1. What is a subnetmask?

A subnet mask allows you to identify which part of an IP address is reserved for the network,

2. What is a DNS? DNS stands for Domain Name System. A DNS server resolves a name to an IP address 3. What is a Default Gateway? Default gateway address of the router. The default gateway of any network is the device that connects the network to another network(for example the router in your home connects your Local Area Network (LAN) to the Internet (a Wide Area Network). 4. What is a Kerberos? Kerberos is a network authentication protocol Kerberos is a secure method for authenticating a request for a service in a computer network. 5. Raid Types:Raid0:- Striping Raid1:- Mirroring Raid3:- Parity on Separate Disk Raid5:-Parity on across Disk 6. What is an IP address?

Ip Address is a internet protocol. 7. What is a ARP? ARP is address resolution protocol The ARP protocol maps address between the Data Link Layer and the Network Layer of the OSI Model. 8. What is a APIPA? (Automatic Private IP Addressing) The Windows function that provides DHCP auto configuration addressing.
APIPA assigns a class B IP address from 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255 to the client when a DHCP server is either permanently or temporarily unavailable. Designed for small non-routable networks, if a DHCP server becomes available later, the APIPA address is replaced with one from the DHCP server. For example, when a Windows Vista machine starts up, it waits only six seconds to find a DHCP server before assigning an IP from the APIPA range. It then continues to look for a DHCP server. Previous versions of Windows looked for a DHCP server for up to three.

9. What is a VPN?

VPN gives extremely secure connection between private networks linked through the internet. It allows the remote computer to act as though they were on the same secure, local network.

10. Difference between Vista & XP.

1.Bitlocker Option available Windows XP has. No Bitlocker option Bitlocker drive encryption, Bitlocker on volume Prevents hard drive from hackers 2. Windows Vista has Windows Defender tool Windows XP has No Windows Defender tool available - prevents from spyware & unwanted S/W installing on computer 3. Windows Vista has Parental control Feature Windows XP has No Parental control Feature - This option enables parents to restrict Childrens which sites, games .software to use & not 4.VISTA inbuilt direct X 10, XP inbuilt direct X9

11. Backup Types

1. Copy backup:- A copy backup copies all selected files but does not mark each file as having been backed up (in other words,

2. 3.

4.

5.

the archive attribute is not cleared). Copying is useful if you want to back up files between normal and incremental backups because copying does not affect these other backup operations. Daily backup:- A daily backup copies all selected files that have been modified the day the daily backup is performed. The backed-up files are not marked as having been backed up (in other words, the archive attribute is not cleared). Differential backup:- Differential backup copies files created or changed since the last normal or incremental backup. It does not mark files as having been backed up (in other words, the archive attribute is not cleared). If you are performing a combination of normal and differential backups, restoring files and folders requires that you have the last normal as well as the last differential backup. Incremental backup:- An incremental backup backs up only those files created or changed since the last normal or incremental backup. It marks files as having been backed up (in other words, the archive attribute is cleared). If you use a combination of normal and incremental backups, you will need to have the last normal backup set as well as all incremental backup sets in order to restore your data. Normal backup:- A normal backup copies all selected files and marks each file as having been backed up (in other words, the archive attribute is cleared). With normal backups, you need only the most recent copy of the backup file or tape to restore all of the files. You usually perform a normal backup the first time you create a backup set.

12. What is a DHCP? DHCP is used to automatically provide ip address to cline computer. 13. Explain DHCP 4 packets. Discover:-client sends request for ip. Offer: - DHCP sever send and offer with ip address. Request: - If client accept the ip it send a request to DHCP. Ask: - DHCP servers send to ask for the same.

14. What is a scope in DHCP?

A DHCP scope is a valid range of IP addresses which are available for assignments or lease to client computers on a particular subnet. In a DHCP server, you configure a scope to determine the address pool of IPs which the server can provide to DHCP clients. Scopes determine which IP addresses are provided to the clients. Scopes should be defined and activated before DHCP clients use the DHCP server for its dynamic IP configuration. You can configure as many scopes on a DHCP server as is required in your network environment.

DHCP Scope Properties

Scope Property Network ID Subnet mask Network IP address range Lease duration Router Scope name Exclusion range Description The network ID for the range of IP addresses The subnet mask for the network ID The range of IP addresses that are available to clients The period of time that the DHCP server holds a leased IP address for a client before removing the lease. A DHCP option that allows DHCP clients to access remote networks. An alphanumeric identifier for administrative purposes. The range of IP addresses in the scope that is excluded from being leased.

Each subnet can have a single DHCP scope that has a single continuous range of IP addresses. Specific addresses or groups of addresses can be excluded from the range that the DHCP scope specifies. Normally, only one scope can be assigned to a subnet. If more than one scope is required on a subnet, the scopes must first be created, and then combined into a super scope. For example, if you have two subnets, then you can create two separate scopes for the separate subnets on one DHCP server. You create a separate scope because the subnets have different IP addressing schemes.

Configuring DHCP Scopes in the Microsoft DHCP Server

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Open the DHCP console. In the console tree, click applicable DHCP server. On the action menu, click applicable DHCP server. In the new scope wizard, click next. On the scope name page, configure the name and description. On the IP address range page, configure the start IP address, end IP address, and subnet mask. On add exclusive page, configure the start IP address and end IP address, if applicable. If there is one IP address exclusion, configure only that IP address as the start IP address. 8. On the lease duration page, configure the days, hours, and minutes. 9. On the configure DHCP option page, select no, I will configure these options later. 10. On the completing new scope wizard page, click finish.

15. Differences Between 1

Bridge Bridge use the thin wire & thick wire Only 16ports are available Both are similar devise Switch

Switch use the twister pair Multiple port are available

Both are similar devise

Bridge has to refer the centralized table to forward Switch ports has there own logic means ASIC port has the data where he is switch the data to relevant port only

2
L2 Switch L2 Switch take switching L2 Switch make use of L2 function L3 Switch L3 Switch take switching & Forwarding L3 Switch make use of L2 & L3 function means forwarding MAC address to MAC table & IP address to routing the table

3
L3 Switch L3 Switch does routing in Ethernet technology L3 Switch has ASIC where take fast forwarding L3 Switch has cheaper Router Router does multi technology means (Serial, Ethernet) Router has slower to forwarding Router has higher cost (depend on Number of ports)

Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)

4
Half Duplex Communication happens one channel In Half Duplex Unidirectional flow & collision happens Normally use in Hubs & bandwidth is single

Full Duplex
Communication happens different channel In Full Duplex different channel is use no collision happens Normally use in Switch & bandwidth is Double