Energy, Lifestyles and Climate

This booklet is a product developed under the Comenius multilateral partnership titled "Energy for Tomorrow (August 2010-July
2012)
Schools involved in this project: High School Stefan Procopiu Vaslui (Romania) coordinator SATAEDU, Kankaanp Unit Kankaanp (Finland) partner Akakoca Technical and Vocational High School Dzce (Turkey) partner Foreign Language Secondary School Pleven (Bulgaria) partner Istituto d'istruzione Superiore "Sergio Atzeni"-Capoterra (Italy) partner IES PRAIA BARRAA Boiro (Spain) partner Zidikai Marija Peckauskaite secondary school-Zidikai (Lithuania) partner Secondary school in Sejny Sejny (Poland) - partner MOTTO: Nobody can do everything, but everybody can do something
2012
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication [communication] reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
Energy, lifestyles and climate Italy, Romania, Finland, Turkey, Bulgaria, Italy, Spain, Lithuania, POland
SUMMARY
PART A: Energy, lifestyles and climate
I. Worlds energetic situation (Romania) - p. 4 II. Conventional energy and its effects over the environment (Finland) p. 21 III. Renewable energy-sources of clean energy (Turkey) p. 28 IV. Why should we save the energy? (Bulgaria) p. 38 V. How can we change the attitude of the consumers towards the waste of energy? (Italy) p. 44 VI. How can the students contribute to the reduction of energy consumption in schools and at the home? (Spain) p. 49 VII. Energy and transport (Lithuania) p. 53 VIII. Reduce, reuse, recycle (Poland) p. 62
PART B: What is your energy IQ?

(Romania) p. 66
Worlds energetic situation

1. Worlds energetic general considerations Non2. Non-renewable energy resources 3. Renewable energy resources 4. Nuclear energy energy 5. About European Unions energy policy 6. Energetic and geopolitics 7. Energetic security 8. Energetic weapon 9. Energetic disputes 10. Conclusions 11. Sources
By Romanian team Teachers: Hobjil Daniela, Donos Ana Teodora, Busuioc Ionela, Mazga Doina Students: Antonic Claudiu Alexandru, Bozieanu Daniel, Munteanu Oana, Alexa Ana Maria
1. Worlds energetic general considerations

Power is a branch of industry concerned with the exploitation, extraction, use of all energy sources to electricity production and its distribution. In the contemporary period, global energy was based on conventional (traditional) resources, nonrenewable such as oil, natural gas, coal. Worlds energy consumption has been growing during the twentieth century, this increase emphasizing in the second half of the twentieth century. On the first places in the worlds energy consumption is Europe (including Russia) and North America. On other continents, energy consumption is more modest. Approximately 70% of world energy consumption is owned by U.S., China, Russia, Germany, UK and Canada. In the second half of the twentieth century also the energy balance has seen significant changes (the ratio of different types of fuel and energy production and consumption). In the first half of the twentieth century, the coal had the dominant rank in the global energy balance, but after World War II, its share has declined. For example, the early twentieth century, the share of coal is 90%, amounting in 1975 to 28.7%. Along with the decline of coal share, the share of other energy sources has grown such as oil, natural gas, hydro, nuclear, etc. The energy balance of a country depends on the following factors: presence of own resources, import opportunities, economic development. The global energy balance has not known important changes at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Instead the price of oil skyrocketed.
Non2. Non-renewable energy resources
The oil The Oil industry is the leading branch of world energy. The "Black Gold" is the main source on which the world economy depends on. The Oil is the source that moves the means of transport, industry, agriculture. The Oil is the source of which depends the effectiveness of the armed forces. Oil provides 40% of global energy and 90% of fuel vehicles. The main world producers of oil are: Saudi Arabia, U.S., Russia, Iran, Venezuela, Mexico, China, Norway, Iraq, UK, UAE, Nigeria, Kuwait. The Gulf region is 70% of the world's oil reserves. Saudi Arabia has 25% of the world reserves, Iraq 11%, Caspian and Central Asia of 7% and 5% Russian Federation. North America has more than 16% of known reserves and Africa about 8.7%. Oil production peaked in 1971 and since then is declining. No one knows for sure when oil reserves will be exhausted, but there have been various estimates. Experts say that the United States, Canada, Norway and Britain have already reached peak production and Saudi Arabia and Russia are close to this point. The European Commission estimates, if production remains at constant current, oil reserves will be exhausted in about 41 years. In these calculations are not taken into account the undiscovered reserves. For the Middle East, the estimates are better: 82 years. According to a report from the Energy Watch Group, world oil production has already reached maximum in 2006 and continued to fall a few percent per year. By 2020, global oil reserves are extremely low. The report of discoveries of new deposits and demand is also unfavourable, since once the deposit is discovered, it takes several years until it can be used. Currently, the "centre of gravity" of global oil production gradually moves from the North industrialized countries (U.S., Canada, Mexico, Europe and western Russia) to developing countries of the South, especially Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Angola , Nigeria and countries of the Caspian Sea basin. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, the percentage of world production of oil which is of the major producer of the North will fall from 27% in 2001 to 18% in 2025, while the part of the production of producers in Africa, Latin America and Middle East will increase from 50% to 61%. Worldwide, there are over 40,000 oil fields, but many of them are small. As estimated, 50% of the world's oil is provided by 100-125% of giant oil fields. What are the biggest oil fields in the world? Ferdowsi (Iran), Carioca-Sugar Loaf (Brazil), Cantarell (Mexico), Kashagan (Kazakhstan), Coastal Bolivar (Venezuela), Burgan (Kuwait), Ghawar (Saudi Arabia), Alberta Oil Sands (Canada), Orinoco Belt (Venezuela), Piceance & Uinta (U.S.A).
The biggest consumers of oil are: U.S., China, European Union, Japan, Russia, Germany, Canada, Brazil, South Korea, Saudi Arabia. The largest importer of oil is U.S.A.In production and exports area, the group of Member States of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has supremacy. The 11 members of the organization (Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, Libya, Nigeria, Algeria and Indonesia) control 40% of global oil market.
Oil prices often change, being influenced by different events from anywhere in the world, but especially in important countries producing and exporting of oil. For example, in the early millennium, oil prices increased due to events in Iraq (attacks), Iran (nuclear threat), North Korea (Missile Crisis) and the conflict between Israel and Lebanon. Oil prices increased in conditions of increasing demand and decreasing production. Did you know? The twentieth century was called the "century of oil". The first mentions of oil appeared in ancient authors' works. The first written historical evidence to regulate the use of oil is the "Laws of Hammurabi (875 BC. A.D). Around 3000 BC, the Sumerians used oil as a binder in construction. In the Middle Ages, in some countries in Europe and Asia (France, Italy, India, Japan, etc.), oil was used for lighting and heating, the insulation and construction bond. On October 8th, 1961, in the city of Ploiesti in Romania was inaugurated the National Museum of Oil? The establishment of this museum in Ploiesti is a recognition of the citys status in the oil industry in Romania. In 2009, Romania was ranked in the top 11 oil producers in Europe and Eurasia, with a daily production of 93,000 barrels a day, representing 0.1% of the world production. Oil provides 40% of the worlds energy. The largest oil production in Romania was in 1976? (14.7 million tons) According to some estimates from 2007, Romania's oil reserves are of 74 million tons? In Romania, the first oil refinery was commissioned in 1857, in the city of Ploiesti. Natural gases Using natural gas in the industry was widespread in the interwar period (1919-1939). Over 30% of reserves are placed in the Russian Federation, 15% in Iran, 9% in Qatar, 4% in Saudi Arabia, UAE 3.8%, 3.3% in U.S., 3% in Algeria, etc.. In Europe, large amounts of harmful gas are owned by Norway, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Romania. The rank of the large producers of natural gas is dominated by Russia and the U.S. A. Are fallowed by Canada, Iran, Norway, Algeria. The rank of large consumers is dominated by the U.S., Russia, Germany, Canada. U.S. and Russia have over 40% of global consumption of natural gas. The world's largest gas importers are USA, Germany, Japan, Italy, France.
Until the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, the oil price was quite low. Because of this, large-scale industrial exploitation of natural gas began much later. Towards the end of the twentieth century, the share of natural gas increased global energy balance. For example, in 1970 natural gas take part by about 19% in global energy balance structure, in 1988 - by 23%, and in 2000 - by 23.5%. Did you know? Asia's largest producer of natural gas is Indonesia. Romania is ranked 61 in the world in terms of gas reserves. Romania ranks third in the European Union in terms of gas reserves, immediately after the Netherlands and the UK. Natural gas provides about 40% of Romania's energy consumption. In 1917, Turda (Romania) became the first city in Romania being lightened with natural gas. Reliable gas reserves of Romania are expected to cover domestic consumption for the next 15 years. In February 2012, has been made a significant breakthrough in mining in the Black Sea? Preliminary estimates place the deposit of natural gas to 42-84 billion cubic meters, equivalent to 3-6 times the annual consumption of Romania. The coal The geographical distribution of proven reserves of coal by continent is as follows: Europe (including Russia) -38.2% North America 21, 2%, Asia - 26.6%, Oceania-7, 7%, Africa-5, 3% and Latin America-1, 0%. Over 80% of world coal reserves are held by six countries: United States (about 28%), Russia (18%), China (13%), Australia (9%), India (6%) and South Africa (5.7%). According to a report by British Petroleum at the end of 2010, coal reserves of the European Union accounted for 6.5% of total. The leading producers are. U.S., Russia, Japan, China, Germany, Poland, United Kingdom, Czech Republic. Coal began to be widely used in the nineteenth century. By the late nineteenth century, the world market coal industry was dominated by Great Britain (5% of world production). In the early twentieth century, the rule passed by the U.S., which operated about 37% of world production. Low oil prices to oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 led to stagnation of the coal industry. Exploitation of coal soared again during the last 2-3 decades of the twentieth century. During 1980-2008, there was a significant increase by about 71% of global coal use. It is estimated that coal reserves will reach a maximum around 2015 and that production will enter a rapid decline after 2020. In the early 2011, worldwide coal reserves were about 900 billion tons, of which 470 billion tons coal (anthracite and coal) and 420 billion tons less coal (brown coal and lignite). Coal is the most expensive and difficult branch of energy. It requires large investments in plant and machinery of the most modern and highly productive, able to ensure security of the operation. However, is the branch with the highest workload. As the oil reserves run out, possibly as a last
resort for humanity's energy supply is coal, while the coal combustion process poses serious environmental and air quality problems. Did you know? The nineteenth century was called the "century of coal. In the nineteenth century, coal was considered the "bread of industry. China is currently the largest coal producer in the world.
3. Renewable energy resources

If green energy in the '70s was considered and treated as a utopian dream of researchers, the situation has changed over the years and the vision of a "solar future" has become a subject of debate. New and renewable energy sources (biomass, solar, wind, hydro, photovoltaic cell, etc.) have become, for industrialized countries, national targets of energy their production structure. This was mainly because of two events. The first was the publishing in 1972 of the report "The Limits to Growth" Club of Rome, and the second was the first oil crisis and energy crisis of 1973/1974. The report has since provided a dramatic reduction in conventional energy resources and a rapid increase in environmental pollution. Competition of the two events brought the issue of security of energy supply. In this context, renewable energy was seen for the first time as a possible alternative to oil. When oil prices fell sharply in the 80's, the "solar" vision has again lost its attraction. However, subsequent developments have confirmed the Club of Rome, and environmental issues began to discuss the global level, especially after the conferences in Rio (1992) and Kyoto (1997). EU is committed under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 8% by 20082012. Yet, in the years following the signing of the document, nothing significant happened. One of the countries that took seriously the Kyoto commitments was Germany, where more than other countries, has set a very ambitious goal by reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 21%. Viewed synthetically, current major issues of energy sector in the Community, summarized from the report to the Energy Green Paper are as follows: Increasing dependence on imported energy resources. Two thirds of fossil fuels - oil, coal, natural gas come from import (20% of natural gas imported from Russia). Over 30 years, dependence will increase to 70% of the total, 90% of oil will be imported. The security of energy supply. Dependence on imported energy resources lead to a safe low power. However, to improve food safety, only reduce imports and increase domestic production would be insufficient and would betray a simplistic approach to the problem. The Commission considers that the solution is much more complex, containing inter alia the diversification of energy technologies and a new energy demand management. Structural weaknesses, geopolitical and social negative impacts of energy production on the environment, especially one related to emissions of greenhouse gas emissions commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. The sun, wind and geothermal heat are energy sources that would not be exhausted in the near future and do not emit greenhouse gases. European Commission proposed a package of laws that offers that the renewable energy to represent by 2020 20% of total EU energy consumption. EU uses renewable energy in a rate of 8.5% of energy (the percentage varies in the member States from 0%-Malta-up to 39%-Sweden). Percentage target of 20% would reduce CO2 emissions by 600-900 million tons per year and reduce fossil fuel consumption to 200-300 million tons per year, according to the European Commission. At the same time, it would create one million jobs.
In early 2000 the European Commission has made from the development of renewable energy a priority written policy in the White Book "Energy for the future: renewable energy sources" and the Green Book" Towards a European strategy for security of energy supply". In 2004, renewable energy supplied around 7% of global energy consumption. In 2006, the share of renewable energy consumption in Romania was of 17.5%, respectively of 8.8% in the EU. In 2008, member States with the largest share of energy from renewable sources in final consumption are Sweden (44.4%), Finland (30.5%), Latvia (29.9%), Austria (28.5 %) and Portugal (23.2%), opposite hovering Malta (0.2%), Luxembourg (2.1%), United Kingdom (2.2%), Netherlands (3.2%) and Belgium (3.3%). However, the countries that have significantly increased the percentage in 2006-2008 are Austria (24.8% to 28.5%), Estonia (from 16.1% to 19.1%) and Romania (from 17.5% to 20.4%). The geographical distribution of hydropower potential depends on the particular topography and climate regime. In terms of continents, Asia holds 40% of hydropower potential, followed by Africa (20%), South America and North America. A great potential have the Zaire rivers, Yenisey, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Columbia, Nile, Zambezi. Hydropower potential is very valuable to some poor countries in fossil fuels, such as Brazil, Japan, Zaire, Sweden. In the U.S., the largest hydroelectric are the Colorado and Columbia rivers. In Russia, the true hydropower giants are on Volga. In Europe, among the countries electrified with water, can remembered Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, Italy. The world's largest hydroelectric dam is built in China Three hatches on the Blue River. Indonesia launched in 2010 an ambitious plan that provides its volcanic power use to get green energy. The 17,000 islands of Indonesia contain hundreds of volcanoes and it is estimated that they have about 40% of the world's geothermal potential. Also, this plan will help Indonesia to meet its target of reducing emissions by 26% by 2020. Between 2005-2010, geothermal energy had an overall increase of 20%. During this period, the U.S. maintained their leadership. In percentage terms, the top five countries are: Germany, Papua New Guinea, Australia, Turkey, Iceland. In 2010, 24 countries in Europe were developing geothermal projects. The countries with the largest installed capacity in wind farms are China, United States, Germany and Spain. In early 2011, the share of wind energy in total domestic consumption was 24% in Denmark, 14% in Spain and Portugal, about 10% in Ireland and Germany, 5.3% at EU level, the percentage is 3% in Romania in early 2012. It is believed that the global technical potential of wind energy can provide five times more energy than it consumes. This level of exploitation would require 12.7% of the Earth (excluding oceans) are covered by parks turbines, assuming that the land would be covered with 6 large wind turbines per square kilometre. Although still a relatively minor source of electricity for most countries, wind energy production has increased almost five times between 1999 and 2006, leading, in some countries, the share of wind energy in total energy consumption is significant. In early 2011, the share of wind energy in total domestic consumption was 24% in Denmark, 14% in Spain and Portugal, about 10% in Ireland and Germany, 5.3% at EU level, the percentage is 3% in Romania in early 2012. According to the end of 2010 Germany has the highest wind power capacity in the EU, the 27 214 MW, followed by Spain with 20,676 MW, and then, from a distance, by Italy (5797 MW) and France (5660 MW).
Iceland generates nearly all its electricity from renewable energy sources and does not use any fossil fuels. Because water is abundant, the country generates 80% of its electricity from hydro power and the rest is produced by geothermal plants. Iceland ("Land ice" in direct translation), produces tomatoes, apples and even bananas. Countless Icelandic greenhouses receive heat energy from the earth, Iceland having other sources of energy practice. Instead the country is very rich in hot springs and geysers known (hot water fountain), the timer accuracy by underground springs. And even if it does not belong to the islands the priority to use underground heat sources (in their famous baths, the Romans brought water under mantle pa), the inhabitants of this northern country exploit intense the underground boiler operates. Capital-Reykjavik, where half the population lives, is heated by underground springs. The waves are huge deposits of energy. The annual average power on the Atlantic coast is between 15 and 80 kW/m of coastline. Wave energy cannot be widely used. Prototypes of such plants are now under analysis and testing. Sea surface waters are naturally heated by the sun, which is a huge reservoir of energy in tropical areas. The project called "Desertec" the bravest of the European solar project (and other 12 companies, mostly German and decided in 2009 to build solar plants in North Africa and the Middle East) will cover 15% of Europe's energy needs and much of the African partner countries. Under the sustainable exploitation of its, biomass is a renewable energy, providing bio fuels (generally in solid form) and bio fuels (usually liquid). Wood covers more than 10% of primary energy demand in many countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, several European countries (Sweden, Finland, Austria). Using wood as an energy source has increased dramatically in recent decades in developing countries, but this resource was not exploited sustainable, leading to massive deforestation. Emissions from burning wood in an industrial plant heating are lower than for fossil fuel combustion. If the forests, where the wood is, are managed in a sustainable manner, the CO2 production caused by this pathway would not only be caused by fuel used in operations of planting, harvesting and marketing. This would represent about 5% of sold fuel. Did you know? Wind began to be widely used in the '70s, especially in Europe. Wind power energy is the fastest growing in recent years. Since 1966, two cities in France have fully satisfied the need for energy from tidal power. The largest wind farm in the world (2010) The Roscoe Wind Complex (United States, Texas), with a capacity of 781 MW, capable of providing electricity to 230,000 households. It has 627 turbines, cost 1 billion dollars, its construction started in 2007 and covers 100,000 acres. By comparison a coal plant generates 550 MW on average. Europe has only 9% of the available wind potential in the world. The first geothermal power plant, with a low power, was built in 1904 in the Italian town Larderello.
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4. Nuclear energy
Nuclear energy comes from uranium, a metal found in the earth's crust. Uranium, a rare element in the earths crust, is used to produce heat by nuclear fission (breaking atoms of uranium). The heat produces steam that spins turbines to produce electricity. Waste is highly radioactive and must be isolated for thousands of years. Major producers are the USA, Western Europe and Japan. EU is the largest producer of electricity from nuclear sources in the world. Approximately one third of its electricity and 15% of energy consumed in the EU comes from nuclear plants. Among the risks of nuclear power include: risk of major accidents (like the one at Chernobyl); leakage of radioactive substances that can affect both the environment and human health in the area; storage of radioactive waste resulting from the operation; nuclear proliferation; Explosions and fires at Fukushima nuclear plant in Japan have increased concerns about nuclear power safety. In August 2011, worldwide there were 442 nuclear reactors in 29 countries, another 65 are under construction in 16 countries. According to the updated list in the beginning of 2011 by the European Nuclear Society, United States hold most active reactors of the 30 countries (to account for Taiwan)in which there are functional nuclear power stations. Thus, the U.S. has 104 reactors, while Armenia, Netherlands and Slovenia have one. Romania shares the places 20-26 with Bulgaria, South Africa, Mexico, Argentina, Pakistan and Brazil, with two reactors. Of the seven countries that have two reactors, Romania is the third in terms of net capacity. Here is the list of States which have reactors, according to the updated list in the beginning of 2011 by the European Nuclear Society: 1. U.S.A - 104 reactors (100.747 MW) 15. Czech - 6 reactors (3.722 MW) 2. France - 58 reactors (63.130 MW) 16. Switzerland- 5 reactors (3.238 MW) 3. Japan - 54 reactors (46,823 MW) 17. Finland - 4 reactors (2.716 MW) 4. Russia - 32 reactors (22.693 MW) 18. Hungary - 4 reactors (1.889 MW) 5. South Korea - 21 reactors (18,665 MW) 19. Slovakia - 4 reactors (1.792 MW) 6. India - 20 reactors (4.391 MW) 20. Bulgaria - 2 reactors (1.906 MW) 7. Great Britain - 19 reactors (10.137 MW) 21. South Africa - 2 reactors (1.800 MW) 8. China - 19 reactors - 13 in continental China 22. Mexico - 2 reactors (1.300 MW) (10.048 MW) and 6 in Taiwan (4.980 MW) 23. Romania - 2 reactors (1.300 MW) 9. Canada - 18 reactors (12.569 MW) 24. Argentina - 2 reactors (935 MW) 10. Germany - 17 reactors (20.490 MW) 25. Pakistan - 2 reactors (425 MW) 11. Ukraine - 15 reactors (13.107 MW) 26. Brazil - 2 reactors (375 MW) 12. Sweden - 10 reactors (9.303 MW) 27. Armenia - 1 reactor (375 MW) 13. Spain - 8 reactors (7.514 MW) 28. Holland - 1 reactor (487 MW) 14. Belgium - 7 reactors (5.926 MW) 29. Slovenia 1 reactor (666 MW)
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There are states that have a number of reactors under construction, such as: 1. China - 29 reactors of which 27 in continental China (27.230 MW) and 2 in Taiwan (2.600 MW) 2. Russia - 11 reactors (9.153 MW) 3. South Korea - 5 reactors (5.560 MW) 4. India - 5 reactors (3.564 MW) 5. Bulgaria - 2 reactors (1.906 MW) 6. Japan - 2 reactors (2.650 MW) 7. Slovakia - 2 reactors (782 MW) 8. Ukraine - 2 reactors (1.900 MW) 9. USA - 1 reactor (1.165 MW) 10. Argentina - 1 reactor (692 MW) 11. Brazil - 1 reactor (1.245 MW) 12. Finland - 1 reactor (1.600 MW) 13. France - 1 reactor (1.600 MW) 14. Iran - 1 reactor (915 MW) 15. Pakistan - 1 reactor (300 MW) Several countries outside the EU have announced plans to build new production plants generation, particularly China, South Korea, United States, India, Japan and Russia. Within the EU, the situation is very diverse: Bulgaria, France, Slovakia and Finland have decided to build new nuclear reactors, several countries have reopened the debate on whether to extend life of existing plants or replace them (among other things, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, Lithuania (the "Baltic") and the United Kingdom), finally, Belgium, Germany and Spain were engaged in a policy or limiting progressive abandonment of nuclear energy. In March 2012, tens of thousands of people who oppose nuclear power manifested throughout the world, one year after the catastrophe at Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan. Although Germany is the country which has dropped progressively nuclear energy after the earthquake followed by tsunami that damaged reactors in Fukushima, in March 2012, almost 50,000 people protested in six regions. These people chanted: "Fukushima warns us: nuclear plants should be
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Closed now." In France, the country most dependent on nuclear power in the world (75% of electricity), a human chain of 60,000 people gathered. Europeans arrived in Germany, France, Belgium and Switzerland was spread on 230 km along the Rhone valley, the region most denuclearized in Europe. Such events have occurred in Spain, Australia and Taiwan. Spanish protesters gathered near the plant in Garon (the oldest in the country) to require closure. In Taiwan, about 5,000 demonstrators called the closing as soon as possible of three nuclear plants. Did you know? Nuclear energy is too risky. Nuclear power costs too much. In a few decades, the nuclear industry required fuel reserves will be exhausted. Romania has one nuclear power plant in Cernavoda, which produces about 18% of electricity needs of the country. Construction was started during the communist regime, only two reactors being finalized, (1996 and 2007). One kilogram of uranium is energy as six million pounds of coal. After the nuclear disaster in 2011, about 80% of people in Japan are in favour of reducing the country's stage of dependence on nuclear energy and total surrender to it in the future. The world's first nuclear power plant that produced electricity for commercial use, Obninsk APS-1, was built almost 60 years ago by the Russians, was operational until 2002. Located in the city of Obninsk, about 110 kilometres from Moscow, was given in use in June 26, 1954, the town received the nickname of "Russia's first science city". Construction was started in January 1951 and completed in June 1954, being connected to the mains in the same month of the completion of work. only reactor of the plant, called PM-1, has a total electrical capacity of 6 megawatts net capacity of around 5 megawatts electric and thermal power of 30 megawatts, enough to electricity supply 2,000 homes. This building was a triumph of the Russians on the U.S., the race for nuclear power reactor is used for population needs, but also for military research nuclear plant has been active for almost 50 years, coming of use from April 29, 2002, when Russian officials have announced plans to transform the plant into a museum.
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In 2002, Belgium passed a law requiring the closure of nuclear plants in the country after 40 years of operation. After the oil crisis of 1973, France launched the largest nuclear program in the world.
5. About European Unions energy policy

The main moments of EU energy policy are: Treaty of establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC, 1951) which was intended to create a European common market for coal. Treaty of establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom, 1957) which aims to reduce dependence on imports from the Middle East, in response to the oil crisis of Suez in 1956. European Energy Charter in The Hague (1991), which establishes the principles, objectives and means of achieving a pan-European cooperation on energy. Maastricht Treaty (1992) which highlighted some areas in determining the concept on the small European market. Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) which was submitted an initiative to create Trans-European Energy Networks, since it implied a strong development of European energy infrastructure, telecommunications and transport. First European Commission Communication addressing the issue of a common energy policy dates from 1995 and was called the Green Book "Towards a European Union energy policy". It followed in the same year, the White Book "An Energy Policy for the European Union", then a new sequence of communications in 1996 and 1997, called "Green Book for a Community Strategy - Energy for the future: renewable sources of energy" and "White Book - energy for the future: renewable sources of energy". These documents are based on current common energy policy and European law. The dependence on energy imports is one of the main problems of the European Union. EU officials are concerned about the growing dependence of energy (oil and natural gas). Russia is the leading provider of natural gas in the EU.
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On medium and long term, EU energy policy goals are to reduce by 2020 emissions by 20%, increasing to 20% the percentage of renewable energy and energy efficiency by 20% (Strategy 2020-20). In short, the objective is to reduce dependence on a single energy source and develop strategies to avoid the power crisis. European Commission action plan focuses on energy security, solidarity between Member States and the supply of a cleaner and cheaper energy. EU objectives for 2050: 80% less emissions of greenhouse gases, 60% renewable energies 35% energetic efficiency. and
EU Member States can be divided, in terms of primary energy sources in three categories: net producers, net importers and a special category of cohesion countries. Net producing countries are the Netherlands, Denmark and Britain. UK is a manufacturer and exporter of energy. UKs market being the freest one in Europe, the Kingdom does not know the monopole on the production and export of oil and other energy resources. The only branch of energy generation, where there is state monopoly, is believed to be nuclear. With the discovery of the deposit in 1959 in Groningen, the Netherlands became the largest gas producer among the EU countries. Gas consumption is largely covered by two main suppliers, Russia and Norway, followed hovering Netherlands and Algeria. Denmark is a net exporter of natural gas, but at a much lower than the Netherlands. Its oil necessary is being covered of 98% of internal resources. Net importing countries are Germany, France and Italy. Germany is a net importer of gas made mostly from Russia, Germany and oil is at the same time, a major energy producer and an EU carrier. France is a net importer of energy. Imports almost all oil and gas needs and 75% from coal. Although France has oil and gas reserves, domestic production remains low. Import sources are Russia and Algeria, followed by Norway. Italy is poor in energy resources and imports from Algeria most of the necessary gas, being the country of transit of the Algerian gas to Europe. No nuclear sector as a result of the moratorium imposed by referendum in 1987. The energy sector is traditionally of state as in France. Small countries (in population) net energy importers are Austria, Belgium, Finland, Sweden and Luxembourg. In this group of countries there are important contrasts. Nordic countries in this group put strong emphasis on environmental protection and nuclear energy (as is scarce compared to their richer neighbours, Denmark and Norway), while Austria has a privileged position because of hydroelectric potential, which provides about 70 % of domestic energy. Biomass ranks second, with 11% of domestic energy. Belgium, totally free of fossil fuels, is based on imports and nuclear power. Ireland, Greece, Spain and Portugal, countries that have benefited from a massive financial support from the wealthier EU Social Cohesion Fund are net importers of energy. They have a much weaker energy infrastructure than other states. The energy sector is relatively weak, the efficiency is low, technology and transport systems for gas and electricity are not sufficiently developed. For example, Portugal, which is based mainly on its hydroelectric potential, can lead to import in dry years up to 90% of the energy consumed.
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Renewable sources 5% Nuclear 13% Oil 40%
Coal18%
Gas 24%
The structure of the energy mix in 2010 for the production of total energy in the European Union Europe has enough coal to cover the main needs. Europe has 5% of world reserves of coal. The main European Union countries that have reserves of coal are: Germany, Poland, Spain, Hungary, Romania. In 2010, the share of coal use in electricity production in EU countries was 29%, in this respect, Poland is ranked first (92%), Czech Republic (59%), Greece (53%), Germany Bulgaria (42%), Romania (40%), Slovenia (36%), Spain (22%), Hungary (20%), Slovakia (17%), Italy (14%), France (4-5%), Sweden (1%). EU expects in 2030 to produce electricity which will require using: coal - 32%, nuclear - 18%, natural gas - 25%, oil - 4.5% and renewable sources - 20.5%.
6. Energetic and geopolitics

Non-renewable energy resources are more limited but energy consumption is increasing, especially in countries with developed economies. They depend on energy which is why their policy is dominated by resource strategies. The control of energy resources - oil, natural gas and liquefied fossil fuels - has become a priority not only for the major players of the international scene (U.S., EU, Russian Federation), but also new rising powers (China and India). China and India are countries in economic booming. These countries import oil and are aware that they need energy to sustain this growth. For this reason, China and India are very attentive to developments in the Middle East region. For example, China has a special relationship with Russia, Kazakhstan and Saudi Arabia. In 2004, China surpassed Japan and reached number two in terms of oil consumption. Geopolitical concerns dominate oil world governments. U.S., EU, Japan, India, China are energy dependent. U.S. and Russia are major players in oil geopolitics. What is the main difference between U.S. and Russia in this regard? Russia is not dependent on natural resources but that
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independence affects geopolitics and strategy. Instead, Russia is dependent on revenues from oil exports. U.S.A. see in the Russian oil a possible alternative to the oil obtained from the Middle East, a region where unpredictable events may occur which affect the rhythm of deliveries. At the beginning of XXI century we are witnessing at the increase of world economies dependence on energy resources . The world economy still depends on oil as a central resource of energy and resources dominate the geopolitical struggle for XXI century. Resource problem has many facets, their deficits have an important role in triggering or amplification of conflict, polarization and / or catalysis of forces. Moreover, in the '70s, Henry Kissinger said, "Control oil and you control all continents ..." Later, Michael Collon said, "If you want to lead the world you have to control oil. All oil. Wherever it is. "
7. Energetic security
Energetic security, with food security, financial security, commercial security, etc.., is part of a broader concept of national security and individual issues, namely, economic security. Achieving a certain level of security depends on the state of aggregate resources internally and earns or maintains access to external economic resources. The existence of sufficient and available resources is a imperative precondition to achieve energy security. Realities of contemporary period have shown that large consumers should stop the utopia of energy independence and accept energy dependence. Each "link" of the chain holder exploiterproducer-carrier-distributor-consumer is concerned to defend and promote their own interests and maximize the results. Great actors of the energy scene have different perceptions on energy security. For the U.S., the term means, first, reduce dependence on Persian Gulf resources. Europe can only have energy security in the conditions in which the Russian Federation is obliged to provide necessary hydrocarbons, while the Russian Federation understands through this access to Western markets. In view of China, energy security means purchase and investment in African mining energy fields. Energetic security is threatened by terrorism, political unrest, armed conflict, piracy, hurricanes, floods, earthquakes or damage caused by "man". For example, an explosion on an oil field in China will lead the Chinese to buy more oil, which will increase the international price of oil and thus gasoline in the U.S. Energetic security is threatened by the six major challenges of the twenty-first century: short circuit of the supply flows; the finite nature of energy resources; use energy as an instrument of pressure; use energy revenues to support undemocratic regimes; global climate changes; high energy costs for developing countries. The European Union has a special interest in the energetic security issue. The Union of 27 countries is one of the world's largest energy consumers. With the possible exception of Norway, all other EU countries are dependent on imported oil, especially in the Russian Federation. Energy pressures exerted by the Russian Federation on Union have, however, positive effects. Union soon realized its institutional and political weaknesses. As a result of repeated interruptions of gas supplies to
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Europe (energy crisis triggered by Russia in 2006-2007), the EU has seen placed in a position to speed up consumption efficiency and diversification. In the energy policy, the EU has a number of documents and action plans, and "Action Plan for the period 2007-2009", "An Energy Policy for Europe" (2007) etc.. Meanwhile, EU countries Germany, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Austria, Italy - participates in projects to diversify routes of Russian natural gas through the North Sea and the Black Sea, which actually will enhance Russia's role in EUs energy market. For Romania, energy security means providing the necessary energy resources and limiting the import dependence, diversification of imported energy resources and their transport routes, increasing the adequacy of national transport networks for electricity and natural gas protection of critical infrastructure. Amid on the "gas crisis" caused by Russia, Romania's energy security concerns have increased.
8. Energetic weapon
Sometimes, hydrocarbons are used as an instrument of pressure, being a real energy weapon, meaning that any action or inaction of an actor of the chain owner-exploiter-operator-producerdistributor-consumer carrier, directly or indirectly related to energy, which aims to influence the behaviour of other actors or to control them, to achieve their own interests. Energy can become an instrument of political power used in international relations to achieve their interests.
9. Energetic disputes
Once oil production will reach the maximum and the consumption will continue to grow and prices continue upward trend, disputes and conflicts on these renewable resources to enhance and provide a constant on the security agendas of the international community. Throughout history, many cases are known of crises and conflicts arising from misunderstandings on energy resources. Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was, in part, a consequence of the U.S. decision in 1941 to limit oil exports to the Japanese islands, following the invasion of China. Operations in Angola and Chechnya are based on strong economic motivation, knowing that hold significant reserves of high quality energy. U.S. intervention and its allies in 1991 in Kuwait was motivated mainly by the need to secure oil in the area and to prevent Saddam Hussein to extend control over it. Also, many energy crisis took place from 1970 to today: the oil crisis of 1973-1974, caused by the OPEC embargo of most oil-producing Arab states in response to the West's support for Israel in the war of Yom Kippur30; the energy crisis of 1979, following the Iranian revolution; explosion of oil prices in 1990 caused the Gulf War; significant increases in energy prices (2001-2006), due to stagnation of world oil production correlated with increased demand in the U.S., China and India. The close link between energy resources and conflict arise from two essential characteristics: the vital importance for economic and military power of nations and uneven geographical distribution. Potential conflicts based on access, control and exploitation of energy resources will remain still quite high. Such conflict can take various forms, from a classic war involving the major military
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powers (as in the Persian Gulf war), until internal struggle for power between different political factions, ethnic or tribal. In some cases, ongoing conflicts are intensified by the discovery of energy reserves, while in others they were triggered by the issue of energy resources in the area.
10. Conclusions
Energy resources are generally scarce and unevenly distributed across the earth. The possibility of exhaustion of energy resources in the years contributed to increased interest in using renewable energy. Over time, energy strongly influenced the evolution of human society, economic development nationally and globally. For example, in the '70s, Henry Kissinger said "Control oil and you control all continents." The struggle for energy resources is a central feature of the XXI century geopolitics. Lack of energy resources may lead to initiation or amplification of conflict. Competition for energy resources dominate the third millennium. Energy resources are surrounded by political and military games. Energy prices can pose a threat to world security. Oil prevails geopolitics for over 60 years. Oil is the energy source that dominated the twentieth century. Oil can be removed from the motivations that led to the outbreak of conflicts in the twentieth century (such as the Gulf war, Angola, Chechnya, Sudan, Iraq). Most advanced states in terms of oil has little to support a growing economy and consumption. Instead, the less developed, especially in the Middle East, countries facing disputes and conflicts, has plenty of such resources. Oil demand grows faster than the supply, which creates tension and conflict. It is extremely difficult to estimate exactly what are the fossil fuel reserves worldwide and when exactly will be exhausted, but the trend is clear: the world is moving towards a major energy crisis. According to forecasts, by 2020, geopolitics will not be dominated of oil, but natural gas. In most scenarios made in connection with energy to achieve total world energy in 2030, analyzes and forecasts focus on the following percentages of contribution: coal: 23-28% Oil: 31-31%, nuclear: 22% , natural gas: 5-7%, renewable resources: 13-17%. In the context of deepening competition for power and influence in the global arena, material resources, especially energy, play an increasingly important position occupied by a state and its role in international relations system. Unequal distribution and predictable depletion of oil resources, resources that still remain the engine of world economy, led to amplification of games on them and allowed some "monopoly" in the control of sources and routes, of markets and prices Energy security must take into account the challenges that globalization brings, any failure or vulnerability of some of the world (an energy source) affecting consumers around the world. U.S., EU, China and Russia are both in relationships of competition and cooperation in the access, control and exploitation of these resources. Centre of gravity of world production gradually moves to other areas of South, Central Asia, Caucasus now being intensive areas of interest of energofags states. The polarization of attention on these areas often leads to disputes between energy consumers competitors. Daily global transport network know all sorts of changes and new projects to facilitate coverage of demand. Internal crises and conflicts in rich countries in resource tend to emphasize and multiply, fuelled by all sorts of ethnic disputes, and separatist and factions.
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11. Sources
http://cssas.unap.ro/ro/cercetare.htm www.geopolitic.ro http://www.manager.ro/articole/analize/top-10-zacaminte-de-petrol-11926.html http://www.adevarul.ro/international/Harta-producatori-energie-nucleara-lume_0_445155487.html http://www.9am.ro/stiri-revista-presei/International/224537/manifestatii-in-toata-lumea-impotrivaenergiei-nucleare.html http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/povestea-primei-centrale-nucleare-lumedevenita-muzeu http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/nuclear_energy/l27072_ro.htm http://terraiii.ngo.ro/date/b2d1f2f8f1bb3ec1206dd2e29da29cba/miturile_energiei_nucleare_in_rom ania.pdf http://www.agir.ro/buletine/817.pdf http://www.ier.ro/documente/formare/Politica_energie.pdf
Cristian Bhnreanu, Securitatea energetic, Editura Universitii Naionale de Aprare Carol I, Bucureti, 2008 Cristian Bhnreanu, Resursele energetice i mediul de securitate la nceputul secolului XXI, Editura Universitii Naionale de Aprare Carol I, Bucureti, 2006 Dr. Nicolae Dolghin, Geopolitica. Dependenele de resursele energetice, Editura Universitii Naionale de Aprare Carol I, Bucureti, 2004
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II. Conventional energy and its effects over the environment
By Finnish team Teachers: Aila Vatanen, Tapio Alatalo, Susanna Kysti Students: Miika Vehmasto, Joni Mettl, Jan Laitinen, Max Alitalo Pictures were taken as follows: Smoke Sauna by Tapio Alatalo and the other pictures by a group of business students who studied the use of Energy as part the Physics and Chemistry course of Susanna Kysti LIST OF CONTENTS 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION THE TARGETS OF WORK 2. THE CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES CHOSEN FOR THIS WORK 3. SOME RELEVANT ENVIRONMENT ASPECTS 4. MAKING RESPONSIBLE CHOICES FOCUSING ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 5. CONCLUSION 6. SUMMARY 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION THE TARGETS OF WORK In this group work for the EU Project Energy for Tomorrow the task of the Finnish partner is to study the role of conventional energy and its influence on the environment. Finland is our home country, so we study conventional energy and its influence on the environment from the Finnish direction. In Finland we have a lot of space around us, for the population density is some 15 people per square kilometre. We have now a chance to be on spotlight although we have the remote location compared to other countries of this EU-Project. The Finnish lifestyle means a mixture of various different lifestyles: urban lifestyle, country lifestyle and all different variants. There are wealthy people, but there are also people whose income does not allow any luxurious choices. However, there are some features, all Finns share: we ought to have a sauna in our house or in our flat, or at least we have to know where it is possible to go to sauna at least once a week. When we have guests, they will be provided with a chance to go to sauna. A Finnish dream home is e.g. a one-family house which is located on the shore of a lake, equipped with a separate sauna-building in the yard. The ideal energy source for the heating of the house has been either wood or electricity heating and for the heating of the sauna a wood-burning stove. One luxury item worth mentioning is a smoke-sauna, a sauna without a chimney so that the smoke is staying inside during the heating, which takes several hours, half a day (6-8 hours).
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This Finnish smoke sauna, a timbered building, clean outside, covered with soot inside, has an ideal location surrounded by birches.
Those who live or are staying here in our climate need warm clothing during cold seasons. We also need heating in our houses to mention a couple of examples, why the socalled coal footprint of the Finnish citizens is big. It cannot be helped. Still, according to statistics we Finns are economical although we need a lot of energy compared with those who live in the more prosperous regions of the globe. Our houses are well-insulated and we have assumed many energy-efficient habits, to mention a couple of examples of our sincere willingness to prevent global warming. The conventional energy in the sense we process it, has been recently handled by Turks whose field is fossil energy. But the influence of the fossil energy on the environment is one of the topics that need life-long learning, so any presentation within the limits of conventional energy increase our interest in studying more. Some questions to be replied to in this work have been such as: How do you define conventional energy, i.e. what are the most common conventional energy sources? How is conventional energy used and does the use cause pollution? What are the most recommendable future alternatives, if any? How is faced the challenge of using pollutant energy forms? What is meant by environment and what is the effect of conventional energy sources on the environment? Is it possible to give an approximate summary after our studies, i.e. are people willing to change their lifestyle to a more moderate direction, to stop spending on unnecessary items and environmentally dangerous choices. 2. THE CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES CHOSEN FOR THIS WORK Oil, gas, coal and firewood are the most common conventional or non-renewable energy sources whose environmental influence we are studying in the course of this work. Furthermore, we study the use of oil, the use of gas and the use of coal and firewood and give some examples of their influences on the environment. There are limited amounts of these energy sources; it took millions of years to create them. Conventional energy sources have been available for us as long as energy has been used. Now these energy supplies are diminishing greatly. Still some people might think that conventional energies like oil, gas, coal and wood are a good alternative even the best one compared with alternative or renewable energies. We will revert to this aspect in our conclusion and comment on some pros and cons.
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One essential fact is that the carbon bound in the wood returns to nature at the end of the life-cycle. The use of fossil fuels causes the so-called greenhouse effect, greenhouse gas emissions cause global warming. The biggest cause behind this process is energy generation and energy use.
A Fire-burning oven. This picture demonstrates, how firewood is used when heating houses. Despite polluting elements this form of heating is a rather natural way to use energy in Finland, because we have huge forest resources. The picture is taken by business economics students.
2. SOME RELEVANT ENVIRONMENT ASPECTS We have learnt in our course books that there are different kinds of environments: developed, cultivated and natural. We know that our environment is the valuable element that has to be taken good care of. All Finnish citizens are responsible of the environment. We have also learnt about the circle of coal and what it means. We remember facts, such as: The scientific studies concerning human life are involved in the studies concerning e.g. carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. As for various life-cycles, the carbon bound in the wood returns to nature at the end of the life-cycle. As for human life, it necessitates oxygen! For a good reason we have learnt to appreciate sustainable development. We are able to breathe as long as a huge number of processes go on operating in a coordinated manner in the environment. Still, we sometimes take the natures services for granted. In the course of the 20th century the scientists and other predecessors started paying attention to different environmental quality standards. Several newspaper articles spread the idea of environmental protection procedures. Developing so-called environment-friendly technologies it would be possible to consider e.g. a problem like acid rain. In order to be able to face this problem new research and new developments were necessary. The target was to reduce emissions of SO2, sulphur, and nitrogen oxides. The formation of SO2 occurs during the combustion of coals containing sulphur and can lead to acid rain and acidic aerosols which are extremely fine air-born particles, which easily irritate our respiratory organs. A number of technologies, collectively known as flue gas desulphurisation (FGD), have been developed to reduce SO2 emissions. These typically use a chemical sorbet, usually lime or limestone, to remove SO2 from the flue gas (picture to illustrate this will follow). Flue gas desulphurization (FGD) technologies have been installed in many countries and have led to remarkable reductions in emissions. All different facts handled thoroughly in our physics and chemistry course books have to be taken into consideration when we educate and train our inhabitants to adopt the ideas of sustainable development?
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The combustion of coal, if there is gas named nitrogen in the process, leads to the formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx). The release of nitrogen oxides (NOx) to the atmosphere can contribute to smog, ground level ozone, acid rain and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The tendency is to reduce and control nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. There are new technologies to treat flue gas, etc, so we are aware of our environment protection. The permanent challenge is the use of conventional energies, because they cause pollution which has to be faced and handled. The fact is that the use of any technologies for energy generating inevitably loads our living environment. 3. MAKING RESPONSIBLE CHOICESFOCUSING ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT We need a lot of energy in these circumstances where we live. Our four seasons are quite a challenge. As soon as you get used to wearing the typical garments of one season, you have to get ready to accept the appropriate clothing for the next season. We have to keep our houses warm in winter and we have to be able to regulate the inside temperature during all seasons. The importance of learning to be aware of the influence of your own choices is of vital importance. If you decrease the temperature by one degree, you lower the heating costs and vice versa, if you increase the temperature by one degree, you raise the heating costs. We recommend that you practice good eco-habits and learn to be alert, adaptable and ready to adopt green attitudes. Choosing hydro-power, wave power, bio fuels or even nuclear energy could be far-sighted choices.
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Power Station in its winter look. For energy generation is used water. Picture is taken by business economics students.
Part of Local Energy Company in Kankaanp, a Transformation Station. The picture is taken by business economics students.
4. CONCLUSION Studying the use of conventional energy forms, oil, gas, coal or firewood the influences on the environment are of the same type: pollution of our developed, cultivated or natural environment will result if we go on using them and besides the resources of conventional energies are not adequate. We need alternative or renewable energies in the future like geothermal energy, wind energy, solar energy, peat or processed wood like chips used e.g. in district heating. District heating which is getting more and more popular will reduce the amounts of problem waste, when separate households are no longer equipped with individual ovens, kettles etc.
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When generating energy, complicated equipment is needed, above an oil-burning kettle. The picture is taken by business economics students. There are many benefits in using oil or other conventional energy forms, but they are non-renewable and the reserves are getting limited. When comparing the influence of conventional energy forms, oil, gas, coal and firewood with the influences of alternative or renewable energy forms, the conclusion is that taking all available facts into consideration, traditional energies are either harmful or dangerous to the environment or their sources are running out. Our sincere intention is that we reduce the amount of various harmful emissions to minimum and our aim is to save the environment for the future generations, which means replacing conventional energies by renewable or alternative ones. It is worth noticing that in some cases the influences of the use of oil or gas is not so dangerous for the environment. There will be no scrap heaps lying around after using oil or gas. Soot, dust or smog after burning them are, however harmful and polluting. If we try to fight against greenhouse effect, we have to take good care of the forests and let them grow. Well-managed forests extract carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and thus slow the development of greenhouse effect.
Picture Jteasema, Waste Collection Station, is taken by business economics students.
The fact is that in order to save the environment, we have to take care of waste management. Part of our education is that we learn to use bio-waste, paper, cardboard, glass or problem waste collection. An easy access to waste collection stations is available for the citizens and the nearest waste collection station is within a reasonable reach. The aim is that various types of waste are assorted and partly processed further in these waste collection stations. The basic purpose is that the waste is assorted at home before taking to a waste collection station. Various technologies have been developed and are being built in order to use waste collection stations for energy production.
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5. SUMMARY After studying pros and cons of the use of conventional energy and second the use of alternative energy, especially the young generation is very willing to choose the green values, reduce the allround consumption and increase recycling, check where bio-waste, paper, cardboard, glass or problem waste collection bins are located and use them. Responsible choices mean sustainable development. Most of us are absolutely willing to change their lifestyle to a more moderate direction. The best choice is to generate energy from the natural resources which are renewable. Spending on unnecessary items belongs to the past. All environmentally dangerous choices will be avoided.
Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant in Finland
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III. Renewable energy-sources of clean energy
Ahmet Ceyhan,Yunus Koak, Habib Topuz (Turkey) Conventional energy sources based on oil, coal, and natural gas have proven to be highly effective drivers of economic progress, but at the same time damaging to the environment and to human health. Furthermore, they tend to be cyclical in nature, due to the effects of oligopoly in production and distribution. These traditional fossil fuel-based energy sources are facing increasing pressure on a host of environmental fronts, with perhaps the most serious challenge confronting the future use of coal being the Kyoto Protocol greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets. It is now clear that any effort to maintain atmospheric levels of CO2 below even 550 ppm cannot be based fundamentally on an oil and coal-powered global economy, barring radical carbon sequestration efforts. The potential of renewable energy sources is enormous as they can in principle meet many times the worlds energy demand. Renewable energy sources such as biomass, wind, solar, hydropower, and geothermal can provide sustainable energy services, based on the use of routinely available, indigenous resources. So a transition to renewable-based energy systems is increasing day by day. It is becoming clear that future growth in the energy sector is primarily in the new regime of renewable, and to some extent natural gas-based systems, and not in conventional oil and coal sources. Renewable energy sources currently supply somewhere between 15 percent and 20 percent of worlds total energy demand. The supply is dominated by traditional biomass, mostly fuel wood used for cooking and heating, especially in developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. A major contribution is also obtained from the use of large hydropower; with nearly 20 percent of the global electricity supply being provided by this source. New renewable energy sources (solar energy, wind energy, modern bio-energy, geothermal energy, and small hydropower) are currently contributing about two percent. A number of scenario studies have investigated the potential contribution of renewable to global energy supplies, indicating that in10 the second half of the 21st century their contribution might range from the present figure of nearly 20 percent to more than 50 percent with the right policies in place.
Biomass Energy
Biomass is the term used for all organic material originating from plants (including algae), trees and crops and is essentially the collection and storage of the suns energy through photosynthesis. Biomass energy, or bioenergy, is the conversion of biomass into useful forms of energy such as heat, electricity and liquid fuels.
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Biomass for bioenergy comes either directly from the land, as dedicated energy crops, or from residues generated in the processing of crops for food or other products such as pulp and paper from the wood industry. Another important contribution is from post consumer residue streams such as construction and demolition wood, pallets used in transportation, and the clean fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW). The biomass to bioenergy system can be considered as the management of flow of solar generated materials, food, and fiber in our society. These interrelationships are shown in Figure 1, which presents the various resource types and applications, showing the flow of their harvest and residues to bioenergy applications. Not all biomass is directly used to produce energy but rather it can be converted into intermediate energy carriers called biofuels. This includes charcoal (higher energy density solid fuel), ethanol (liquid fuel), or producer-gas (from gasification of biomass).
The Future Role of Biomass

