Full Paper

2012 ACEEE
DOI: 01.IJRTET.7.2.
Int. J. on Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 2, July 2012
71
Assessment of Secured Voltage Stability Power
Margin of Indian Southern Power Grid
Using Integrated and Intelligent Methods
P. Gopi Krishna
1
and Dr. T. Gowri Manohar
2
1
Associate Professor, Department of EEE, Jagans College of Engineering & Technology, Nellore, India
Email: p_gopikrishna2000@yahoo.com
2
Associate Professor, Department of EEE, S. V. University College of Engineering, Tirupathi, India
Email: tgmanohar1973@rediffmail.com
AbstractThis paper proposes an innovative approach for the
assessment of secured voltage stability power margin of Indian
southern power grid system, which uses 5 methods known as
Repeated Power Flow ( RPF), Continuation Power Flow (CPF),
L-index, Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) and
Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN). These methods
are integrated in right manner through a proposed algorithm,
so that they can assess together secured voltage stability power
margin. As this plays a vital role in any power system, the
proposed method has been tested with the conventional
methods and intelligent techniques, which gives an
appropriate secured voltage stability power margin from time
to time in all circumstances, for the different stations. The
results are satisfactory and are obtained on old 24-bus and
latest 72-bus Indian southern power grid. The obtained result
by the proposed method is useful to maintain reliable power
in any power system and its monitoring in an on-line
environment of deregulated power system apart from the
existing methods of usage of conventional and intelligent
techniques in the analysis of secured voltage stability power
margin.
Index Terms Voltage Stability, Repeated Power Flow,
Continuation Power Flow, L-Index, Neural Networks, RBFN
Network, BPNN, Deregulated Power Systems etc.,
I. INTRODUCTION
All over world the economical growth and enhancement
of the technological achievements initiates the electrical
power system continuously expanding its size and enhancing
its complexity in many aspects. Therefore the governments
have been changing their rules and regulations by allowing
the private sectors into the power generation, transmission
and distribution called as Deregulated Power System [1]. The
continuous monitoring and maintenance of security under
different circumstances in the deregulated power system is
becoming a complex task for the power system engineer in an
on-line environment [2].
A Newtons power flow method is well-known in the area
of power systems. It has been the standard solution algorithm
[3] for the power flow problem for decades because of its
rapid convergence near the solution. This property is
especially useful for power system applications because an
initial guess near the solution is easily attained. The planning
of power system and its design, losses, security issues etc.,
can be achieved by knowing the voltages and currents at
different stations using solution of power flow.
The Jacobian matrix of power flow equations became
singular at the voltage stability limit. This problem is
overcome using continuation power flow [4]. It finds
successive load flow solutions according to a load scenario.
It consists of prediction and correction steps. From a known
base solution, a tangent predictor is used to estimate next
solution for a specified pattern of enhancement of load. Then
the corrector step determines the exact solution by using
Newton-Raphson technique employed in a conventional
power flow. After that a new prediction is made for a specified
increase in load based upon the new tangent vector. Then
corrector step is applied. This process goes until critical point
is reached.
Voltage stability [5] is a major concern in planning and
operations of power systems. It is well known that voltage
stability and collapse have led to major system failures with
the development of power markets, many electric utilities are
facing voltage stability-imposed limits. In case of voltage
stability problems, serious blackouts may occur in a
considerable part of a system. This can cause severe social
and economic problems. In this type of situation, the voltage
collapse points can be assessed by voltage indicators.
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is an emerging Artificial
Intelligence tool for online applications. An ANN is a
massively parallel information-processing system. It can
perform nonlinear computations in a short duration after the
ANN is trained with sufficient data. ANN has found many
applications in Power Systems. With respect to all available
intelligent techniques, each individual technique [2] will be a
strong enough in its specific property and its implementation
related to a specific application. In this regard, the neural
networks are the best suitable in non-linear function related
applications that is they are best for modeling of any
application, plant or system,.
The main contribution of this paper is to demonstrate
how to assess secured voltage stability power margin in
deregulated environments like Indian Southern power grid
with the integration of different methods as illustrated with
the proposed method, which might be applied for the analysis
of voltage stability, estimation of voltage stability constrained
load powers in any complex power systems, which are
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Int. J. on Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 2, July 2012
2012 ACEEE
DOI: 01.IJRTET.7.2.
operating under different circumstances like deregulated
environments. The rest of this paper is organized as follows.
In Section II, III & IV presents the basic mathematical
formulation of repeated power flow, continuation power flow,
voltage collapse indicator respectively. Section V & VI
discusses the implementation of RBFNN & BPNN. Section
VII described about the test system, simulation results of
proposed method and concluded the paper with Section VIII
followed by references.
II. REPEATED POWER FLOW (RPF)
The Repeated Power Flow (RPF) method [1], which solves
power flow equations repeatedly at a succession of points,
along specified load increments with a constant power factor,
is used for tracing the fall of voltage. For this method the
Newton Raphsons method in polar co-ordinates is used.
Newton Raphsons Power Flow Solution:
The complex power at bus i is
i i i i
I V jQ P
*
= (1)
Substituting from the previous equation for I
L
) (
1
*
j ij
n
j
j ij i i i i
V Y V jQ P + Z Z =

=
(2)
Separating the real and imaginary parts

=
+ =
n
j
j i ij j ij i i
V Y V P
1
) cos(
(3)

=
+ =
n
j
j i ij j ij i i
V Y V Q
1
) sin(
(4)
These equations constitute a set of non linear algebraic
equations in terms of the independent variables, voltage
magnitudes per unit, and phase angle in radians. Expanding
the two equations in Taylor series about the initial estimator
and neglecting all the higher order terms results in the set of
linear equations in the form of jacobian matrix.

) 5 (
.
.
.
.
..... .....
.
.
.....
.
.
.
.
.....
.
.
..... .....
.
.
.....
.
.
.
.
.....
.
.
..... .....
.
.
.
.
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

A
A
A
A
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

A
A
A
A
K
n
K
K
n
K
n
K
n
n
n
K
n
n
K
K
n
n
n
n
K
K
n
n
K
n
K
K
K
K
n
K
V
V
V
Q
V
Q Q Q
V
Q
V
P
V
Q
V
P
Q
P
Q
P
V
P
V
P P P
Q
Q
P
P

In the above equation, bus1 is assumed to be the slack bus.
The jacobian matrix gives the linearized relationship between
71
small changes in the voltage angle
K
i
A and voltage
magnitude
) ( K
i
V A with small changes i real and reactive
powers. Elements of the jacobian matrix are the partial
derivatives of (3) and (4), evaluated at
K
i
A and
) ( K
i
V A .
In short form it can be written as
(

A
A
(

=
(

A
A
V J J
J J
Q
P
4 3
2 1
(6)
The diagonal elements of J
1,
J
2,
J
3,
J
4
are found using

i
i
P
c
c
,
i
i
V
P
c
c


,
i
i
Q
c
c

&
i
i
V
Q
c
c

(7)
Similarly for off-diagonal elements in the place of i, j is
used in the denominator terms of the above diagonal
elements.
The terms
) ( K
i
P A and are the difference between the
scheduled and calculated values, known as the power
residuals, given by:

) ( ) ( ) ( K
i
sch
i
K
i
P P P = A (8)

) ( ) ( ) ( K
i
sch
i
K
i
Q Q Q = A (9)
The new estimates of bus voltages are

) ( ) ( ) 1 ( K
i
K
i
K
i
V V V A + =
+ (10)

) ( ) ( ) 1 ( K
i
K
i
K
i
A + =
+
(11)
III. CONTINUATION POWER FLOW (CPF)
The Continuation Power Flow (CPF) method [4] uses
predictor-corrector technique, which solves the power flow
equations in a single program run.
Figure 1. Illustration of the Continuation Power Flow
From a known base solution, a tangent predictor is used
so as to estimate next solution for a specified pattern of load
increase. The corrector step then determines the exact
solution using Newton-Raphson technique employed by a
conventional power flow. After that a new prediction is made
for a specified increase in load based upon the new tangent
vector. Then corrector step is applied. This process goes
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DOI: 01.IJRTET.7.2.
Int. J. on Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 2, July 2012
71
until critical point is reached. The critical point is the point
where the tangent vector is zero.
Mathematical Formulation:
Injected powers can be written for the i
th
bus of an n-bus
system as follows [8]
( )
k i k i k i k i k i
n
k
i
Sin B G V V P + =

