There are three types of rock. 1.

Igneous: these are rocks that solidified directly from molten silicates, which geologists call magma. Examples are: granite, basalt, pumice and flint (which is a form of quartz). 2. Sedimentary: these are formed when igneous rocks are eroded as a sediment under the sea. Fossils are often found in this layer. Examples are limestone, chalk, sandstone. 3. Metamorphic: these are made up of igneous and sedimentary rocks of all ages which have been subjected to intense pressure. Examples are: slate, marble, quartzite Weathering is the gradual destruction of rock under surface conditions. DEGRADATION the act of degrading or the state of being degraded. Gravity is a force that is exerted between to objects with mass. This force is also what keeps planets, asteroids, comets, and star in orbit. Erosion is the general name for the processes that break down rocks (weathering) and the processes that carry away the breakdown products (transportation). Sediments solid fragments of inorganic or organic material that come from the weathering of rock and are carried and deposited by wind, water, or ice. Compaction the process by which the porosity of a given form of sediment is decreased as a result of its mineral grains being squeezed together by the weight of overlying sediment or by mechanical means. Cementationthe process of heating a solid with a powdered material tomodify the properties of the solid, esp the heatin g of wroughtiron, surrounded with charcoal, to 750--900C to produce steel

Stages of Cognitive Development

Stage Sensori-motor (Birth-2 yrs) Characterised by Differentiates self from objects Recognises self as agent of action and begins to act intentionally: e.g. pulls a string to set mobile in motion or shakes a rattle to make a noise Achieves object permanence: realises that things continue to exist even when no longer present to the sense (pace Bishop Berkeley) Pre-operational (2-7 years) Learns to use language and to represent objects by images and words Thinking is still egocentric: has difficulty taking the viewpoint of others Classifies objects by a single feature: e.g. groups together all the red blocks regardless of shape or all the square blocks regardless of colour Concrete operational (7-11 years) Can think logically about objects and events Achieves conservation of number (age 6), mass (age 7), and weight (age 9) Classifies objects according to several features and can order them in series along a single dimension such as size. Formal operational (11 years and up) Can think logically about abstract propositions and test hypotheses systemtically Becomes concerned with the hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems