.45 Thit b truyn nhit loi v bc ngoi

A Thit b truyn nhit khng c ng xon
B Thit b truyn nhit c ng xon bn ngoi v
4.4.3.1.2 Thit b truyn nhit loi ng

Loi ny b mt truyn nhit loi hnh ng, cn c v tnh cht lm vic v
cu to ca thit b c th xp thnh cc kiu sau: ng xon kiu ti, ng lng
ng, ng chm.
ng xon rut g:
Thit b ng xon rut g c u im l thit k n gin, c th lm bng
nhng vt liu chng n mn, d vn hnh v bo dng. Tuy nhin, thit b ny
kh cng knh, h s truyn nhit nh, kh lm sch bn trong ng, tr thy lc
ln hn so vi cc loi ng thng.
Loi ng ti:
Loi ny thng dng lm ngui v ngng t, cht lng phun ngoi
ng ng l nc lnh.
u im loi ny l lng nc lm lnh t, cu to n gin, d quan st
v lm sch pha trong ng. Tuy nhin, thit b ny cng kh ln, khi cung cp
lng nc t th lng nc bay hi s tng, do , cn phi t ni thong gi.
SVTH: L Gia Trung
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103
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Loi ng lng ng:

Thit b ny gm nhiu on ni tip vi nhau, mi on c 2 ng lng vo
nhau.
Hnh 4.46 Thit b trao i nhit loi ng lng ng
u im loi ny l h s truyn nhit ln, cu to n gin, nhng c

nhc im l cng knh, gi thnh cao v tn nhiu kim loi, kh lm sch
khong trng gia hai ng.
Loi ng chm:
Thit b truyn nhit loi ny c dng kh ph bin trong cng nghip
ha cht, n c nhng u im l kt cu gn, chc chn, tn t kim loi, b mt
truyn nhit ln v d lm sch. Khuyt im ca loi ny l kh ch to bng
nhng vt liu khng nong v hn c (gang, thp silic...).
4.4.3.1.3 Thit b truyn nhit loi tm
Loi ny b mt truyn nhit lm bng cc tm kim loi, cc khe gia cc
tm to thnh hai h thng khng thng vi nhau. Thit b trao i nhit loi ny
rt gn, vn tc cht ti nhit hai pha u ln. Nhng c nhc im l khng lm
vic c p sut cao, cho nn loi ny c dng trao i nhit p sut
thng, ch yu l truyn nhit gia cc cht kh v hi.
Hnh 4.47 Thit b trao i nhit dng tm

SVTH: L Gia Trung
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104
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
4.4.3.1.4 Thit b truyn nhit loi xon c

Loi ny b mt truyn nhit lm bng nhng tm kim loi cun theo dng
xon c. Thit b truyn nhit kiu ny c u im l gn v c vn tc ln, hai
cht ti nhit c th chuyn ng ngc chiu nhau hon ton, tr lc thy lc nh
hn trong ng chm. Tuy nhin, vic ch to v sa cha phc tp, khng th lm
vic p sut cao (trn 6 at) nhng nu thit b c cu to c bit c th lm vic
c n 10 at.
Hnh 4.48 Thit b truyn nhit loi xon c
4.4.3.1.5 Thit b truyn nhit loi ng c gn