Modernized biomass energy is projected to play a major role in the future global energy supply. This is being driven not so much by the depletion of fossil fuels, which has ceased to be adefining issue with the discovery of new oil and gas reserves and the large existing coal resources, but rather by the recognized threat of global climate change, caused largely by the burning of fossil fuels. Its carbon neutrality (when produced sustainable) and its relatively even geographical distribution coupled with the expected growth in energy demand in developing 12 countries, where affordable alternatives are not often available, make it a promising energy source in many regions of the world for the 21st century.
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Energy, lifestyles and climate Italy, Romania, Finland, Turkey, Bulgaria, Italy, Spain, Lithuania, POland Biomass Energy Conversion Technologies and Applications
There are a variety of technologies for generating modern energy carriers electricity, gas, and liquid fuels -- from biomass, which can be used at the household (~10 kW), community (~100kW), or industrial (~ MW) scale. The different technologies tend to be classed in terms of either the conversion process they use or the end product produced: Combustion, Gasification, Anaerobic Digestion, Liquid Biofuels.
Biomass Resources
Biomass resources are potentially the largest renewable global energy source, with an annual primary production of around 4500 EJ with a bioenergy potential on the order of 2900 EJ, of which about 270 EJ could be considered available on a sustainable basis. The challenge is not the availability so much as the sustainable management and conversion and delivery to the consumer in the form of modern and affordable energy services. Most of the biomass used today is either a residue in a bioprocessing industry or is an opportunity fuel that is used in households for daily living needs. It is argued that if biomass is to become a major fuel in the world, as is being proposed in future energy scenarios, then residues will not suffice and energy plantations may need to supply up to 80 percent of the future feedstock.
Environmental Impacts and Benefits

In general renewable forms of energy are considered green because they cause little depletion of the Earths resources, have beneficial environmental impacts, and cause negligible emissions during power generation. Yet, while biomass is in principle renewable and can have positive environmental impacts if managed properly it also shares many characteristics with fossil fuels, both good and bad. While it can be transported and stored allowing for heat and power generation on demand, modernized bioenergy systems can also have negative environmental impacts associated both with the growing of the biomass and with its conversion to energy carriers.
Conclusions
Biomass is one of the renewable energy sources that is capable of making a large contribution to the worlds future energy supply. Land availability for biomass production should not be a bottleneck, provided it is combined with modernization of conventional agricultural production. Recent evaluations indicate that even if land surfaces of 400-700 million hectares were used for biomass production for energy about halfway the next century, this could be done without conflicting with other land-use functions and nature preservation. Partially this can be obtained by better agricultural practices, partially by making use of huge areas of unproductive degraded lands. Latin America, Africa, Asia and to a lesser extent Eastern Europe and North America represent a large potential for biomass production.
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Energy, lifestyles and climate Italy, Romania, Finland, Turkey, Bulgaria, Italy, Spain, Lithuania, POland Wind Energy
Wind has considerable potential as a global clean energy source, being both widely available, though diffuse, and producing no pollution during power generation. Wind energy has been one of humanitys primary energy sources for transporting goods, milling grain, and pumping water for several millennia. From windmills used in China, India and Persia over 2000 years ago to the generation of electricity in the early 20th century in Europe and North America wind energy has played an important part in our recorded history. As industrialization took place in Europe and then in America, wind power generation declined, first gradually as the use of petroleum and coal, both cheaper and more reliable energy sources, became widespread, and then more sharply as power transmission lines were extended into most rural areas of industrialized countries. The oil crises of the 70s, however, triggered renewed interest in wind energy technology for grid connected electricity production, water pumping, and power supply in remote areas, promoting the industrys rebirth.
Potential for Wind Energy

The main technical parameter determining the economic success of a wind turbine system is its annual energy output, which in turn is determined by parameters such as average wind speed, statistical wind speed distribution, distribution of occurring wind directions, turbulence intensities, and roughness of the surrounding terrain. Of these the most important and sensitive parameter is the wind speed (where the power in the wind is proportional to the third power of the momentary wind speed), which increases with height above the ground.
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All wind turbines installed globally by the end of the year 2010 contribute potentially 430 Terawatthours to the worldwide electricity supply which represents 2,5 % of the global electricity demand. In some countries and regions wind has become one of the largest electricity sources. Again in terms of wind share, Denmark is the world leader. The countries with the highest wind shares are: Denmark: 21 %, Portugal: 18 %, Spain: 16 %, Germany: 9 %. In China, wind contributed 1,2 % to the overall electricity supply, while in the USA the wind share has reached about 2 %. Top Countries in Wind power:
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Energy, lifestyles and climate Italy, Romania, Finland, Turkey, Bulgaria, Italy, Spain, Lithuania, POland Conclusions Conclusions
For the first time, we are seeing one of the emerging renewable energy generating optionswind power-in a position to compete with the generation technologies of the last century. A variety of players are engaged in pushing forward wind projects worldwide. Enron Wind Corporation acquired German turbine manufacturer Tacke; NEG Micon of Denmark has built manufacturing facilities in the U.S., Vestas of Denmark has built factories in Spain and India and many manufacturers have developed joint ventures in various countries around the world. This globalization trend is likely to continue as financial institutions are beginning to view the wind industry as a promising investment opportunity.
Hydropower
Hydropower is the largest renewable resource used for electricity. It plays an essential role in many regions of the world with more than 150 countries generating hydroelectric power. A survey in 1997 by The International Journal on Hydropower & Dams found that hydro supplies at least 50 percent of national electricity production in 63 countries and at least 90 percent in 23 countries. About 10 countries obtain essentially all their commercial electricity from hydro, including Norway, several African nations, Bhutan and Paraguay. There is about 700 GW of hydro capacity in operation worldwide, generating 2600 TWh/year (about 19 percent of the worlds electricity production). About half of this capacity and generation is in Europe and North America with Europe the largest at 32 percent of total hydro use and North America at 23 percent of the total. However, this proportion is declining as Asia and Latin America commission large amounts of new hydro capacity. Small, mini and micro hydro plants (usually defined as plants less than 10 MW, 2 MW and 100kW, respectively) also play a key role in many countries for rural electrification.
Capacity and Potential

There is vast unexploited potential worldwide for new hydro plants, particularly in the developing countries of Asia, Latin America and Africa while most of the best sites have already been developed in Europe and North America. There is also upgrading potential at existing schemes though any future hydro projects will, in general, have to satisfy stricter requirements both environmentally and economically than they have in the past.
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There is also significant, widespread activity in developing small, mini and micro hydro plants. At least forty countries, particularly in Asia and Europe, have plants under construction and even more have plants planned. China, Brazil, Canada, Turkey, Italy, Japan and Spain all have plans for more than 100 MW of new capacity.
Small Hydro
Small-scale hydro is mainly run of river, so does not involve the construction of large dams and reservoirs. It also has the capacity to make a more immediate impact on the replacement of fosil fuels since, unlike other sources of renewable energy, it can generally produce some electricity on demand (at least at times of the year when an adequate flow of water is available) with no need for storage or backup systems. It is also in many cases cost competitive with fossil-fuel power stations, or for remote rural areas, diesel generated power.
Environmental and Social Impacts

Although hydroelectricity is generally considered a clean energy source, it is not totally devoid of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and it can often have significant adverse socio-economic impacts. There are arguments now that large-scale dams actually do not reduce overall GHG emissions when compared to fossil fuel power plant. To build a dam significant amounts of land need to be flooded often in densely inhabited rural area, involving large displacements of usually poor, indigenous peoples. Mitigating such social impacts represents a significant cost to the project, which if it is even taken into consideration, often not done in the past, can make the project economically and socially unviable.
Conclusions
Hydropower is a significant source of electricity worldwide and will likely continue to grow especially in the developing countries. While large dams have become much riskier investment there still remains much unexploited potential for small hydro projects around the world. It is expected that growth of hydroelectricity will continue but at a slower rate than that of the 70sand 80s. Thus, the fraction of hydroelectricity in the portfolio of primary sources of energy, which is today at 19 percent, is expected to decrease in the future. Improvements and efficiency measures are needed in dam structures, turbines, generators, substations, transmission lines, and environmental mitigation technology if hydropowers role as a clean renewable energy source is to continue to be supported.
Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy, the natural heat within the earth, arises from the ancient heat remaining in the Earth's core, from friction where continental plates slide beneath each other, and from the decay of radioactive elements that occur naturally in small amounts in all rocks. For thousands of years, people have benefited from hot springs and steam vents, using them for bathing, cooking, and heating. During this century, technological advances have made it possible and economic to locate and drill into hydrothermal reservoirs, pipe the steam or hot water to the surface, and use the heat
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directly (for space heating, aquaculture, and industrial processes) or to convert the heat into electricity. The amount of geothermal energy is enormous. Scientists estimate that just 1 percent of the heat contained in just the uppermost 10 kilometers of the earths crust is equivalent to 500 times the energy contained in all of the earth's oil and gas resources. Yet, despite the fact that this heat is present in practically inexhaustible quantities, it is unevenly distributed, seldom concentrated and often at depths too great to be exploited industrially and economically.
Capacity and Potential

