1

Transmission Media . - (guided media) .

- (unguided media)

(Wireless Communication)

( ) ( . . " " " . )

Guided Media : , (multipoint) (point to point) "

Twisted pair 10 Mbps 1 - 10 Km Coaxial Cable 500 Mbps 1 - 10 Km Optical fiber >10 Gbps 10 - 100 Km
Point-to-point transmission characteristics of guided media

Twisted Pair -

. . . .km5-6 .km2-3 . . : ( ) (Local Area Network) LAN -

Coaxial Cable , ( .
LAN

, )

, :

: " ( .( ) " ' 500) " -

Optical Fiber . . . .( . " . . . . ) 40Gbps .

: (Long-haul) miles900 100,000 Metropolitan trunking -

(voice)

miles8Rural-exchange trunks -

miles100 . .40Gbps , " -

25 Subscriber loop LANs -

'

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. :

Wireless LAN Wireless MAN ( )

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OSI
Open System Interconnection , . : . . . . . . . .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 - OSI

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" : 1 Volt 0 Volt : ( ) " " 1 0

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,modem, fax.( )

. .
Char Char

) "
Char

"
Char

time
5 to 8 bits of data Any Idle Period

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. . . " kbps64 ) .( . (start bit) " (stop bit) "

start bit

parity data stop bits

Byte

Optional

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: .(RS-449 X.21 . ) : .(Ethernet . : . )

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Bit Stuffing
, 0- 1: 0 - Bit Stuffing 5 . : :

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( ( ) .(EOT- SOH) Bit Stuffing)

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Data Encoding ( . DC )

. .( )

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Return-to-Zero (RZ)

-1 -0

1/4 - DC ( 0 )

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Nonreturn-to-Zero Level (NRZ-L) 0 = high level 1 = low level

( ( 0 ) 1 1/2 ) DC

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Nonreturn-to-Zero Inverted (NRZ-I) 0 = no transition at beginning of interval (one bit time) 1 = transition at beginning interval
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

: (1 == )

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Bipolar-AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion) 0 = no line signal 1 = positive or negative level, alternating for successive ones
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

: DC-

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Pseudoternary 0 = positive or negative level, alternating for successive zeros 1 = no line signal
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

DC-

- AMI-

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Manchester (Phase Encode - PE) 0 = transition from H to L in the middle of the interval 1 = transition from L to H in the middle of the interval

: DC 0 , :

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Differential Manchester Always a transition in the middle of the interval 0 = transition at the beginning f the interval 1 = no transition at the beginning of the interval

: ( Manchester ) : (Manchester )

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NRZ-L

NRZ-I

Bipolar-AMI

Pseudoternary

Manchester

Differential Manchester

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. . 1 2 3 4 . -00 -01 -10 -11

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Nyquist
( ( ) ) -W -D

D 2W
( ) ?

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: . NRZ-L ,01001101 - 10101001 : ,

: bit staffing : ,01111110 .0 5 1111110111111111110111110 : 11111010111110111110101111100

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: .bit stuffingk .('1' .L-1 =< . ?bit stuffing(X) ? ? ?( " / ' ) , L . . , . . . . : . Bit stuffingX(k+L+2) + Q n/k n + n/k (L+2) + Q ) n / (n + n/k (L+2) + Q) : . . . . ,011..110 -'1' ,n ) L+2 Q ,