=
cos
1
(12)
( )
k j k j k j k j k j
n
k
i
Sin B Sin G V V Q =

=1
(13)
Pi = PGi - PDi , Qi = QGi - QDi (14)
Where the subscripts G and D denote generation and
load demand respectively on the related bus. In order to
simulate a load change, a load parameter is inserted into
demand powers P
Di
and Q
Di
.
) (
0 base i D i D
P P P
A
+ = ) (
0 base i D i D
Q Q Q
A
+ =

(15)

and
0 i D
Q are original load demands on i
th
bus whereas
base
P
A
and
base
Q
A
are given quantities of powers chosen
to scale appropriately.
0 ) , , ( = V F (16)
Where denotes the vector of bus voltage angles and V
denotes the vector of bus voltage magnitudes. The base
solution for =0 is found through a power flow. Then, the
continuation and parameterization processes are applied.
Prediction Step:
In this step, a linear approximation is used by taking an
appropriately sized step in a direction tangent to the solution
path. Therefore, the derivative of both sides of Equation
16 is taken.
0 = + +

d F dV F d F
V

0 ] [ =
(
(
(

d
dV
d
F F F
V
(17)
In order to solve Equation 17, one more equation is
needed since an unknown variable is added to load flow
equations. This can be satisfied by setting one of the tangent
vector components to +1 or -1 which is also called
continuation parameter. Setting one of the tangent vector
components +1 or -1 imposes a non-zero value on the tangent
vector and makes Jacobian non-singular at the critical point.
As a result Equation 17 becomes

(

=
(
(
(

1
0

d
dV
d
e
F F F
k
V
(18)
Where e
k
is the appropriate row vector with all elements
equal to zero except the k
th
element equals 1. At first step is
chosen as the continuation parameter. As the process
continues, the state variable with the greatest rate of change
is selected as continuation parameter due to nature of
parameterization. By solving Equation 18, the tangent vector
can be found. Then, the prediction can be made as follows:

(
(
(

+
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

d
dV
d
V V
P p 1
(19)
Where the subscript p+1 denotes the next predicted
solution. The step size is chosen so that the predicted
solution is within the radius of convergence of the corrector.
If it is not satisfied, a smaller step size is chosen.
Correction Step:
In correction step, the predicted solution is corrected by
using local parameterization. The original set of equation is
increased by one equation that specifies the value of state
variable chosen and it results in

| | 0
) , , (
=
(

K
V F
(20)
Where
K
is the state variable chosen as continuation
parameter and is the predicted value of this state variable.
Equation 20 is solved by using a slightly modified Newton-
Raphson power flow method.
Parameterization:
Selection of continuation parameter is important in
continuation power flow. Continuation parameter is the state
variable with the greatest rate of change. Initially, is selected
as continuation parameter since at first steps there are small
changes in bus voltages and angles due to light load. When
the load increases after a few steps the solution approaches
the critical point and the rate of change of bus voltages and
angles increase. Therefore, selection of continuation
parameter is checked after each corrector step. The variable
with the largest change is chosen as continuation parameter.
If the parameter is increasing +1 is used, if it is decreasing -1
is used in the tangent vector in Equation 18.
The continuation power flow is stopped when critical
point is reached as it is seen in the flow chart. Critical point is
the point where the loading has maximum value. After this
point it starts to decrease. The tangent component of is
zero at the critical point and negative beyond this point.
Therefore, the sign of d shows whether the critical point is
reached or not.
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Int. J. on Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 2, July 2012
2012 ACEEE
DOI: 01.IJRTET.7.2.
In order to summarize the whole continuation power flow
process, a flow chart is presented in Fig. 2.
71
Figure 2: Flow chart for continuation power flow
IV. VOLTAGE COLLAPSE INDICATOR (L-INDEX)
The voltage collapse indicator (L-Index) is derived [5]
from the basic static power flow and Kirchoffs law. The
index of the voltage stability predicts the voltage problem of
the system with sufficient accuracy. This voltage stability
index can work well in the static state as well as during dynamic
process.
The power system can be expressed in the form as shown
in Equation 21 through Kirchoffs Law.
S S
G
L
GG GL
LG LL
G
L
S
V Y
V
V
Y Y
Y Y
I
I
I =
(