Exploitable geothermal systems occur in a number of environments. High temperature fields used for conventional power production occur mainly in areas of high geological activity. Low temperature resources for direct heating can be found in most countries and can now also be accessed using recently developed ground source heat pumps.
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In the industrialized countries where installed electrical capacity is already very high, geothermal energy is unlikely in the near-term future to account for more than 1 percent of the total. On the other hand, in developing countries, with still relatively limited electrical consumption, but with good geothermal prospects, electrical generation from geothermal energy could make a significant contribution to the total installed electrical capacity.
Environmental Impacts
Geothermal fluids contain variable concentrations of gases, largely nitrogen and carbon dioxide with some hydrogen sulphide and smaller proportions of ammonia, mercury, radon and boron. Most of these chemicals are concentrated in the disposal water which is usually reinjected back into the drill holes so that there is minimal release into the environment. The concentrations of the gases are usually low enough not to be harmful or else the abatement of toxic gases can be managed with current technology. Carbon dioxide is the major component of the noncondensible gases in the steam, but its emission into the atmosphere per kWh is well below the figures for natural gas, oil, or coal-fired power plants. Hydrogen sulphide is the pollutant of most major concern in geothermal plants yet even the sulfur emitted with no controls is only half what is emitted from a coal-fired plant. Over all, with present technology able to control the environmental impact of geothermal energy development, it is considered to be a relatively benign source of energy.
Conclusions
Geothermal as noted is not available everywhere especially with the resources required for the production of electrical energy on an industrial scale. Nonetheless, geothermal energy is generally cost competitive with conventional energy sources and is produced by well proven conventional technology. It is reliable and has been used for the more than half of the last century to heat large municipal districts, as well as to feed power plants generating hundreds of megawatts of electricity. It has strong potential to continue to expand, especially in the developing countries and is a clean energy source which can help contribute to reducing our greenhouse gas emissions. It is felt that in the near-term the future development of geothermal could help fulfill a bridging function during the next few decades as other more modern clean fuel technologies and renewable mature enough to provide a meaningful share of the world energy supply.
Solar Power Solar Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal Technologies

There are two basic categories of technologies that convert sunlight into useful forms of energy, aside from biomass-based systems that do this in a broader sense by using photosynthesis from plants as an intermediate step. First, solar photovoltaic (PV) modules convert sunlight directly into electricity. Second, solar thermal power systems use focused solar radiation to produce steam, which is then used to turn a turbine producing electricity. The following provides a brief overview of these technologies, along with their current commercial status.
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Energy, lifestyles and climate Italy, Romania, Finland, Turkey, Bulgaria, Italy, Spain, Lithuania, POland Solar Photovoltaics
Solar PV modules are solid-state semiconductor devices with no moving parts that convert sunlight into direct-current electricity. The basic principle underlying the operation of PV modules dates back more than 150 years, but significant development really began following Bell Labs invention of the silicon solar cell in 1954. The first major application of PV technology was to power satellites in the late 1950s, and this was an application where simplicity and reliability were paramount and cost was a secondary concern Since that time, enormous progress has been made in PV performance and cost reduction, driven at first by the U.S. space 35programs needs and more recently through private/public sector collaborative efforts in the U.S., Europe, and Japan.
Solar Thermal Systems

Solar thermal power systems use various techniques to focus sunlight to heat an intermediary fluid, known as heat transfer fluid that then is used to generate steam. The steam is then used in a conventional steam turbine to generate electricity. At present, there are three solar thermal power systems currently being developed: parabolic troughs, power towers, and dish/engine systems. Because these technologies involve a thermal intermediary, they can be readily hybridized with fossil fuels and in some cases adapted to utilize thermal storage. The primary advantage of hybridization and thermal storage is that the technologies can provide dispatch able power and operate during periods when solar energy is not available. Hybridization and thermal storage can enhance the economic value of the electricity produced, and reduce its average cost.
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IV. Why should we save the energy?

By Bulgarian team
Dear friends, In this material you will find out what energy is, how important it is for human life and the environment and what we can easily do to help save it. Content of the material: 1. What energy actually is? 2. How important it is not only for human life, but also for the environment. 3. The importance of energy savings and how to easily spare it.
What is energy?
Energy runs the world. It makes life move, and its extremely necessary for the production of all kinds of materials. We use energy to heat our homes and produce electricity, which allows us to watch TV while sitting in our living room. People use energy too. For instance, when we walk, swim or ride our bikes. Therefore energy exists in different forms. One of it is mechanical (movement) and the other is light. Energy can also be found in the form of heat, electricity, etc. An example for this is the movement of cars. They run, because the engines work with petrol. By burning petrol, energy is produced, which makes the cars move. People, on the other hand, use food as a form of energy. There are literally hundreds of examples, which could be given for light and heat energy. For instance, when we light a match it produced heat and light energy, which could be further used for igniting a bundle of wood. Everything that burns produces such energy. Energy occurs in varied ways. Almost all of earths energy comes from the sun as light and heat. We can see it and even feel it in the hot summer days. Plants have the ability to collect it and use it for their growth. They can also store it, which means that when people eat vegetables, they consume the plants stored energy. Dead vegetation converts into mineral resources like coal, gas and oil. This process requires an enormous amount of time. All the resources we use today for the movement of cars, ships, planes, trains, are the result of millions of years of putrefaction.
So why is it so important to spare energy?

The amount of minerals on earth is restricted and it is very likely for them to disappear one day. The fuel, which we nowadays use indiscriminately, requires a lot of time to resuscitate itself. In other words it is used multiple times faster than the time nature needs to reproduce it. Thus, we need to restrict the consumption amount. If we dont do it, sooner or later a moment will come,
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when we are left with no fuel at all. Cars and buses would not be able to move, there would be no form of heating during the winter Can you imagine a life like that? Furthermore, by the burning process, toxic C02 fumes are produced and let into the atmosphere, which creates a greenhouse effect. The earths temperature warms, and as a result the oceans tend to rise. One of the ways to avoid this is by sparing energy. However, there are a few other manners, which could help us achieve this. For instance, if we use renewable energy resources such as: 1. Solar power the sun shines constantly! 2. Wind energy there is plenty of wind! 3. Water energy rivers would always run!
So what can we do to save energy?

1. Leave our cars in the garage and start walking and riding our bikes. 2. Use the stairs, instead of the elevator. 3. Avoid buying unnecessary things.
What can we do to consume less energy in our households?

1. Turn off the lights, when we are not in the room. 2. Take quick showers, instead of long baths. 3. Wear extra clothes, when we feel cold, instead of immediately turning the heat on. 4. Turn of the computer or TV, when we are not using them. 5. Leave the doors and windows open, when the heating is on. 6. Watch movies with the lights turned off. The saving of energy is a step towards a brighter and more beautiful future.
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A good way for saving energy for tomorrow is the appropriate usage of recycled materials. Creativity, resourcefulness and desire can help you. Nobody has the power to do everything in the world but the everybody can contribute to the success of the idea.
SOMETIMES THE HANDLES OF THE PAPER SHOPPING BAGS (LACINGS) CAN BE USED FOR DECORATIVE ART COLOURED AND POLISHED NOODLES ARE SOME OF THE MOST BEAUTIFUL BEADS. THEY ARE PERFECT FOR ANY KIND OF DECORATION.
OLD FILMS FOR DEVELOPING PHOTOS ARE PERFECT TO USE FOR BOOK DIVIDER. THE COMBINATION OF BUTTONS AND PAPER BEADS (MADE FROM OLD MAGAZINES) IS SOMETIMES VERY INSPIRING. OLD GRAMOPHONE RECORDS CAN BE USEFUL FOR MAKING FLOWERPOTS, FRUIT BOWELS OR MAYBE NECKLACES AND EARRINGS. THE OLD CARDIGAN OR SWEATER, EVEN EATEN HERE OR THERE BY MOTHS, CAN MAKE A BOTTLE AN UNFORGETTABLE GIFT. WHEN THE SWEATER IS TOO LOOSE TO BE PUT ON, WE CAN TRANSFORM IT INTO A BAG AND A KIND OF SOCKS. AFTER WASHING IN HOT WATER OR IN CENTRIFUGE WOOLEN CLOTHES ARE SOMETIMES SPOILT. THEN WE CAN CUT THEM INTO PIECES AND RESTORE TO LIFE. DO NOT THROW AWAY ANY STRIPE OF CLOTH YOU CAN MAKE VERY BEAUTIFUL FLOWERS OR BROOCHES! THE SHELL OF PISTACHIO CAN LOOK VERY ATTRACTIVE WHEN YOU ARRANGE IT PROPERLY. RECYCLED PLASTIC CAN BE USED FOR CREATING BEAUTY. EMPTY CD BOXES ARE A KIND OF A FRAME FOR PICTURES WITH SOME OF THE SYMBOLS OF THE PROJECT (SUN, WIND, WATER AND SO ON)
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V. How can we change the attitude of the consumers towards the waste of energy?
Benedetta Salis, Ilaria Farigu, Umberto Coffa, Giulia Baire (Italy) After the oil crisis of the 70s it developed especially in the most advanced countries an accurate research aimed at the reduction of Energy consumption and the experimenting with new sources of alternative kinds of energies. At the same time there was a very strong request for the construction of nuclear plants that after the tragedy of Chernobyl, has progressively reduced and as a result some of them have been closed down. Nowadays in front of another oil shock due to the enormous increase of consumption from some countries (China, India, Brazil, Russia, Malaysia) which the discoveries of new oilfields has not compensated the deficit of the most developed countries (Europe, USA, Japan), another problem has been generated for the minor use of oil products, with the consequent fight against the problem of the green house effect and the elaboration of adequate instruments for en efficient reduction of Energy consumption. The problem involves almost the entire world population and it is therefore of enormous importance the education of the new generations since their young age to avoid waste and inappropriate use of Energy resources considering the fact that all Energy wasted is lost forever! The fight against the Energy consumption cannot be limited to the domestic use. The news we read on the papers about the cities paralyzed by fine particles emitted by cars or, a sit seems, by old heating systems using heavy fuel oil, require courageous choices to be taken by our governments and leaders. Today the majority of the people who live in the European countries knows this problem very well. It is sufficient to read the Energy bills that are growing exponentially to under stand that there is absolute necessity to consider the problem seriously and become aware of its importance. Many people think I wont do anything, the others will think about it!. But we all act this way which hopes do we have for our future? There is a species on our planet that shows the greatest team spirit we have ever seen: ants. Individually they are small and powerless but their solidarity and dedication to work for the same goal are so effective that they are able to reach objectives which, comparatively, no living being has so far.
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Right! Be prepared to get closer to a similar kind of behavior. How? The human being is too complex and selfish to be compared to an ant.
If we use less electricity not only do we reduce Energy consumption but we also save a lot of money. Some people maintain that just with little changes in the use of electricity we could same from 30% to 50%. A money compensation for those who consume less Energy could be a good deterrent for those who do not care about the situation. Everybody knows all the rule concerning Energy saving. They are apparently small thing but they really are very important. We can sum them up as follows: Use natural light when it is possible. Keep windows and doors open during the day. It is also possible use glass inside dark house to increase and spread natural light into the darkest corners. Put tables and desks near the windows. Use natural heat . During sunny days it is possible to use the heat of the sun opening the windows for a longer period of time. Let the natural heat in.
Switch off any instrument not in use. This is the common rule for the Energy saving but sadly the least followed. It is not true that domestic appliances can get broken if repeatedly switched on and off. This is the purpose of the switch after all. Some people even go out leaving the air condition and the heating on so they find it cool or warm when they are back. We need less than 20 minutes to make the house comfortable as far as the temperature is concerned. Only because we are impatient we waste a lot of Energy for hours. Optimize the use of domestic appliances The manual of the appliance describes how to optimize its use. For example, there are ways to use heat pumps with the Energy saving mode. It is a switch that changes it into the sleep mode when a certain temperature is reached. Check also the instructions of your fridge. For example we use more Energy if we put the food when it is warm.
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Do things manually when possible. The use of electrical instruments and appliances certainly makes our life easier, but we sometimes use them out of laziness. Change your attitude and use alternative manual ways like beating your eggs, grate your cheese and so on...
Change your lighting system for a cheaper one. The house must not resemble a Las Vegas casino all day. Design a lighting system in order to get a bright light only where it is necessary. Use low consumption, new generation light bulbs.
Watch less tv and develop new habits. Reading books and doing some sport not only contribute to less Energy use but it is healthy for our body, brain included!!!!!
But a correct change in the citizens behaviour as far as the Energy problem is concerned must certainly come from above, from our political institutions. This is an example. London: To tackle the problem of power outages during the summer months, Muscat Electricity Distribution Company (MEDC) recently launched a campaign to rationalize the use of electricity and win RO500 in the process. Apart from a campaign advising consumers on ways of saving energy and bringing their bills down, MEDC is asking its customers to reduce electricity consumption from June to August and be eligible for a reward. A contest has been launched in which the top ten energy saving consumers will get RO500 if the power consumed by them from June to August is significantly lower than their consumption during the same period last year, said Zahran Zahir al Ruqeishi, corporate communication specialist at MEDC. All one has to do to enter the contest is call the MEDC call centre (8007008) and register. Ruqeishi said that MEDC's customer base is growing rapidly with each passing year. We have crossed the 200,000 mark, with 13,600 consumers added in 2010 alone. An annual increase of around eight per cent is forecast. With demand soaring and power outages rising during the summer, MEDC is keen to educate customers on the importance of reducing electricity consumption this season. Primarily as a result of increased use of air-conditioning, energy consumption in Oman more than doubles during summer, resulting in much larger utility bills for all users, Ruqeishi said. While it is true that we need to use air-conditioning to keep cool in the summer, we can alter our habits and make sure we reduce wasteful energy consumption. A few simple tips can reduce energy
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bills greatly. Consumers will also be proud that they are reducing the carbon footprint and helping to tackle climate change. He added that most remote controlled air-conditioners come with a factory temperature setting of 16C. Many consumers don't bother to change the default setting, which not only puts extra pressure on the AC, but also means extra energy consumption. It is also unbelievable that many do not switch off water heaters, the second highest energy consuming household appliance, in the summer. On its part, the company has taken several measures to tackle and reduce power outages. Every summer a technical report is prepared on outages, and preventive steps are taken during the winter months based on the report. Also, more primary stat-ions and substations are commissioned to cater to the eight per cent annual increase in electricity demand. Another example, in Italy, was the Ecobonus for the thermal insulation of the buildings. It gave access to a bonus of 55% of reduction from taxes for those who restructured their houses using new Energy saving systems, the insulation of vertical matt surfaces and also horizontal (roofing, floors, walls) with the substitution of windows and frames.. The expenses to be detracted are those which concern the provision and the implementation of insulating and ordinary materials for the improvement of the thermal characteristics of the editing walls both vertical and horizontal; the demolition and rebuilding of the doors; the complete substitutions of the old windows with new ones, included the frames; the improvement of glass components with integrations and substitutions. An infrared image that shows the areas of a building not well insulated
In Sardinia since 1800 (Campinadese Houses) and in Puglia (typical houses) the houses have been well modelled with small windows facing south, in order to have fresh air in summer and. Because of the climate, warmth in winter with the roofs like a pinnacle toh ave more air inside.
Today echo-homes are designed in order to exploits all the advantageous characteristics of the climate in every area of the world. The building of homes using these techniques will make the people living in them messengers themselves of a new attitude!!!
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Another way to make people aware of the problem in Italy was generated in Italy in 2005 and it is repented every year, when a radio broadcast, Caterpillar, launched a new initiative: Millumino di meno. The objective was to introduce themes and ideas about Energy saving, the date is around 16 February, the day on which it was introduced the Kyoto Protocol. The campaign, launched nationwide from the microphones of the radio, invites people to reduce to the minimum the Energy consumption, switching off the greatest number of unnecessary electrical appliances. At the beginning the initiative concerned only the citizens, but then local municipalities participated and finally the Presidency of the Council of Ministers with the sponsorship of the Ministry of the environment. In 2008 Hans-Gert Pttering, President of the European Parliament, gave an official appreciation to the initiative considering it an event with a symbolic value and a visible effect. Although it has a short duration, the event has positive effects on the Energy saving in the territory. According to a report from TERNA, the electricity transmission system operator in Italy, in the minutes following the beginning of the event there was an appreciable reduction of Energy consumption. The immediate requirement of Energy reported was of about 300 MW less and above 400 MW in 2008. In the course of the event Millumino di meno 2010 the radio told the symbolic feat of a special photovoltaic torch which visited several Italian cities and some institutions and the Vatican City. The torch, similar to the one for the Olympic Games was the first in the world to be made the so called renewable technology: the Energy is supplied totally by photovoltaic modules that light the LED high efficiency brazier controlled by microprocessors through random functions for a realistic simulation of the flame. Every state and nation, therefore, must try to invite the population and make them aware with every means. Another example: those who have been to Berlin, Paris or Copenhagen have noticed a smell of French fries. It is not that in these cities there are shops selling pomme de terre on every corner, but that is the smell of bio-diesel or bio-ethanol, fuel used especially by taxis and many private citizens: this fuel is produced with rapeseed oil, sunflower, Soya and ethanol. Unfortunately the EU has reduced the production of bio-diesel but, luckily there is no limit to the construction of eolian plants, photovoltaic and biomasses which will make more comfortable the life of the new generations.
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VI.How can the students contribute to the reduction of energy consumption in schools and at the home?
By Spanish team
Computers in our home and school LOOK AT THESE FACTS!!! FDP (factor of power): fdp = active power/ apparent power. Energy and money employed to recycle computer pieces:
POWER 7W 14W 23W 26W 27W 28W 28W 32W 33W 218W PRICE 5.15 10.30 16.93 19.84 19.87 20.61 20.61 23.55 24.29 160.45 FDP 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 5.22
Only source(without motherboard) Plate (without processor and memory) Processor (without memory) Memory Network disk Graphical card Floppy disk drive Hard disk CD (compact disc) TOTAL
Energy consumed when using desktop computers:

