Abstract Android is a mobile operating systemused for Mobile Devices Android is based upon amodified version of the Linux

kernel . TheAndroid corporation which Initiated theDevelopment of android had been purchased byGoogle company on 2005 .Google decided toextend its features then it tied up with openalliance handset , a consortium of 79 hardware,software, and telecom companies devoted toadvancing open standards for mobile devices.Google has made most of the Android platformavailable under the Apache freesoftware andopen source license. The android SDK can bedownloaded from its official website whichincludes virtual mobile Device, Google librariesand Tutorials . Introduction Android is a mobile operating system initiallydeveloped by Android Inc. Android was bought byGoogle in 2005. Android is based upon a modifiedversion of the Linux kernel. Google and other members of the Open Handset Alliance collaboratedon Android's development and release. The AndroidOpen Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with themaintenance and further development of Android.Android has a large community of developers writingapplication programs ("
apps

Google acquired the startup company Android Inc. in2005 to start the development of the Android Platform The key
players at Android Inc. includedAndy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and ChrisWhite.In late 2007, a group of industry leaders cametogether around the Android Platform to form theOpen Handset Alliance ,alliances goal is to innovaterapidly and respond better to consumer needs, and itsfirst key outcome was the Android Platform. Androidwas designed to serve the needs of mobile operators,handset manufacturers, and application developers.The members have committed to release significantintellectual property through the open source ApacheLicense, Version 2.0. The Android SDK was firstissued as an early look release in November 2007.In September 2008, T-Mobile announced theavailability of T-Mobile G1, the first smartphone based on the Android platform. A few days after that,Google announced the availability of Android SDK Release Candidate 1.0. In October 2008, Googlemade the source code of the Android platformavailable under Apaches open source license.
Core of Android

") that extend thefunctionality of the devices. There are currently over 200,000 apps available for Android. Android Marketis the online app store run by Google, though appscan be downloaded from third-party sites (AT&T permits third-party apps only on their Aria phone).Developers write primarily in the Java language,controlling the device via Google-developed Javalibraries. Python, Ruby and other languages are alsoavailable for Android development via the AndroidScripting Environment . Chronicle of Android

The Android operating system software stack consists of Java applications running on a Java-based,object-oriented application framework on top of Javacore libraries running on a Dalvik virtual machinefeaturing JIT compilation. Libraries written in Cinclude the surface manager, OpenCore mediaframework, SQLite relational database managementsystem, OpenGL ES 2.0 3D graphics API, WebKitlayout engine, SGL graphics engine, SSL, and Bioniclibc. The Android operating system consists of 12million lines of code including 3 million lines of XML, 2.8 million lines of C, 2.1 million lines of Java, and 1.75 million lines of C++ . Versions of Android
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Android 1.0 Released 23 September 2008

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On 9 February 2009, Android 1.1 updatefor Android was released for T-Mobile G1Only. Multiple resolved issues API changes,Maps adds details and reviews,Screentimeout longer when usingspeakerphone,"Show" & "Hide" Dialpadincluded in-call menu,Support for saving attachments frm MMS,Support for marqueein layouts
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,Optimized hardware speed,Support for more screen sizes and resolutions,RevampedUI,New Browser UI and HTML5support,New contact lists,Better contrastratio for backgrounds,Improved GoogleMaps 3.1.2,Microsoft Exchange Server byExchange ActiveSync 2.5 support,Built inflash support for Camera,DigitalZoom,MotionEvent class enhanced to track multi-touch events
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,Improved virtualkeyboard,Bluetooth 2.1,Live Wallpapers

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On 30 April 2009, the official 1.5(Cupcake) update for Android was released.There were several new features and UIupdates includes ,Ability to record andwatch videos through camcorder modeUploading videos to YouTube and pictures to Picasa directly from the phone,Anew soft-keyboard with textprediction,Bluetooth A2DP and AVRCPsupport,Ability to automatically connect to aBluetooth headset within a certaindistance,New widgets and folders that can populate the Home screens,Animated screentransitions
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On 20 May 2010, the 2.2 (Froyo) SDK wasreleased.