=
(

=
(21)
Subscript L means Load bus, and G means Generator bus.
(

=
(

G
L
LG L L GL GG LL GL
LG L L LL
G
L
V
I
Y Z Y Y Z Y
Y Z Z
I
V
(22)

1
,

=
L L L L
Y Z Here
For any load bus jcL through the equation, the voltage of the
bus is known as

+ =
L i G K
k k j i i j j
V A I Z V


(23)
G L L L
Y Z A Here = ,
This can be expressed as in the form of

jj
j
j j j
Y
S
V V V
'
0
2

= +

(24)
In the equations -, . on top of voltage (V) indicates vector,
conjugate quantities of V respectively, similarly for the
complex power S in following equations.

jj
jj
G k
k kj j
Z
Y V A V
1
;
'
0
= =

(25)

=
- + - =
j i
L i
j
i jj
i ji
L i
j
i jj
i ji
j
V
V Z
S Z
V
V Z
S Z
S

( )

(
'
(26)
Based on above equations, the indicator of the voltage
instability of the load bus j can be obtained using Equation
27as follows.

jj j
j
jj j
j
j
Y V
S
Y V
S
Index L
2
'
' 2
'

= =
(27)
In the case of entire power system, the value of indicator is
the maximum value among the values of indicators at different
load buses.
V. RADIAL BASIS FUNCTION NEURAL NETWORK
The architecture of Radial Basis Function Neural Network
(RBFNN) [6] is shown in Fig. 3, which consists of input
layer, hidden layer and output layer. The radial basis function
(RBF) represented in equation (28),is used as an activation
function for the hidden neurons in the RBFNN.
)
2
) (
exp(
2
1
2

=

=
n
i
ij i
i
w x
(28)
Where,
i
is the hidden neurons activation function,
i
x is
the input vector,
ij
w is the connection weight between i
th
neuron and j
th
neuron and is the spread of The RBFNN
has become increasing popular because it is the best function
approximation technique and is used for modeling of any
type of application related to any field.
To accomplish the best training efficiency [1] from RBFNN,
the prerequisite is the training data and checking data (data
patterns), these are in general obtained from the simulation
results of conventional load flow using Newtons Raphson
method or the same type of practical data will be obtained
from any load dispatch centers. For training the voltage
stability analysis, the data patterns are the inputs of real
power/reactive power and the outputs of voltage magnitudes,
voltage angles at various buses, with these the RBFNN is
under go for training using Neural Network (NN) tool box,
which is available in any latest MATLAB version.
The command required to accomplish the training of
RBFNN is newrb [10], which will be treated as a black box
training of voltage stability analysis using RBFNN
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DOI: 01.IJRTET.7.2.
Int. J. on Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 2, July 2012
71
Figure 3. Architecture of radial basis function neural network
once the desired goal is reached, the trained RBFNN would
undergo for the checking of its performance with the checking
data. Once the results obtained from the trained RBFNN are
accurate then it is said to be voltage stability analysis is
achieved using RBFNN.
VI. BACK PROPAGATION NEURAL NETWORK (BPNN)
Back-Propagation Training [16]

Algorithm:
Given are P training pairs {z
1
, d
1
, z
2
, d
2
, . . . . , z
p
, d
p
},
where z
i
is input vector of size (I x 1), d
i
is output vector of
size ( K x 1)and i =1,2, . . . . P.
Note that the I
th
component of each z
i
is of value -1, since
input vectors have been augmented.
Hidden layer input vector is y of size ( J x 1 ) and Output
is o of size (K x 1).
Note that the J
th
component of y
j
is of value -1, since
hidden layer outputs have also been augmented.
Step 1: >0, E
max
chosen and output layer weights W and
hidden layer weights V are initialized at small random values,
W is (K x J), V is (J x I). Set q=1, p= 1, E= 0
Step 2: Training step starts here
Input is presented and the layers outputs computed
[f(net)] as
p p
d d z z = = ,
) ( z V f y
ji j
=
, for j = 1, 2, . . . . ,J
where v
j
, a column vector, is the j
th
row of V, and
) ( y w f o
kj k
= , for k = 1, 2, . . . ,K
where w
k
, a column vector, is the k
th
row of W.
Step 3: Error value is computed
E o d E
k k
+ =
2
) (
2
1
. for k= 1, 2, . . K
Step 4: Error signal vectors
o
and
y
of both layers are
computed.Vector
o
is (K x 1),
y
is (J x1).
The error signal terms of the output layer in this step are