Disconnected plug Switched off Stand by on, using all the CPU on, using CPU and hard disk on, recording a CD to 24x on, reading a CD to 52x TOTAL POWER from 0W 3W 66W 69W 79W 75W 85W 377W PRICE 0 2.21 48.58 50.78 58.14 55.2 62.56 277.47 FDP 0.02 0.25 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.98 4.11
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Energy consumed when using laptop computers BATTERY Flood Flood Loading Loading CPU Calm Highest Calm Highest POWER 20W 25W 22W 34W 101W PRICE 14.72 18.4 16.19 25.02 74.34 FDP 0.58 0.60 0.58 0.63 2.39
TOTAL
LETS GO INTO YOUR KITCHEN DO YOU KNOW A FEW TIPS TO SAVE ENERGY ? Pay Attention to your dishwasher Try not to operate your dishwasher at half load. Operate it with full loads less frequently. Remember to use the "energy saver". The dishes are dried with air instead of heat. It takes longer, but it saves energy. Install a timer and operate it at night. This prevents heat and moisture fill the house while the air conditioner is running for longer. Pay attention to your refrigerator Avoid holding the refrigerator door open. Decide what you need before opening the door. Defrost the ice at the back of your refrigerator several times a year for it to operate more efficiently. Refrigerators and freezers in the garage spend too much energy. The high temperatures cause more energy use, and this increases costs. Consider buying a new unit if yours is older than twelve years.The new refrigerators are more efficient and use less electricity. When buying your refrigerator, see the "Energy Guide" to see how much electricity the unit uses. The lower the rating, the better the efficiency. Keep frost-free freezer. When ice builds up a layer acts as an insulator and it forces the refrigerator to operate for longer. Keep the refrigerator or freezer full, but not overflowing. Place containers with water to fill the gaps. Pay attention to how you cook Microwave ovens help to keep your kitchen cool and save you time to prepare food. Also, try using utensils that use less heat, such as electric skillets, toaster ovens and cookers. Barbecuing can be a fun and relaxing way to avoid heat build up in your kitchen.
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Prepare your food when your kitchen is cooler, usually in the morning. If possible, prepare all the food at the same time. For minimum heat loss, use pans back and straight sides, which suit the size of the burner and lids that seal well. When baking, set the oven at the right temperature. The oven will not heat up more quickly although you set it to a higher temperature. Do not turn the oven on beforehand unless directed by your recipe. Do not open the oven door if not necessary. Whenever you do it, the temperature lowers to 25 degrees, and you spend more energy to return to the desired temperature. Turn off the oven about five minutes before the end; the remaining heat is used to finish baking. Use glass baking dishes when possible. The glass retains heat more easily than other materials and, therefore, is baked more quickly and may lower the oven temperature to 25 degrees.
NOW LETS GO INTO YOUR GARAGE RECYCLING CAR TIRES CAN SAVE ENERGY FROM MANUFACTURING OTHER MATERIALS From the 90s there are various technologies that allow the recycling of used tires, with very diverse systems they are recycled to produce sidewalks, surfaces for areas of playground and basketball courts, athletics tracks or as part of the asphalt surface for new roads. The rubber recycled can also be used to create new tires, pipes, brakes, roofs, soles of shoes and sports products. Experts of the EPA indicate a few advantages of the tires used as fuel: They produce the same quantity of energy as petrol, between25 % and 50 % more than coal, and between 100 % and 200 % more than wood. Besides being cheaper than fossil fuels, they reduce the need to use these. On having replaced them with coal in the industrial ovens that use them, they have diminished the pollutant emission of oxides of nitrogen and oxides of sulphur. The resultant ash contains fewer metals heavy that certain types of coal The last technological advance in the field of recycling in Spain is the company Anguiano Poliuretanos, S.L., which has invented a shower tub improved due to the incorporation in its manufacture of flexible loads proceeding from recycling car tires.
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AND FINALLY, LETS GO INTO YOUR POCKET. HAVE YOU GOT A MOBILE PHONE? 1600 million phones are sold every year in the world, and we change our mobile phone in a couple of years although they can be used for 10 years. That means that every one of us will acquire around 35 mobile phones during his or her lifetime. From an environmental perspective, the production of all those machines outweighs the energy use of the phone itself. This is something totally untenable and we should start changing it. According to a life cycle analysis carried out by an important mobile company, 70 per cent of the total energy use of a mobile takes place during the production phase the mining of the resources, the production of the components, the assemblin g of the machine and finally the transport of resources, components and finished products. Charging the phone only takes up 30 percent of its total energy use. Mobile chargers have been transformed in big consumers of electricity, not only when you charge your mobile, it also uses energy if you have your mobile charger connected. Nokia has calculated that if a 10% of users dont leave their chargers connected, They will save as much energy as the consumption of electricity of 60.000 houses. Not only this can save energy, the brightness of your screen can save a 15% of energy and between a 5 and a 30% of energy if you switch off the WLAN or the bluetooth when you dont need it. To change this situation, we should start using mobiles which could use solar energy for example. Samsung is developing a phone of that kind. Or we could recycle our phones. But the most environmentally-friendly action, would be buying fewer phones, and use them for more years.
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VII. Energy and transport
Mantas Brazdauskis, Marius Pocevicius, Vaiva Vasiliauskaite, Aurelija Kasputyte, Daiva Zelviene, Laima Bartkuviene, Vilma Levickiene (Lithuania)
Science improves nature, but it is being improved by experience itself, because the inborn abilities are like wild plants and they are helped to be raised by scientific activities; meanwhile, education reveals some general landmarks unless they are based on the experience. (Francis Bacon) Science, according to F. Bacon, must give man power over nature, increase his might, and improve his life. However, nowadays rapid scientific progress and improving technologies promote the usage of the sources of renewable energy and the increase of the efficiency of energy. What is more, a great attention is focused on the increasing of the national human resources and integrating them into the science, also on the moderate usage of natural resources and ecology. In the chapter about transport and energy we would like to present not only the functions and kinds of transport, but to pay a greater attention to solving ecological problems. People are having more and more needs, they broaden their boundaries of knowledge, so while getting something from nature, they should not forget to repay it for its kindness and save it as much as possible.
The importance of transport

Transport is a means of conveying people or goods from one place to another. This word comes from the Latin words: trans(through, across) and portare (carry, convey). Transport has already been playing an important role in the life of the mankind for several ages. It is difficult to imagine any activity without it. When any disorders of transport occur, people lose the possibilities to communicate and there happen economic losses in various spheres of activities. Constant disorders of the transport system, e.g. traffic jams, lack of parking space, raise obstacles for the rational usage of resources, decrease the division of labor, negatively affect the environment, lessen the economic welfare of people and the quality of life. Transport provides working places for thousands of citizens: drivers, loaders, railway men, seamen, terminal workers, power specialists and others. The state of other people depends on their successful work.
Kinds of transport
The variety of the kinds of transport and its distribution in the country depend on the level of the development of the economics and on the geographical position and peculiarities of the usage of various resources of raw materials. A means of transport is a technical device or animal that is
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designed or used to convey cargoes (passengers, materials, equipment, various goods and so on) or information. There are three kinds of the means of transport: used on land (cars, trains), on water (ships, barges) and in the air (planes, hot-air balloons, helicopters). All means of transport are divided into two categories: using motors or engines (cars, trains, ships, planes) and engineless (bicycles, sailboats, gliders). Engineless means of transport use the energy of the environment and the power of a man or animal. Motor vehicles can be divided according to the fuel or power they use, e.g: petrol, diesel, hybrid, electrical accumulator, fuel elements or hydrogenous internal combustion engines. Motor means of transport use oil-products, liquefied oil gas, natural gas, bio-fuel, bio-gas, electrical energy.
Transport in the world and Lithuania

In 1900 there were only 11 000 cars in the whole world, today the number of them is coming to one billion. It is being predicted that in 2050 there will be 3 billion of cars on the Earth. Traveling by cars is the most popular kind of traveling in the European Union and it makes 72 per cent of all the amount of the kilometers driven by passengers. About 10 million people work in the transport sector in the EU and they create about 5 per cent of the gross domestic product.
According to the data of the Lithuanian Department of Statistics in 2010 there were 1 954 592 road vehicles. 1 554 270 of them were personal cars, that means 1000 citizens had 479 cars. According to the number of cars for 1000 citizens, Lithuania has reached the level of the European Union, however the average age of the cars in that country is 14 years.
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Energy, lifestyles and climate Italy, Romania, Finland, Turkey, Bulgaria, Italy, Spain, Lithuania, POland transport Pollution caused by transport
Unfortunately, the continual development of transport becomes more and more dangerous for the environment because it consumes more energy. The pollution caused by transport includes: harmful products of the combustion of fuel, leak of fuel, evaporation, used oil, unnecessary units and waste after servicing, dust of tyres and road pavement after wearing out, noise. The biggest part of the pollution is formed by fuel burning. While burning 1 kg of petrol, 14 kg of air are burnt as well in a car engine and the mixture of about 15 kg of various gases is emitted into the atmosphere. The amount and composition of the emitted toxic gases mostly depend on the type of an engine, kind of fuel, driving conditions, adjustment of combustion. Modern means of transport use energy more efficiently than before, but still to satisfy 96 per cent of the needs oil is necessary. Transport, including the international air and sea transport, is the cause of the quarter of the total amount of the gases giving rise to the greenhouse effect in the European Union.
The improvement of the means of transport

Modern means of transport using petrol are much cleaner than their analogues used to be a few years ago. Speaking about the air quality, there is a small difference between modern means of transport using petrol and gas. The means of transport using diesel are also much cleaner, but in the exhausted fumes of many diesel engines there still are big amounts of NOx and solid particles, unless there are the filters of the diesel particles fitted. Trying to reduce the emission of the unhealthy particles and CO2, a great progress has been done when lessening the dimensions and power of cars and using light alloy. The main purpose of the producers is reducing the fuel input. A very important technological achievement is a catalyst which also helps to reduce the emission. The technology of the exhausted fumes recirculation in cars using diesel has become a norm since 1996 in Europe. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) removes NOx from the exhausted fumescontrary to the exhausted fumes recirculation which reduces the formation of NOx. Diesel particulate filters (DPF) remove solid particles from the exhausted fumes. They are very effective and often remove more than 90 % of the solid particles. The means of transport using the usual fuel have been improved by raising the efficiency of an engine. The diesel engines have been improved very much as well because they use the fuel with little sulphur and with a little amount of solid particles which also means less emission of CO, HC and NOx. The reduction of the amount of sulphur in fuel improves the air quality in the atmosphere highly. The engines using petrol and diesel can be used with hybrid transmission and they can use biofuel as well.
The importance of using biofuel