Khi thm cc gn ln b mt truyn nhit th c th tng hiu qu truyn nhit
do tng c h s cp nhit. Gn c lm t cc vt liu dn nhit tt.
Tm li: vi cng ngh tch nc ca hn hp ethanol nc bng ry phn t
zeolite loi 3A, cc qu trnh vn hnh nhit cao, nn vn tn dng nhit
rt quan trng v kinh t tit kim nhin liu t l. V vy vic la chn thit
b trao i nhit l mt vn ti u ha cho dy chuyn sn xut theo cng ngh
sn xut ny. tha mn iu kin th ta la chn kiu thit b trao i nhit
dng tm l ph hp vi dy chuyn cng ngh do thit b c:
Cu to n gin, d bo dng v vn hnh.
Gi thnh hp l, khng qu cao.
B mt truyn nhit tng i ln, cho php vn tc hi vo thp ln.
Cng ngh kh nc bng ry phn t zeolite hot ng p sut khng
qu cao (khng qu 4.5 at).
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
4.4.3.2 Thit b ngng t
105
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
[9, trang 98]
Ngng t l qu trnh chuyn hi nc hoc kh sang trng thi lng bng 2 cch:
- Lm ngui hi (hoc kh).
- Nn v lm ngui hi (kh) ng thi.
Trong cng ngh kh nc ca hn hp ethanol nc bng hp ph ry phn t
zeolite th s dng nc hoc chnh dng nguyn liu lnh ban u lm ngui
v ngng t. V nguyn tc th tt c cc thit b trao i nhit u c kh nng
lm chc nng ngng t. Thit b ngng t ch khc vi thit b trao i nhit l
thit b ngng t c thm b phn vch chy trn ca cht lng. Trong cng nghip
ha du c bit l cng ngh ch bin kh ngi ta thng s dng thit b ngng
t loi ng chm c vch, cu to nh sau:
Hnh 4.49 Thit b ngng t loi ng chm ch U c vch chy trn

1 - v; 2 - ng thot kh tr; 3 - ng dn nc lm mt; 4 - sn ngn lng; 5 - thanh
; 6 - ng dn nc ch U; 7 - vch ngn; 8 - ca tho nc ngng
4.4.3.3 La chn bm
[10, trang 127]
Trong cng nghip ha hc, bm l mt thit b khng th thiu trong cc

s dy chuyn sn xut. Trong k thut c rt nhiu loi bm nh:
Bm vn chuyn cht lng: bm pittong, bm ly tm...
Bm vn chuyn cht kh: bm chn khng kiu pittong, bm chn khng
kiu rto, bm chn khng kiu phun tia...
Vi s cng ngh tch nc ca ethanol bng ry phn t ta cn chn loi bm
vn chuyn dng nguyn liu c ha hi t thit b H-1602 vo thit b hp ph.
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
106
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
Qua nhng u nhc im ca loi bm my nn vn chuyn kh [10,

trang 194], ta la chn my nn kiu cnh gung l ph hp do thit b ny c cu
to n gin, nng sut c th thay i theo gii hn rng, lm vic ht sc u
n, d dng thay i nng sut nh vo tc vng quay...
Cn thit b to chn khng cho thp kh hp ph, ta chn loi bm chn
khng kiu rto, u im ca loi bm ny so vi bm chn khng kiu pittng
cng hon ton ging nh loi my nn v my thi kh loi rto, so vi loi
pittng th loi rto ht kh u n hn, c cu to gn gng, khng c van phc
tp, gi thnh ch to r v chi ph vn hnh nh. Bm c nng sut ln, p sut
t chn khng su (c th 0.1 0.3 mmHg), bm c s vng quay ln nn c
th t c vn tc ht cao p sut kh quyn (0.1 m3/s).
Hnh 4.50 Hnh nh mt loi bm ht chn khng
Tm li: Qua qu trnh m phng li cc cng ngh tch nc bng phn mm m

phng Hysys cng nh tnh ton thp hp ph cho phng php s dng ry phn
t zeolite, chng ta c th so snh c mt s u nhc im ca mt vi cng
ngh v t c th nh gi la chn quy trnh cng ngh ph hp vi dy
chuyn sn xut ethanol hin nay. Sau y, em xin trnh by phn nh gi cc
cng ngh tch nc ca hn hp ethanol nc la chn cng ngh tch nc
ph hp i vi nhu cu sn xut ethanol tuyt i.
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
107
CHNG 5
NH GI CC CNG NGH TCH NC
SN XUT ETHANOL TUYT I
Qua qu trnh nghin cu, m phng v tnh ton mt vi cng ngh tch nc ca
ethanol cc chng trc, t ta c th lp bng so snh u nhc im ca
mt vi phng php tch nc nh sau:
Bng 5.1 Bng so snh nh gi cc cng ngh tch nc ca ethanol
u nhc im
Phng
php
u im
Gi
thnh
Nhc im
u t
- Chng ng ph v chng trch