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Changes included:GeneralAndroid OS speed, memory, and performance optimizations,Additionalapplic ation speed improvements courtesy of JIT implementation,Integration of Chrome'sV8 JavaScript engine into the Browser application,Increased

On 15 September 2009, the 1.6 (Donut) SDK was released. Included in the updatewere: An improved Android Marketexperience,An integrated camera,camcorder, and gallery interface,Gallerynow enables users to select multiple photosfor deletion,Updated Voice Search, withfaster response and deeper integration withnative applications, including the ability todial contacts,Updated search experience toallow searching bookmarks, history,contacts, and the web from the homescreen,Updated technology support for CDMA/EVDO, 802.1x, VPNs, and a text-to-speech engine,Support for WVGA screenresolutions,Speed improvements insearchin g and camera applications,Gestureframework and GestureBuilder developmenttool,Google free turn-by-turn navigation
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Microsoft Exchangesupport (security policies, auto-discovery,GAL look-up, calendar synchronization,remote wipe),Improved application launcher with shortcuts to Phone and Browser applications,USB tethering and WiFihotspot functionality,Added an option todisable data access over mobilenetwork,Updated Market application with batch and automatic updatefeatures
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On 26 October 2009, the 2.0 (Eclair) SDK was released.

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Changes include:
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,Quick switching betweenmultiple keyboard languages and their dictionaries,Voice dialing and contactsharing over Bluetooth,Support for numericand alphanumeric passwords,Support for fileupload fields in the Browser application,Support for installingapplications to the expandablememory,Adobe Flash 10.1support
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,Support for extra high DPIscreens (320 dpi), such as 4" 720
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Ice Cream Sandwich: Possible mid-2011release Features of Android

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On 6 December 2010, the 2.3(Gingerbread) SDK was released.

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Changes included:Updated user interfacedesign,Support for extra-large screen sizesand resolutions (WXGA and higher),
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Nativesupport for SIP VoIP telephony,Support for WebM/VP8 video playback, and AAC audioencoding,New audio effects such as reverb,equalization, headphone virtualization, and bass boost,Support for Near FieldCommunication,Systemwide copypastefunctionalities,Redesigned multi-touchsoftware keyboard,Enhanced support for native code development,Audio, graphical,and input enhancements for gamedevelopers,Concurrent garbage collectionfor increased performance,Native supportfor more sensors (such as gyroscopes and barometers),A download manager for long-running downloads,Improved power management and application control,Nativesupport for multiple cameras,Switched fromYAFFS to the ext4 filesystem
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The platform is adaptable to larger, VGA,2D graphics library, 3D graphics library based on OpenGL ES 2.0 specifications, andtraditional smartphone layouts. y SQLite, a lightweight relational database, isused for data storage purposes y Android supports connectivity technologiesincluding GSM/EDGE, IDEN,CDMA,EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE,and WiMAX. y SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging, including threaded textmessaging and now Android Cloud toDevice Messaging Framework (C2DM) isalso a part of Android Push Messagingservice. y The web browser available in Android is based on the open-source WebKit layoutengine, coupled with Chrome's V8JavaScript engine. The browser scores a93/100 on the Acid3 Test. y While most Android applications are writtenin Java, there is no Java Virtual Machine inthe platform and Java byte code is notexecuted. Java classes are compiled intoDalvik executables and run on the Dalvik virtual machine. Dalvik is a specializedvirtual machine designed specifically for Android and optimized for battery-

On 26 January 2011 , a preview of the 3.0(Honeycomb) SDK was released. Changesinclude:Optimized tablet support with a newuser interface,Three dimensional desktopwith redesigned widgets,Refined multitasking,Browser enhancements includingtabbed web pages, form auto-fill, bookmark syncing with Google Chrome, and private browsing,Support for video chat usingGoogle Talk,Hardware acceleration,Su pportfor multi-core processors
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poweredmobile devices with limited memory andCPU. J2ME support can be provided viathird-party-applications. y Android supports the followingaudio/video/still media formats: WebM, H.263,H.264 (in 3GP or MP4 container),MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB (in 3GPcontainer), AAC, HE-AAC(in MP4 or3GP container), MP3, MIDI, Ogg Vorbis,WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP. y RTP/RTSP streaming (3GPP PSS, ISMA),HTML progressive download (HTML5<video> tag). Adobe Flash Streaming(RTMP) and HTTP Dynamic Streaming aresupported by the Flash 10.1 plugin. Apple HTTP Live Streaming is supported byRealPlayer for Mobile and planned to besupported by the operating system in Android 3.0 (Honeycomb). MicrosoftSmooth Streaming is planned to besupported through the awaited port of Silverlight plugin to Android. y Android can use video/still cameras,touchscreens, GPS, accelerometers,gyroscopes, magnetometers, proximity and pressure sensors, thermometers,accelerated 2D bit blits (with hardwareorientation, scaling, pixel formatconversion) and accelerated 3D graphics. y Includes a device emulator, tools for debugging, memory and performance profiling.