The usage of pure biodiesel would reduce the emission of CO2 by 40- 50%. While using the mixture of 5% the emission of CO2 is reduced by 2-2.5%. The combinations of sulphur do not get into the environment when using biofuel. Biodiesel is being decomposed by microorganisms, so the
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soil contaminated with it cleans itself quicker. When biodiesel gets into the soil more than 90% of it decomposes in 21 days time. While mixing 5% of biodiesel with the usual fuel an engine does not need to be modified. That mixture could be supplied by the same petrol stations without any additional investments into the infrastructure. The cars using that mixture emit up to 60 % less of smoke, so that mixture could be used by those cars which cannot be run by the traditional diesel fuel. There is a bigger amount of oxygen in fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), in comparison with diesel fuel (10.8 %), so it burns better in an engine. Using 100 % of bioethanol reduces the pollution up to 50-60%, in comparison with the traditional excavated fuel. The mixture mentioned above reduces the pollution approximately in 2.5-3%. The transport of Lithuania became a part of the European transport system after joining the European Union. It follows the general laws and requirements. In 2009 in Lithuania there were used: 367.7 thousand tons of petrol (with biofuel), 897.7 thousand tons of diesel (with biofuel) and 209.7 thousand tons of liquefied oil gas. Biofuel made a part of 4.16 % of all the fuel used. It is supposed to increase the part of biofuel in the country fuel market up to 10% in 2020.
The plans of the European Union to decrease the pollution caused by transport
Though the technological progress allows to produce cleaner means of transport, more and more passengers and goods travel bigger distances, so the efficiency of the progressive technologies decreases. As people travel more and more, the policy of the EU should help to overcome the arising difficulties of the transport system. According to the more effective plan of transport, there would be the related network of the European roads of land, air and water, the dependence on the import of oil would be weakened and the smaller amount of the gases causing the greenhouse effect would be emitted. In this plan, the purposes of which are supposed to be achieved till 2050, the greatest attention is paid to the traveling in towns, intertown and distant ones, and also this plan encourages: to refuse gradually to use the cars run on fuel in towns; to choose railway or water transport instead of road transport to convey passengers and cargoes in 50% of cases if the distance is longer than 300 km; air transport companies to use the fuel exhausting little carbon dioxide 40 % more; ships to exhaust 40 % less of carbon dioxide. After achieving these purposes, the European Union would be able to attain easier the fact that the means of transport of all kinds would emit 60 % less of the gases causing the greenhouse effect till 2050.
The research of the air quality accomplished by the students of Zidikai Marija Pekauskaite Maeikiai Pe kauskaite Secondary School in Ma eikiai region
The pollution of transport makes about 75% in the biggest European cities. Mazeikiai region is distinctive in Lithuania because there is the only Oil Refinery in the Baltic States and the density of population in one square kilometre is the biggest in the republic. There is a great harm to the health because of the increasing air pollution. That is why the air quality is so actual to the residents of that region and the students from Zidikai Marija Pekauskaite Secondary School are learning to make researches as well.
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The first research was done using the method of the Baltic Sea Project. The air quality was assessed according to the lichen and tar spot fungus. After examining the trees in the chosen areas and counting the kinds of lichen, it was found that there is a wide variety of lichen- about 6-7 kinds. Most of them were kind of leaf and shrub, less of them were kind of peel. Tufts of the lichen are quite big, there are no signs of resistance. The biggest amount of the kinds of lichen (7) was found in the territories of the burialground of the soldiers and near Sugaudziai pond. The numerous kinds of lichen were those of leaf and shrub. In the territory of the civil burialground we found 6 kinds of lichen. The numerous amount of lichen was that of leaf, also we found the kind of peel (especially on the fence and the stones near it), but we found a bit of shrub lichen, too. The air quality was assessed according to the scale: Zone 1 2 3 4 Coverage of the lichen in % 0 Less than 25 Between 25-35 35 and more
(The methodology of the Baltic Sea Project) Note: zone 1 shows the most polluted air, zone 4 shows basically non-polluted air. The air quality of Zidikai surroundings belongs to zones 3-4. Conclusion: the research of the lichen shows that the air pollution in Zidikai surroundings is medium. We found tar spots on the leaves only under 1 maple which grows near the school in Zidikai, but further from the street. The leaves with tar spots were also found under 2- 4 maples in Petraiciai, Obeliskiai, Liuliskes, Skliauste. Scale: Zone 1 2 3 4 Occurrence of tar spots No spots at all. Only leaves (some or all) of 1 tree have tar spots. Leaves of 2-4 trees have tar spots. Tar spots occur on leaves of each tree.
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The cleanness of Zidikai surroundings corresponds to zones 2-3. Conclusion: The research of the tar spots on the maple leaves showed that the air in Zidikai surroundings is of medium pollution. The second research was done for trying to ascertain how cars pollute the air with nitric oxide. When nitric oxides (N2O, NO, N2O3, NO2) get into the atmosphere and mix with water, they become acids or acid rain. Such rain poisons or kills the animals living in lakes, rivers and forests, the surrounding plants become extinct. 90 % of the acid rain is caused by people. The chosen method required: to evaluate the speed of cars between the chosen points, to count the cars and to calculate how much of the nitric oxide was emitted into the air. The cars were being counted for 30 min in 2 days on the road Mazeikiai-Skuodas at Zidikai. During the 1st day 40 cars passed Zidikai in 30 min. Their speed was about 50 km/h. During the 2nd day 52 cars passed in 30 min. 2 of them were going at the speed of about 70 km/h, others were going at about 50 km/h. All in all, during those 2 days 90 cars were going at the speed of 50 km/h and 2 cars - at 70 km/h. Calculation: 1. In 1 hour Quantity of the emitted nitric oxide ( g/km ) 1,39 3,18 Quantity of the emitted Quantity of nitric cars oxide ( g/km ) 90 250,2 2 12,72 92 262,92
Average speed ( km/h ) 50 70 Total
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Average speed( km/h ) 30 40 50 60 70 Quantity of the emitted nitric oxide ( g/km ) 0,55 0,99 1,39 2,15 3,18
2. In 24 hours Quantity of the emitted nitric oxide ( g/km ) 1,39 3,18 Quantity of the emitted nitric oxide ( g/km ) 3002,4 152,64 3155,04
Average speed ( km/h ) 50 70 Total
Quantity of cars 90 2 92
Summary:
1. The quantity of the emitted nitric oxide is rather big because a lot of cars pass the chosen point during one day. 2. The nitric oxides react with water steam in the air, then nitric acid is made which is dangerous to the environment. If the concentration of the nitric acid is high, it burns the plants, they start growing sickly and, affected by acid rain, they die. 3. The number of the trees growing by the roads is decreasing. (Trees purify the air- they take the carbon dioxide and produce oxygen).
Conclusion:
1. It is necessary to follow the rules of road safety, not to over speed, because the higher the speed of a car is, the more nitric oxides are emitted into the air. 2. To create green zones on the roadsides or to renew them, in order to decrease the air pollution.
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The third research helped to assess the air polluted by carbon monoxide in the streets of Zidikai and in emaitijos street in Mazeikiai. When CO gets into the human body through lungs, it reacts with hemoglobin (the molekule carrying oxygen) and makes carboxyhemoglobin, and then the ability of blood to carry oxygen becomes weaker. After that, the diseases of heart and blood circulation system arise, coordination and perception of time become worse. The method of the research. The traffic was being watched in rush hours in Marijos Peckauskaites, Dariaus ir Gireno streets and on the part of the road Maeikiai- Skuodas at Zidikai. The cars passing by both ways were being counted for 10 minutes, and there was counted their average quantity in an hour. The amount of carbon monoxide can be counted by the formula: f = 0,123 + 2,72 x + 0,0671x 2 (f -the amount of carbon monoxide in mg/m3, x the quantity of cars in an hour/100). Average Amount of carbon Quantity of quantity of monoxide in mg/ cars in 10 min cars in 1 hour m3 in 1 hour 48 30 84 1,44 0,94 2,5
No. 1. 2. 3.
Street name
Marijos Peckauskaites 8 street Dariaus ir Gireno street 5 Part of the road Mazeikiai Skuodas at 14 Zidikai
83 cars went along Zemaitijos street in Mazeikiai in a rush hour in 10 min (the workers returned from the Oil Refinery), that is approximately 498 cars in an hour. The amount of carbon monoxide emitted by them is equal to 15,3 mg/ m3 in 1 hour. The air quality was being assessed according to the highest permitted single amount of carbon monoxide in the air is 5 mg/m3. According to the norms of pollution in a street the amount of carbon monoxide cannot exceed 10 mg/m3 while counting the moving average of 8 hours.According to the approximate data of the research, the amount of carbon monoxide did not exceed the allowed norms in the air of the streets of Zidikai. However, the air pollution (with carbon monoxide) was higher than allowed in Zemaitijos street in Mazeikiai in a rush hour. The data of the research were assessed using air pollution index (API). API 1 Very low 2 - Low 3 - Medium 4 - High 5 Very high PM10 24h 0-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 >100 NO2 1h 0-50 51-100 101-200 201-400 >400 CO 8h 0-2 3-6 7-10 11-13 >13 O3 1h 0-60 61-120 121-180 181-240 >240 SO2 1h 0-50 51-100 101-300 301-500 >500 SO2 24h 0-25 26-50 51-100 101-150 >150
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Conclusion: According to the approximate data of the research it can be stated that the level of the air pollution (with carbon monoxide) is low in the streets of Zidikai. The level of the air pollution is medium in Zemaitijos street in Mazeikiai, but in a rush hour it can exceed the norm. How we can help to decrease the air pollution caused by transport. If you want to help to reduce the air pollution, you can/must: go by car in as fewer cases as possible. If the distance is not long, better go on foot, ride a bike or use public transport; take more people inside when going by car; follow the traffic rules, not over speed, not brake suddenly while driving a car and switch off the engine while you are not driving; look after your car in order to have it in proper technical condition; buy a car which pollutes the environment as little as possible; buy the local food products in order to reduce the transportation expenses of cargoes; Encourage other people to take measures to reduce the air pollution. Many various kinds of transport are being developed in the world, the evolution of which depends on the needs of the society, on the natural, economical and technological possibilities. There is different transport systems formed in various countries of the world. It happened so because of the geographical conditions, size of a country, technologies of that time and volume of the investment. Every year the problem of the energetically resources is more actual in the world. The industry giants- car producers- speak more about the alternative energetically resources and alternative cars: electro mobiles, engines run on bio-fuel, hydrogen internal combustion units and so on. These kinds of the means of transport can have a great influence on the reduction of carbon dioxide emitted on roads. Climate change causes the necessity to look for the ways to save energy and to get it from other sources than before, to look over public transport systems, to develop new technologies both on the side of suppliers and consumers. The necessity to change the life in the street- to join the approaching transport revolution- must become the prissiness for every citizen of the 21st mentury because every little step of ours is significant in order to save our planet! We did not inherit the Earth from our parents, we just borrowed it from our children!
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VIII. Reduce, reuse, recycle
Presentation made by: Gabriela Nowak, Adrianna Anetta Sikorska, Diana Gakowska, Monika Naumowicz (Poland)
CONTENTS: Waste segregation Renewable energy Recycling Energy saving at home

WASTE SEGREGATION GLASS We are throwing glass into the marked container. Colorful into the green container, colorless into the white container. Benefits: producing glass around mallets glass is consuming far less energy in the mill than smelting of the primeval raw material. It is reducing the emission of CO2 and isn't contributing to the global warming.
PAPER Wasted paper is landing in the blue container. We aren't throwing paper in combination with other waste. Benefits: healthier forests which less is being exploited and is having a very good chance for achieving the seen age and enrapturing with the beauty. PLASTICS The yellow container is allocated for plastics. Benefits: cleaner environment. In the course of the natural schedule harmful substances are coming into existence. This disintegration is taking so long, so such pieces of rubbish are lying on dumps.
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METALS We are throwing metal waste into the red container. Benefits: smaller power consumption at the smelting. The economy of raw materials influences also their prices. For this more metals on this market are cheaper products.
Kinds of renewable energy Energy of the wind Wind farms are places where many wind turbines are clustered together. They are built in places where it is nearly always windy. The electricity that is generated at a wind farm is sold to electricity companies that provide the electricity to people living in cities and towns. They are pollution free. The energy they generate is renewable. This means that as long as the winds blow there is power to turn the blades of the rotor. Energy of the sun Solar energy technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal electricity and solar architecture solar, which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air. Geothermal energy- associated with the natural warmth of the inside of the Earth which is being drawn in hot rocks, steams and waters which rock crevices are filling up. All the time an incessant flow of the warmth is taking place inside our planet from the nucleus through upper layers of the earth's crust as far as on its surface.
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Energy of water- the most popular using of water for production of energies is hydroelectric power plants which are exchanging the energy of the fall or the flow of water for the electric energy behind the mediation of water-powered turbines.
RECYCLING is processing of used materials into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution and water pollution by reducing the need for "conventional" waste disposal, and lower greenhouse gas emissions as compared to virgin production. Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle" waste hierarchy.
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Energy, lifestyles and climate Italy, Romania, Finland, Turkey, Bulgaria, Italy, Spain, Lithuania, POland Interesting Recycling Facts / Water
A running faucet wastes 2.5 gallons of water each minute. A dishwasher uses 11 gallons of water per use. 75 percent of all water used in the household is used in the bathroom. A toilet made in 1992 or earlier uses up to 60 percent more water per flush than newer high efficiency toilets. Turning of the tap while brushing your teeth in the morning and before bedtimes can save up to 8 gallons per day. This is a savings of 240 gallons per month. Running your faucet for 5 minutes uses up enough energy to run a 60 watt light bulb for 14 hours. A full bath tub uses 70 gallons of water. A 5 minute shower only uses 10-25 gallons
Interesting Recycling Facts / Paper