ly: thc t nng sn phm
Ethanol thu c cha cao (98%
khi lng), tiu tn nhiu dung
mi v sn phm ethanol cn
Cng ngh
Gi thnh u t
cha li mt lng nh dung mi
chng ct
khng qu cao.
sau qu trnh chng ct (benzen..)
50%
- Chng chn khng: Vic to p

sut chn khng cao, ch to cc
thit b lm vic p sut chn
khng i hi rt phc tp, tn
km.
Phng
php dng
cht ht
m
u t c bn thp
nht trong cc
phng php.
Phng
Tch nc kh hiu
php lc
qu, nng cn sn
mng
phm tng i cao.
- Nng cn sn phm cha

cao, ch khong 97% th tch.
- Hiu sut thu hi cn khng cao
40%
do b gi li trong cht ht m.
u t c bn cao
100%
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
108
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
u nhc im
Phng
u im
php
Tch nc hiu qu,
php kt
nng
hp bc
phm thu c cao
hi thm
nht so vi cc cng
thu v ry
ngh tch nc hin
phn t
nay.
cn
thnh
Nhc im
Phng
Gi
u t
sn
u t c bn rt cao
> 120%
- Gi thnh u t
ban u khng qu
cao (vi nng sut
nh), ch to thit b
Cng ngh
s dng ry
phn t
khng qu phc tp.

- Nng cn sn
phm thu c kh
cao ( 99.6% khi
lng ethanol).
- Do tr lc ca thp dng m
ln nn yu cu cng sut ca
bm cao.
80%
- Yu cu ca hn hp nguyn
liu vo thp cao.
- D dng chuyn quy

m thit b sang quy
m cng nghip.
T cc so snh bng trn ta thy cc cng ngh tch nc u c th thu
c sn phm ethanol t nng cao hn 96% th tch (nng ethanol ny
c s dng rng ri trn th trng), tuy nhin y ta cn s dng ethanol t
nng cao hn, tc l ethanol tinh khit ( 99.8% v th tch) pha vo xng
sn xut xng sinh hc, cn gi l gasohol. Do vic s dng nhin liu km cht
lng nh xng pha ethanol cht lng thp c cho l tc nhn dn n r r
xng do h thng ng dn c hin tng b ph hy hoc do p sut hi cao, t
nu ngun xng b r r tip xc vi ngun nhit nng sinh ra t cc ngun:
hot ng ca my xe, hoc ma st ca h thng hm, hoc tia la in pht ra do
chp mch ca h thng trong xey l nhng yu t to nn kh nng gy ra
chy xe. Cc cng ngh chng ct ng ph hay trch ly u rt tn km dung mi,
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
109
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
thm vo sn phm cn st li mt lng rt nh dung mi c th gy nh

hng n con ngi, cn chng ct chn khng th chi ph u t cng ngh kh
cao vi thit b chn khng, ng thi cn m bo an ton cao cho nh my.
T , ta nhn thy cc cng ngh tch nc s dng ry phn t zeolite hay
phng php bc hi thm thu qua mng l hu ch nht thu c ethanol c
nng cao, tuy nhin phng php bc hi thm thu qua mng c chi ph u t
kh cao, cn ph thuc vo vic sn xut loi mng lc do y l cng ngh mi
nn tt yu gi thnh loi mng s kh cao v sn phm ra c gi thnh cao. V
vy, phng php tch nc ca ethanol vn ang c s dng cc nh my
quy m cng nghip l cng ngh tch nc bng ry phn t zeolite loi 3A.
Sau y l bng thng k gi c thit b ca mt vi cng ngh tch nc:
Bng 5.2 Chi ph ca mt vi thit b trong cng ngh tch nc
Ngun: ESCAPE20 Colombia
[11]
Cc cng ngh tch nc ca Ethanol

(Gi: USD M)
Chng ng ph
Thit b
Thp tch nc
Gi
619,691
Thp hi lu
Thit b
Gi
545,501
Thp hp
1,040,867
ph
151,669
Thit b ngng
58,755
t nh C1
Thit b ngng
72,125
t nh C1
Thit b un si
115,589
y C2
Thit b
825,515
219,090
Thit b
131,098
ngng t
410,391
t nh C2
63,501
t nh C2
Thit b un si
Thit b ngng
379,335
gia nhit
y C1
y C1
Thit b ngng
Thit b un si
Thp gii
hp
(C2)
308,003
Ry phn t
Gi
(C1)
(C2)
Bnh tch
Thit b
1,570,510 Thp tch nc
(C1)
Thp hi lu
Chng trch ly
Thit b un si
294,533
y C2
276,924
Thit b lm
321,582
lnh hi lu
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
Chng ng ph
Thit b
Gi
Tng
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
110
Chng trch ly
Thit b
Ry phn t
Thit b
Gi
3,026,342 Tng
2,001,552 Tng
Gi
2,376,816
Bng thng k nng sn phm ethanol thu c qua qu trnh m phng bng
phn mm Hysys ca mt vi cng ngh tch nc nh sau:
Bng 5.3 Nng sn phm ethanol thu c ca cc cng ngh tch nc
Phng php tch
Nng ethanol
Nng nc
nc
% th tch
% th tch
Chng ct chn khng

-
70 mmHg
100
100 mmHg
99.56
0.44
404.6 mmHg
97.2
2.8
99.995
99.33
0.66
99.8
0.2
Chng ct ng ph vi
benzen
Chng ct trch ly vi
ethyleneglycol
Hp ph bng ry phn
t zeolite 3A
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
111
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
KT LUN
S dng Ethanol tuyt i phi trn sn xut nhin liu sinh hc

Bioethanol v ang l hng pht trin mi trong vic tm nhin liu thay th
cho xng du thng dng hin nay. M phng cc cng ngh tch nc sn xut
Ethanol tuyt i gip ta c ci nhn ton cnh v cc cng ngh t c th
nh gi s b v la chn cng ngh ph hp cho mi hng sn xut ra cc loi
ethanol c nng khc nhau ty theo mc ch s dng. Thng qua phn mm
m phng Hysys v cc bc tnh ton, bn bo co trn tm tt kh y
nhim v ti c giao trong thi gian qua. Mt cch tng qut, n gii
quyt c mt s vn sau:
Tm hiu tng quan v nhin liu sinh hc v Ethanol.
Tham kho v nm bt c mt s quy trnh sn xut Bioethanol hin nay.
M phng thnh cng mt s cng ngh tch nc trong qu trnh sn xut
Ethanol tuyt i bng phn mm Aspen Hysys, t a ra s liu hon chnh
tng ng vi quy trnh cng ngh PRAJ ng thi nh gi tin cy ca chng
dng lm c s d liu cho qu trnh thit k sau ny.
Tnh ton thit b hp ph, da trn phng php tnh em to ra c
mt bng tra nng nc trong sn phm theo thi gian ca loi zeolite Z3-03.
Phn tch v la chn c cng ngh sn xut Ethanol tuyt i thch hp.
ti ny cng gip em tip cn c vi k thut mi theo xu hng m
th gii ang nghin cu v pht trin, l k thut lc mng, k thut ny cho
tinh khit Ethanol cao hn hn cc k thut trc y. Tuy nhin, do thi gian
lm vic c hn, bn thn em cn hn ch v kin thc nn n ny vn cn
nhiu thiu st. V th em rt mong nhng nhn xt, kin b sung t pha qu
thy c v bn b n tt nghip ca em c hon thin hn. Em xin chn
thnh cm n.
SVTH: L Gia Trung
n Tt Nghip
112
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Mark Baier, Jamie Hiltz, Zack Taylor (2007 2008), Design of an Ethanol
Dehydration System, Department of Chemical Engineering University of
Saskatchewan.
2. M.R.Wolf-Maciel and C.J.G.Vasconcelos, Optimisation, Dynamics and
control of a complete Azeotropic distillation, State University of Campinas,
Chemical
Engineering Faculty,
Laboratory of
Separation
Process
Development, Campinas/SP, Brazil.

