the groove or between the groove and the outer edge of the cover plate shall be not less

than d1.9WhG / Sd3 for circular heads and covers, nor less than d6WhG / SLd2 for noncircular heads and covers. Sketches (m), (n), and (o). C p 0.3 for a circular plate inserted into the end of a vessel and held in place by a positive mechanical locking arrangement, and when all possible means of failure (either by shear, tension, compression, or radial deformation, including flaring, resulting from pressure and differential thermal expansion) are resisted with a factor of safety of at least four. Seal welding may be used, if desired. Sketch (p). Cp0.25 for circular and noncircular covers bolted with a full-face gasket, to shells, flanges or side plates. Sketch (q). C p 0.75 for circular plates screwed into the end of a vessel having an inside diameter d not exceeding 12 in. (300 mm); or for heads having an integral flange screwed over the end of a vessel having an inside diameter d not exceeding 12 in. (300 mm); and when the design of the threaded joint, against failure by shear, tension, compression, or radial deformation, including flaring, resulting from pressure and differential thermal expansion, is based on a factor of safety of at least four. If a tapered pipe thread is used, the requirements of Table UG-43 shall also be met. Seal welding may be used, if desired. Sketch (r). C p 0.33 for circular plates having a dimension d not exceeding 18 in. (450 mm) inserted into the vessel as shown and otherwise meeting the requirements for the respective types of welded vessels. The end of the vessel shall be crimped over at least 30 deg, but not more than 45 deg. The crimping may be done cold only when this operation will not injure the metal. The throat of the weld shall be not less than the thickness of the flat head or shell, whichever is greater. Sketch (s). C p 0.33 for circular beveled plates having a diameter d not exceeding 18 in. (450 mm), inserted into a vessel, the end of which is crimped over at least 30 deg, but not more than 45 deg, and when the undercutting for seating leaves at least 80% of the shell thickness. The beveling shall be not less than 75% of the head thickness. The crimping shall be done when the entire circumference of the cylinder is uniformly heated to the proper forging temperature for the material used. For this construction, the ratio ts /d shall be not less than the ratio P/S nor less than 0.05. The maximum allowable pressure for this construction shall not exceed P p S/5d for Customary units (P p 127S/d for SI units). This construction is not permissible if machined from rolled plate. 38 UG-35 OTHER TYPES OF CLOSURES UG-35.1 Dished Covers Requirements for design of dished heads with bolting flanges are given in 1-6. UG-35.2 Quick-Actuating (Quick-Opening) Closures UG-35.2(a) Definitions

UG-35.2(a)(1) Quick-actuating or quick-opening closures are those that permit substantially faster access to the contents space of a pressure vessel than would be expected with a standard bolted flange connection (bolting through one or both flanges). Closures with swing bolts are not considered quick-actuating (quick-opening). UG-35.2(a)(2) Holding elements are parts of the closure used to hold the cover to the vessel, and/or to provide the load required to seal the closure. Hinge pins or bolts can be holding elements. UG-35.2(a)(3) Locking components are parts of the closure that prevent a reduction in the load on a holding element that provides the force required to seal the closure, or prevent the release of a holding element. Locking components may also be used as holding elements. UG-35.2(a)(4) The locking mechanism or locking device may consist of a combination of locking components. UG-35.2(a)(5) The use of a multi-link component, such as a chain, as a holding element is not permitted. UG-35.2(b) General Design Requirements UG-35.2(b)(1) Quick-actuating closures shall be designed such that the locking elements will be engaged prior to or upon application of pressure and will not disengage until the pressure is released. UG-35.2(b)(2) Quick-actuating closures shall be designed such that the failure of a single locking component while the vessel is pressurized (or contains a static head of liquid acting at the closure) will not: (a) cause or allow the closure to be opened or leak; or (b) result in the failure of any other locking component or holding element; or (c) increase the stress in any other locking component or holding element by more than 50% above the allowable stress of the component. UG-35.2(b)(3) Quick-actuating closures shall be designed and installed such that it may be determined by visual external observation that the holding elements are in satisfactory condition. UG-35.2(b)(4) Quick-actuating closures shall also be designed so that all locking components can be verified to be fully engaged by visual observation or other means prior to the application of pressure to the vessel.