Recycling 1 ton of paper saves 17 mature trees, 7,000 gallons of water, 3 cubic yards of landfill space, 2 barrels of oil, and 4000 kilowatt hours of electricity. This is enough energy to power the average home for 5 months. The process of recycling paper instead of making it from new materials generates 74 percent less air pollution and uses 50 percent less water. Manufacturing recycled paper uses 60 percent of the energy needed to make paper from new materials. Over 73 percent of all newspapers are recovered for recycling. About 33 percent of this is used to make newsprint the rest is used to make paperboard, tissue, or insulation. A little more than 48 percent of all office paper is recycled. This is used to make writing papers, paperboard, tissue, and insulation.
ENERGY SAVING AT HOME Uncovered heaters-long covers, covered with furniture can ravage heaters and driers installed on heaters even 20 % warmths. Uncovered heaters constitute the guarantee of the fact that the warmth can walk off stiffness in rooms without obstacles. Screens-screens installed behind heaters reflecting the warmth, let spare about 4 % costs of heating. Economical flame of gas-the warmth in an optimal way is exploited when the pot and the burner have the similar diameter. Using pots equipped with the well fitted lid in the household allows also to save the energy. Shower instead of the bath-costs of the bath in the bathtub are almost four times higher in comparison with the costs of the bath under the show
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Energy, lifestyles and climate Italy, Romania, Finland, Turkey, Bulgaria, Italy, Spain, Lithuania, POland PART B: What is your energy IQ?
1. The world's largest hydroelectric are in: a) Japan; b) U.S.A.; c) China; d) France; e) Finland; 2. The highest emissions of carbon dioxide has: a) oil; b) biomass; c) coal; d) natural gas; 3. In south-east, the country with the highest wind potential is: a) Bulgaria; b) Romania; c) Serbia; d) Croatia; e) Slovenia; 4. The largest of the worlds oil resources are concentrated in: a) U.S.A.; b) Europe; c) Middle East; d) Australia; e) Romania; 5. Nuclear energy comes from: a) oil; b) coal; c) uranium; d) Mercury e) wood; 6. One of the major users of geothermal energy is: a) Bulgaria; b) India; c) Iceland; d) Poland
7. Major biodiesel producers are in: a) Zaire; b) European Union; c) Canada; d) Romania; e) Bulgaria; 8. The main producer of geothermal energy in the world is: a) Ireland; b) Italy; c) U.S.A.; d) Russia; e) Romania; 9. Energy from biomass is called: a) bioenergy; b) biofuel; c) ethanol; d) biogas; e) geothermal; 10. According to statistics, 40% of geothermal energy potential is owned by: a) Japan; b) Russia; c) Iceland; d) Indonesia; e) Romania;
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11. What form of energy is produced by fusion and fission? a) kinetic b) potential; c) chemical d) nuclear e) wind; 12. Energy is measured in: a) Newton; b) Pascal; c) Joule; d) grams; e) Inch; 13. What is particle "photo" in words like photovoltaic or photosynthesis? a) light; b) energy; c) color; d) life; 14. What percentage of energy used worldwide is generated by fossil fuels? a) 10%; b) 25%; c) 50%; d) 90%; e) 100%; 15. Which of the following elements is not a fossil fuel? a) coal; b) oil; c) wood; d) natural gas; 16. What is the coal formed from? a) dead plants; b) remnants of marine dinosaurs; c) a mixture of various chemicals made by scientists; d) all the variations mentioned; 17. Which of the following types of energy will never end? a) coal from the Earth; b) oil from the Earth; c) gas from the Earth; d) the heat of the Earth; 18. Which of the following elements can not generate power? a) waterfalls; b) ocean waves; c) pools; d) tides; 19. Electricity is the movement of .... a) atoms; b) molecules; c) electrons; d) neutrons; e) people; 20. Which of the following types of renewable energy is not dependent on the weather? a) geothermal; b) solar; c) wind; d) water; e) energy generated by coal; 21. Burning oil produces a gas that causes global warming. This gas is: a) carbon dioxide; b) oxygen; c) nitrogen; d) ozone; e) natural gas;
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22. What percentage of worlds coal reserves are located in the U.S.A.? a) 3%; b) 15%; c) 27%; d) 45%; e) 90% 23. Which European country using renewable energy has the highest percentage? a) Great Britain; b) Japan; c) Sweden d) France; e) U.S.A.; 24. What country in the European Union decided to close down nuclear reactors by 2020? a) Bulgaria; b) Poland; c) Indonesia; d) Germany; e) Romania; 25. What percentage of the EU electricity comes from renewable sources? a) 2%; b) 8.5%; c) 20%; d) 31.5%; 26. What country in the European Union is first in respect of electricity produced from wind power? a) Germany; b) Bulgaria; c) Poland; d) Algeria; e) Denmark; 27.What is the most polluting form of energy? a) wind; b) solar energy; c) conventional energy; d) geothermal energy; e) bio energy; 28. European Union is dependent on imported energy at a rate of: a) 5%; b) 20%; c) 35% d) 50% e) 75% 29. The world technologies is: a) Australia; b) Japan; c) Egypt; d) Canada; e) European Union; leader in renewable
30. 60% of global wind energy market is owned by enterprises from ... a) U.S.A; b) Germany; c) Japan; d) European Union; e) League of Arab States;
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31. What percentage of the emission of greenhouse gases in the European Union is carbon dioxide emissions in the energy sector? a) 20% b) 30% c) 50% d) 80% 32. The share of coal in global energy balance began to decline rapidly after: a) Balkan Wars; b) World War I; c) World War II; d) Cold War; e) The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2011; 33. Conventional energy sources, at the beginning of the twentieth century, had the share in global energy balance: a) the sun; b) coal; c) oil; d) natural gas; e) wind; 34. In 2000, the share of oil in world-wide energy balance was: a) more than 6%; b) over 18%; c) 36%; d) 50%; 35. About 35% of the total reserves of uranium are concentrated in: a) North America; b) Australia; c) European Union; d) Russia; 36. Coal began to be used as fuel on an industrial scale from: a) Punic Wars; b) The war of 30 years; c) The French Revolution; d) The industrial revolution in England; e) The collapse of the communist regime in Europe; 37. The richest country in terms of coal reserves is: a) Romania; b) Poland; c) Sudan; d) Japan; e) U.S.A.; 38. What century was called "the century of oil"? a) the tenth century; b) XIV century; c) the nineteenth century; d) the twentieth century; e) the nineteenth century; 39. What century was called "the century of coal"? a) the tenth century; b) XIV century; c) the nineteenth century; d) the twentieth century; e) the nineteenth century; 40. After this historic event, oil began to play an important role as energy source and as feedstock for petrochemicals. a) War of the Roses; b) American Revolution; c) The industrial revolution; d) World War II; e) The collapse of the communist regime in Europe;
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41. The main oil producer in the world is: a) Venezuela; b) Mexico; c) Romania; d) China; e) Saudi Arabia; 42. The main resource and the main export product of this state is oil. a) Bulgaria; b) France; c) Japan; d) Germany; e) Venezuela ; 43. The largest oil producer in Africa is: a) Nigeria; b) Sudan; c) Somalia; d) Pakistan; e) Armenia; 44. The second largest producer of oil in Europe is: a) Russia; b) Norway c) Romania; d) Indonesia; e) Algeria; 45. The technological process for production of crude oil is called: a) green; b) tech; c) energizing; d) photosynthesis; e) refining; 46. Oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 have meant: a) increasing the share of oil in global energy balance; b) decrease in oil production; c) increased production of oil; d) rising oil prices; e) massive investment in oilfields industry; 47. Country holding the most important natural gas reserves is: a) China; b) U.S.A; c) Europe; d) France; e) Russia; 48. State which has dominated worlds coal market by the end of the nineteenth century: a) Kosovo; b) United Kingdom; c) Romania; d) Finland e) Italy; 49. "The true bread of industry" in the nineteenth century was: a) oil; b) wood; c) coal; d) natural gas; e) biomass; 50. The world's first hydroelectric plant was commissioned in 1869 to: a) Romania; b) China; c) Italy; d) Bulgaria; e) France; 51. The Continent with hydropower potential is: a) America; b) Australia; c) Europe; d) Asia; e) Africa; the largest
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52. In Africa, the largest hydroelectric system is on the river: a) Zambezi; b) Rhine; c) Nil; d) Zaire; e) Amazon; 53. Nuclear power has begun to develop: a) at the beginning of the fifteenth century; b) in the eighteenth century; c) the mid-nineteenth century; d) the middle of the twentieth century; e) at the beginning of the XXI century; 54. First nuclear plant was built in 1951 in: a) China; b) Russia; c) U.S.A; d) Japan; e) Slovenia; 55. International Atomic Energy Agency was founded in: a) 1910; b) 1937; c) 1956; d) 1999; 56. Plants which recover heat from the Earth: a) heliocentric; b) wind; c) geothermal power; d) central atom; e) power plants; 57. In what state was build the first geothermal power plant? a) Germany; b) Italy; c) Croatia; d) Kosovo; e) Luxembourg; 58.The interest in geothermal energy has increased by: a) formation of the U.S.A; b) modernization of Japan; c) Union of Romanian Principalities; d) World War I; e) oil crisis of the twentieth century; 59. Solar energy is used to: a) electricity generation; b) heating; c) Irrigation; d) recycling; e) all variants mentioned; 60. The main hydroelectric complex in Canada is located on the river: a) Amazon; b) Mississippi; c) La Grande; d) Elba; e) Yellow River; 61. The main hydro in Poland is located on the river: a) Vistula; b) Elba; c) Oder; d) Volga; e) Danube; 62. In Bulgaria, about half of its electricity is produced by: a) heliocentric; b) wind; c) geothermal power; d) power plants; e) hydro; 63. In Spain, major hydraulic facilities are arranged on rivers: a) Tagus and Ebro; b) Ebru and Oder; c) Elba and the Tagus; d) Elbe and the Vistula; e) Volga and Thames; 64. The river with the highest hydropower potential in the world is: a) Mississippi; b) Amazon; c) Nil; d) Zaire; e) Vistula;
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65. This state has the largest oil reserves in South America: a) Cuba; b) Venezuela; c) Indonesia; d) Argentina; e) Brazil; 66. The richest continent in oil is: a) Europe; b) Oceania; c) Asia; d) Africa; e) America; 69. International Energy Agency estimates that by 2030, these states will be responsible for 70% of global demand for oil. a) U.S.A. and Canada; b) U.S.A. and Russia; c) India and China; d) U.S.A. and Japan; e) Saudi Arabia and Iran; 70. Wind Park can be visited in: a) Germany; b) Romania; c) Finland; d) Poland e) Lithuania; 71. The main source of biomass is: a) oil; b) grass; c) cereals; d) wood; e) rape; 72. The main source of energy used today is: a) biomass; b) water; c) wind; d) coal; e) oil; 73. Energy source that is responsible for 40% of emissions of greenhouse gases is: a) coal; b) natural gas; c) biomass; d) wood; e) oil; 74. Poor countries do not really emit greenhouse gases, so rich industrialized countries have a responsibility to take measures to mitigate climate change. This principle is called: a) "bread industry"; b) social equality; c) inclusion; d) climate justice; e) charity;
67. The largest oil reserves in Africa are held in: a) Libya; b) Somalia; c) Morocco; d) Syria e) Pakistan; 68. In the mid nineteenth century, Nobel Brothers Oil Company (fou nded by brothers Alfred Nobel) dominated the production and the trade of oil in this state. a) Sweden b) Norway c) Croatia; d) Russia; e) France;
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75. The leading provider of natural gas of the European Union is: a) Russia; b) U.S.; c) Canada; d) Norway e) Egypt; 76. The second largest source in the emissions of the greenhouse gas effect. a) energy; b) transportation; c) agriculture; d) deforestation; 77. When the Kyoto Protocol expires, which provides for reduced emissions by 5.2% in 2008-2012 compared with 1990? a) 2008; b) 2012; c) 2015; d) 2020; 78. This state is responsible for more than 40% of total greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. a) Russia; b) U.S.A.; c) Japan; d) China; e) Morocco; 79. In what year was held at Copenhagen the conference on climate change? a) 1999; b) 2000; c) 2004; d) 2009; e) 2011; 80. Country with the largest emissions of greenhouse gases in Europe. a) France; b) Spain; c) United Kingdom; d) Romania; e) Germany; 81. The largest source of energy in the world is: a) oil; b) coal; c) natural gas; d) the sun; e) wind; 82. The clean energy source is: a) wood; b) biomass; c) coal; d) the sun; e) oil; 83. Some people are against wind power because: a) sometimes wind turbines are located on the main migration routes of birds, affecting their lives; b) wind turbines occupy land that could be used for agriculture; c) wind power pollute the sound; d) all the variations mentioned; 84. The first non-renewable energy source that was used in history is: a) coal; b) oil; c) natural gas; d) biomass;
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85. The accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (Ukraine) took place in: a) 1902; b) 1957; c) 1978; d) 1986; 86. The first source of energy used by man, one time with the discovery of fire: a) oil; b) water; c) biomass; d) coal; e) uranium; 87. How do people contribute to the intensified economic changes? a) activities relating to agriculture; b) activities in the industry; c) our lifestyle; d) all the variations mentioned; 88. One of greenhouse gases is: a) carbon dioxide; b) methane; c) nitrous oxide; d) water vapor; e) all variants mentioned; 89. The main cause of global warming is: a) the emission of greenhouse gases; b) hole in the ozone layer; c) climate change; d) Sustainable development; e) energy saving; 90. The ozone hole over Antarctica was discovered in: a) 1876; b) 1899; c) 1906; d) 1967; e) 1985; 91. What was called the plan to support sustainable development adopted at a conference in Rio de Janeiro (1992), attended by representatives from 170 countries. a) Green Paper; b) White Paper; c) Agenda 21; d) Plan to support sustainable development; 92. "Earth Summit" in Rio de Janeiro took place in: a) 1868; b) 1965; c) 1987; d) 1992; e) 2002; 93. The modern equivalent of windmills is: a) solar panel; b) wind turbine; c) wind tower; d) photovoltaic system; e) rotor; 94. World Earths Day is marked every year on: a) January 27; b) February 2; c) 22 April; d) May 15; e) June 5; 95. Worlds Environment Day is marked every year on: a) January 15; b) February 22; c) March 22; d) April 22; e) June 5; 96. Worlds Wind Day is marked every year on: a) January 15; b) February 2; c) April 1; d) May 15; e) June 15; 97. Worlds Day of the Sun is marked every year on: a) February 2; b) March 21; c) April 22; d) June 8; e) June 21; 98. The main source of renewable energy in Romania is: a) solar; b) wind; c) geothermal; d) hydraulic e) biomass; 99. The fastest energy source growing in recent years is: a) wind; b) solar; c) hydraulic d) conventional; e) geothermal; 100. In what city was held the Worlds Energy Congress in 2007? a) Rome; b) Paris; c) Berlin; d) Zagreb; e) Warsaw;
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What is your energy IQ? Answers
1-C 2-B 3-C 4-C 5-C 6-C 7-B 8-C 9-A 10-D 12-C 13-A 14-D 15-C 16-A 17-D 18-C 19-C 20-A 21A 22-C 23-C 24-D 25-B 26-E 27-C 28-D 29-E 30-D 31-D 32-D 33-B 34-C 35-A 36-D 37-E 38-D 39-C 40-D 41-E 42-E 43-A 44-B 45-E 46-D 47-E 48-B 49-C 50-C 51-D 52-C 53-D 54 B 55-C 56C 57-B 58-E 59-E 60-C 61-A 62-B 53-A 64-A 65-B 66-C 67-A 68-D 69-C 70-A 71-D 72-E 73-E 74-D 75-A 76-A 77-B 78-B 79-D 80-E 81-D 82-D 83-D 84-A 85-D 86-D 87-D 88-E 89-A 90-E 91-D 92-D 93-D 94-D 95-E 96-E 97-E 98-D 99-A 100-A 0-20 correct answers = You have to read more about energy! 21-50 correct answers = It can be better! 51-80 = Youre doing pretty good! 81-100 = Youre an expert on energy!
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Energy, Lifestyles and Climate

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Energy, Lifestyles and Climate

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This booklet is a product developed under the Comenius multilateral partnership titled "Energy for Tomorrow (August 2010-July

PART B: What is your energy IQ?

Worlds energetic situation

1. Worlds energetic general considerations

3. Renewable energy resources

5. About European Unions energy policy

6. Energetic and geopolitics

Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant in Finland

The Future Role of Biomass

Environmental Impacts and Benefits

Potential for Wind Energy

Capacity and Potential

Environmental and Social Impacts

Capacity and Potential

Solar Power Solar Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal Technologies

Solar Thermal Systems

IV. Why should we save the energy?

So why is it so important to spare energy?

So what can we do to save energy?

What can we do to consume less energy in our households?

Energy consumed when using desktop computers:

The importance of transport

Transport in the world and Lithuania

The improvement of the means of transport

The importance of using biofuel

Average speed ( km/h ) 50 70 Total

Average speed ( km/h ) 50 70 Total

CONTENTS: Waste segregation Renewable energy Recycling Energy saving at home

Interesting Recycling Facts / Paper

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