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regional ISP
company network
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Send message
Like postal system Messages can be delivered out-of-order Protocols do not establish a connection between devices. As soon as a device has data to send to another, it just sends it (UDP)
Connection-oriented Service
Goal: same as before! Handshaking: setup (prepare for) data transfer ahead of time
Hello-hello back human protocol : set up state in two communicating hosts Internets connection-oriented service reliable, in-order byte-stream data transfer
loss: acknowledgements and retransmissions
flow control:
sender wont overwhelm receiver
congestion control:
senders slow down sending rate when network congested
Communication Protocols
Define the syntax, semantics, order, and timing of data transmissions.
Syntax: the format of data transmitted. Semantics: the meaning of the data transmitted.
Syntax
Semantics
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Communication Protocols
Define the syntax, semantics, order, and timing of data transmissions. Order: the conversation rules of the transmissions.
TCP handshake
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Communication Protocols
Define the syntax, semantics, order, and timing of data transmissions.
Timing: the beginning and rate of the transmissions. MAC protocols coordinate transmissions; necessary to avoid interference.
Protocol Layers
Networks are complex! many pieces: hosts routers links of various media applications protocols hardware, software Question: Is there any hope of organizing the structure of network? Or at least our discussion of networks?
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Communications Architecture
The complexity of the communication task is reduced by using multiple protocol layers:
Each protocol is implemented independently Each protocol is responsible for a specific subtask Protocols are grouped in a hierarchy
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Layers: each layer implements a service to the layer(s) above via its own internal-layer actions relying on services provided by layer below
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airplane routing
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arriving airport
Transport: host-host data transfer Network: routing of datagrams from source to destination
IP, routing protocols
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application transport network link physical application transport network link physical network link physical
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data application transport transport network link physical ack application transport network link physical data network link physical data application transport transport network link physical
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web (http), email (smtp), file transfer (ftp), terminal (telnet), etc.
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HTTP
Telnet
FTP
DNS
SNMP
TCP
UDP
Transport Layer
Routing Protocols
ICMP
IGMP
IP
PIM
DHCP
OSPF
ARP
Ethernet
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Network Interface
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