) 1 )( (
2
1
2
k k k ok
o o d =
, for k = 1, 2, K
The error signal terms of the hidden layer in this step are

=
=
K
k
kj ok j yj
w y
1
2
) 1 (
2
1

), for j=1, 2, . . . J
Step 5: Output layer weights are adjusted

j ok kj kj
y w w + = '
, for k=1, 2, . . .K and j=1, 2, . . J
Step 6: Hidden layer weights are adjusted
i yj ji ji
z v v + = , for j=1, 2, . . . J and i=1, 2, . . .I
Step 7: If p < P then p = p + 1, q=q + 1, and go to step2;
otherwise, go to step 8.
Step 8: The training cycle is computed.
For E < E
max
terminate the training session.
For E > E
max
then E=0, p=1, and initiate the new training
cycle by going to step2.
Similar to the RBFNN training the BPNN is also needs
training data and checking data related to voltage stability.
The training / checking data consisting of multiple outputs
like voltage magnitudes and voltage phase angles at different
buses and the input is power magnitudes. In the MATLAB
the newff [10] command is used to train the BPNN with
Gaussian activation function in the similar way to RBFNN.
VII. PROPOSED METHOD FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF SECURED
VOLTAGE STABILITY POWER MARGIN
A. Block Diagram
The block diagram of proposed method is shown Fig.
4, which consisting of 5 methods known as RPF,
Figure 4. Block diagram of proposed method
B. Algorithm
Step 1: Select Load Station (Load bus number)
Step 2: Initiating RPF method
Step3: Enhance the values of real and reactive power
with constant power factor (Same as base load)
Step 4: Run power flow
Step 5: Repeat step 4 to 5 until the method is converged.
Step 6: Store the last converged real power value to
variable A.
Step 7: Initiating CPF method
Step 8: Store the indicated real power value to variable B.
Step 9: Initiating L-Index method
Step10: Enhance the values of real and reactive power
with constant power factor (Same as base load)
Step11: Calculate L-Index value
Step12: Repeat step10 to11till the value of L=1
Step13: Store the last/final real power value to variable C.
Step14: Initiating trained RBFNN
Step15: Enhance the real power till the execution status
of RBFNN is1
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Int. J. on Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 2, July 2012
2012 ACEEE
DOI: 01.IJRTET.7.2.
Step16: Store the last/final real power value to variable D
Step17: Initiating trained BPNN
Step18: Enhance the real power till the execution status
of BPNN is1
Step19: Store the last/final real power value to variable E.
Step20: Compare A, B, C, D & E and select minimum
value of these, represents the Secured Voltage
Stability Power Margin.
VIII. TEST SYSTEM & SIMULATION RESULTS
A. Test System-1
In this paper, the 24-bus E.H.V Indian Southern Power
Grid system shown in Fig. 5is considered as test system-
1and is divided into three areas AREA-1, AREA-2 and AREA-
3. Buses 1,3,5,9, 10,15,16,18,23,24 are in AREA-1 and buses
2,8,11,12,13,14,17,22 are in AREA-2 and buses 4,6,7,19,20,21
are in AREA-3. Bus-1, Bus-2, Bus-3, Bus-4 are generator
buses, Bus-5, Bus-6, Bus-7, Bus-8, Bus-9, Bus-10, Bus-13
and Bus-15 are the load buses. The remaining buses are used
for interconnection.
71
Figure 5. 24-bus E.H.V Indian Southern Power Grid test system
B. Test System-2
In this paper, the latest 72-bus E.H.V Indian Southern
Power Grid system shown in Fig. 6 is considered as a test
system-2 to obtain the simulation results related to proposed
method. The test system-2 consisting of 72-bus is divided
into three areas ZONE-1, ZONE-2, ZONE-3. Buses
2,3,4,5,16,24,25,30,31,33,35,36,44,45,54,56,57,58 are in ZONE-
1 and buses 1, 6, 7, 8, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
26,27,32,46,47,52,55,59,60,61,62,63,66,69,70 are in ZONE-2 and
buses 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,28,29,34,37, 38,39,40,41, 42,43,48,49,
50,51,53,64,65,67,68,71,72 are in ZONE-3. Buses 1 to 15 are
generator buses. Bus 16, 17, 18, 19,
20, 21, 2 2, 23, 25, 2 8, 29, 30, 31 , 32, 33, 34 , 35, 36,