The integrated developmentenvironment (IDE) is Eclipse (currently 3.4or greater) using the Android DevelopmentTools (ADT) Plugin. The programminglanguages are Java and C/C++. y The Android Market is a catalog of applications that can be downloaded andinstalled to Android devices over-the-air,without the use of a PC. y Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available inhandsets such as the HTC Hero. The featurewas originally disabled at the kernel level(possibly to avoid infringing Apple's patentson touch-screen technology). Google hassince released an update for the Nexus Oneand the Motorola Droid which enablesmulti-touch natively. y Supports A2DP, AVR CP, sending files(OPP), accessing the phone book (PBAP), voice dialing and sending contacts between phones. Keyboard, mouse and joystick (HID) support is available throughmanufacturer customizations and third-partyapplications. Full HID support is planned for Android 3.0 (Honeycomb). y The mainstream Android version does notsupport video calling, but some handsetshave a customized version of the operatingsystem which supports it, either via UMTSnetwork (like the Samsung Galaxy S) or over IP. Video calling through Google Talk is planned for Android 3.0 (Honeycomb). y

Android supports tethering, which allows a phone to be used as a wireless/wiredhotspot. Prior to Android 2.2 this wassupported by thirdparty applications or manufacturer customizations. y Google search through Voice has beenavailable since initial release. Voice actionsfor calling, texting, navigation etc. aresupported on Android 2.2 onwards y Multitasking of applications is available

Android Architecture Commercializing Logo -The Android logo was designed with the Droidfont family made by Ascender Corporation.AndroidGreen is the color of the Android Robot thatrepresents the Android operating system. The printcolor is PMS 376C and the RGB color value inhexadecimal is #A4C639,.Data collected during two weeks ending on January4, 2011 Platform API Level Distribution Android 2.3(Gingerbread)9 0.4%Android 2.2 (Froyo) 8 51.8%Android 2.0/2.1(Eclair)7 35.2%Android 1.6 (Donut) 4 7.9%Android 1.5(Cupcake)3 4.7% Android SDK The Android software development kit(SDK) includes a comprehensive set of developmenttools. These include a debugger, libraries, a handsetemulator

(based on QEMU), documentation, samplecode, and tutorials. Currently supported development platforms include computers running Linux (anymodern desktop Linux distribution), Mac OS X10.4.9 or later, Windows XP or later. The officiallysupported integrated development environment (IDE)is Eclipse (currently 3.4, 3.5 or 3.6) using theAndroid Development Tools (ADT) Plugin, thoughdevelopers may use any text editor to edit Java andXML files then use command line tools (JavaDevelopment Kit and Apache Ant are required) tocreate, build and debug Android applications as wellas control attached Android devices (e.g., triggering areboot, installing software package(s)remotely)Enhancements to Android's SDK go handin hand with the overall Android platformdevelopment. The SDK also supports older versionsof the Android platform in case developers wish totarget their applications at older devices.Development tools are downloadable components, so after one has downloaded the latest version and platform, older platforms and tools can also bedownloaded for compatibility testing.Android applications are packaged in .apk format andstored under /data/app folder on the Android OS (thefolder is accessible to root user only for securityreasons). APK package contains .dex files (compiled byte code files called Dalvik executable), resourcefiles, etc. Conclusion Android is open to all industry developersand users and participating in many of the opensource projects. Aim is to be as build for as the web.Google android is next stepping level of mobileinternet. if you are

appearing for a hard-line phone palletized with features and enthusiastic webcropping then this could be the phone for you earlier reports from analysts at Gartner who forecasted thatAndroid would become the number one operatingsystem in the U.S. by the end of 2010 and could stealthe number one spot from Symbian in global marketshare by 2014.