3. A.Groszek, E.Lalik, R.Mirek, J. Rakocry (2006), Microcalorimetric study
of adsorption of water and ethanol in zeolites 3A and 5A, Catalysis today
114 (2006) 242-247.
4. John M. Campbell (1992), Gas conditioning and processing volume 2: The
Equipment modules, Campbell Petroleum Series USA.
5. n tt nghip lp 04H5 v 06H5, Trng i hc bch khoa Nng.
6. GS. TSKH. Nguyn Bin (2001), Tnh ton qu trnh v thit b trong cng
ngh ha cht v thc phm, tp 4, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut.
7. Tp th tc gi (2005), S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha cht, tp
2, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut, H Ni.
8. R. Bulle (3/10/2003), Distillation, ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP
Training, CYCLE RAFFINAGE-INGENIERIE-GAZ.
9. Phm Xun Ton, Cc qu trnh thit b trong cng ngh ha cht v thc
phm, tp 3, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut, H Ni.
10. GS. TSKH. Nguyn Bin (2004), Cc qu trnh thit b trong cng ngh ha
cht v thc phm, tp 1, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut, H Ni.
11. G. Buzzi Ferraris and S. Pierucci (2010), Comparison of the main ethanol
dehydration technologies through process simulation, Colombia.
12. GVHD: TS. Vn nh Sn Th (2005), n tt nghip: Thit k xng
sn xut cn tuyt i bng k thut hp ph, i hc bch khoa H Ni.
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n Tt Nghip
113
B mn CNHH Du V Kh
13. P. Pruksathorn and T. Vitidsant (2009), Production of Pure Ethanol from

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n Tt Nghip

n tt nghip l nhng g c kt li sau mt qu trnh hc tp, nghin

GVHD: PGS. TS. Nguyn nh Lm

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GVHD: PGS. TS. Nguyn nh Lm

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CHNG 2. CC CNG NGH TCH NC CA ETHANOL ............. 24

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3.2.1 Gii thiu chung ........................................................................................ 50

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4.4.2.2 Tnh ton ng cong Breakthrough .................................................. 86

GVHD: PGS. TS. Nguyn nh Lm

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Hnh 4.7 Chn m hnh nhit ng ................................................................................ 55

GVHD: PGS. TS. Nguyn nh Lm

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Hnh 4.41 S m phng thit b hp ph v gii hp V-1601 .................................. 81

GVHD: PGS. TS. Nguyn nh Lm

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DANH MC BNG BIU

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Bng 4.25 Mt s tnh cht ca zeolite 3A ......................................................... 86

GVHD: PGS. TS. Nguyn nh Lm

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S khm ph ra du m nh du mt bc ngot ln trong lch s pht

GVHD: PGS. TS. Nguyn nh Lm

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GVHD: PGS. TS. Nguyn nh Lm

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nh knh. i ph vi tnh hnh chng ta cn tm ra cc ngun nng lng

Trong nhng nm gn y ngi ta s dng cn t (Ethanol) pha vo

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v nh my giy), cy cng nghip (nhng loi thc vt ln nhanh) c gieo

GVHD: PGS. TS. Nguyn nh Lm

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GVHD: PGS. TS. Nguyn nh Lm

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* Nguyn liu sn xut kh sinh hc: c ngun gc t ng vt v thc vt:

GVHD: PGS. TS. Nguyn nh Lm

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1.1.3.3 Xng sinh hc (Gasohol): bao gm Biomethanol, Bioethanol, Trong

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1.2 L thuyt tng quan v ethanol

Hnh 1.3 Cng thc 3D ca ethanol

Sau y l bng thng k mt vi thng s th hin tnh cht ca ethanol:

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Bng 1.1 Bng thng k mt vi tnh cht ca ethanol

Cng thc phn t

C2H5OH hay C2H6O

Cht lng trong sut

Tan ln hon ton

Ethanol to hn hp ng ph vi nc c thnh phn 95.57% khi lng

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c th iu ch t cc dung dch ethanol cng nghip. Dm iu ch t ethanol

GVHD: PGS. TS. Nguyn nh Lm

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Cc loi ung cha cn c hng v khc nhau do c cc hp cht to

Chy hon ton nh c oxy sn c trong ethanol nn ta gim thiu

c qu trnh thi cc kh c hi ra mi trng.

Gim tiu tn nhin liu.

GVHD: PGS. TS. Nguyn nh Lm

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