37,38,39,40,41,42,43,48,49,52,53,54,55,64,65,66,68,69,71,72 are
Figure 6. Latest 72-bus E.H.V Indian Southern Power Grid test
syst em
C. Simulation Results for Test System-1:
RPF Curve
Case scenarios:
Case 1: Varying the load at Hyderabad (5) bus.
Case 2: Varying the load at Gooty (10) bus
In both cases, the results of all 5 methods mentioned in
the proposed system are shown in Table-I and the graphs are
shown in Fig. 7 to 10 related to RPF, L-Index and CPF. The
results of RBFNN and BPNN are the maximum power value
and is obtained until the trained neural network executable
status is1 with respect to enhanced power (Test pattern)
D. Simulation Results for Test System-2:
Case scenarios:
Case 1: Varying the load at Hyderabad (20) bus.
Case 2: Varying the load at Gooty (70) bus.
In both cases, the results of all 5 methods mentioned in
the proposed system are shown in Table-I and the graphs are
shown in Fig. 11 to 12 related to CPF. The results of RBFNN
and BPNN are the maximum power value and is obtained
until the trained neural network executable status is1 with
respect to enhanced power (Test pattern)
the load buses. The remaining buses are used for
interconnection.
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DOI: 01.IJRTET.7.2.
Int. J. on Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 2, July 2012
71
TABLE I. VARYING THE LOAD AT BUS-5 &10
Figure7. RPF & L-Index Curves at bus-5 with contingency
TABLE II. VARYING THE LOAD AT BUS-20 &70
Figure 8. RPF & L-Index Curves at bus-10 without contingency
Figure 9. CPF Curve at bus-5 without contingency
Figure 10. CPF Curve at bus-5 with contingency
49
Full Paper
Int. J. on Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 2, July 2012
2012 ACEEE
DOI: 01.IJRTET.7.2.71
Figure 11. CPF Curve at bus-20 without contingency
Figure12. CPF Curve at bus-70 with contingency
IX. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper secured voltage stability power margin is
obtained by using proposed method, which consists of
integrated conventional methods and intelligent techniques.
The obtained result through proposed method is useful to
assess first security check point and makes the power
engineer alert to be ready with all necessary measures to
prevent the voltage instability and to take precautionary
steps, if such situation arises. In such a way the secured
voltage stability power margin plays a vital role in the highly
loaded power systems like Indian southern power grid, which
will be conveniently obtained through the proposed method
in this paper.
As the proposed method consists of the best
conventional computational techniques and of the intelligent
techniques related to identification of voltage stability power
margin. Therefore the proposed method will become most
efficient method in analyzing security of power system. As
the security in deregulated power system is one of the
significant issues in this regard the power engineer should
keenly monitor the several power system parameters
continuously in an on-line. As the proposed system consists
of intelligent techniques also, the proposed method will be
the best suitable for the on-line monitoring of power system.
By observing various graphs in this paper, it is understood
that there is a negligible error in the results obtained through
various methods mentioned in this paper. Even then the
proposed method is the best in situations like security of
power system concerned. The power engineer prefers to
choose the best method with respect to different working
conditions sometimes they may be ambiguous in selecting
appropriate method in emergency situations when power
system collapses in the deregulated environment. In these
situations through the proposed method, secured power
margins at different stations would be assessed effectively.
Therefore the proposed method and algorithms would be
useful as a readymade tool for effective monitoring of different
conditioned power systems.
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