AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL

ABSTRACT - Automatic Generation Control (AGC), one of the functions of a centralized system control centre, is discussed from the point of view of the steady-state load flow between areas, optimum control and its impact on security enhancement, as well as the various interfaces to upper and lower level control functions. MATLAB software is used to stimulate the operation of AGC. By manipulating the input, the results obtain are presented in graph. The importance of AGC in sparsely and highly interconnected systems is outlined, and present day problems are resolved. better performance has received considerable attention during the past years and many control strategies have been developed [14] for AGC problem. In an electric power system, automatic generation control is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of generators are necessary. The balance can be judged by measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is being generated than used, and all the machines in the system are accelerating. If the system frequency is decreasing, more loads are on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, and all generators are slowing down [5].

I. INTRODUCTION The main objective of power system operation and control is to maintain continuous supply of power with an acceptable quality, to all the consumers in the system. The system will be in equilibrium, when there is a balance between the power demand and the power generated. As the power in AC form has real and reactive components: the real power balance; as well as the reactive power balance is to be achieved. There are two basic control mechanisms used to achieve reactive power balance (acceptable voltage profile) and real power balance (acceptable frequency values). The former is called the automatic voltage regulator (AVR) and the latter is called the automatic load frequency control (ALFC) or automatic generation control (AGC). Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is one of the most important issues in electric power system design and operation. The objective of the AGC in an interconnected power system is to maintain the frequency of each area and to keep tie-line power close to the scheduled values by adjusting the MW outputs the AGC generators so as to accommodate fluctuating load demands. The automatic generation controller design with

Figure 1: Automatic Generation Control Circuit

II. METHODOLOGY

With the primary LFC loop, a change in the system load will result in a steady-state frequency deviation, depending on the governor speed regulation. In order to reduce the frequency deviation to zero, we must provide a reset action. The rest action can be achieved by introducing an integral controller to act on the load reference setting to change the speed set point. The integral controller increases the system type by one which forces the final frequency deviation to zero. The load frequency control (LFC) system, with addition the addition of the secondary Figure 4.1. The integral controller gain K I must be adjusted for a satisfactory transient response For this example, we use MATLAB software to simulate the automatic generation control in the single area system. To generate the parameter, a SIMULINK model has to be construct to obtain the result. To understand the model that we construct, the components in this system will be explain by each part; 1) Load model 2) Turbine model 3) Governor model 1) Load model: In power systems, the loads are mainly resistive loads, and this is independent of frequency. And the other type of loads is Motor loads (mainly inductive), which insensitive to change in frequency, depending on the composite of the speed-load characteristic of all driven devices. Speed load characteristic of composite load is: Pe=PL+D 1.1

Figure 2 : Load Model 2) Governor model The governor is a device used to sense a turbine speed changes when the load of the generator is suddenly increased, in that case, the electrical power exceeds the input mechanical power. The shortage of this power is supplied by kinetic energy stored in the rotating system, reducing the mechanical power of the turbine, The speed governor acts as a comparator whose output Pg is the difference between the reference set power Pref and the power , that is; Pg= 2.1 Pref

In the s-domain: Pg 2.2 (s) = Pref(s) (s)

where R is the speed regulation. Governors typically have speed regulation of 5 to 6 percent from zero to full load. Consider a simple time constant g and assume linear relationship, we have the relation: Pv(s) = Pg (s) 2.3

Where; PL: independent frequency loads. D: frequency sensitive loads. D: ratio of percent change in load to percent change in frequency. We have block diagram as following. [Note that load damping constant D is included in the transfer function to represent the load effect. The typical value of Hs is 10s and D is 0.8]

The block diagram is as shown in figure 2 below.

Pm 3.2

(Pc

Figure 3 : Governor Model This is a first order system with a time constant T g which represents the time constant of hydraulic servomotor and steam valve position dynamics. Typical value of Tg is 0.2 second. R in the block diagram is called `droop characteristic' of the generator which governs mechanical output-generator speed relationship. We will introduce this parameter after we finish governor-turbine combined model. 3) Turbine model

This is called droop characteristic of a generator. Where Pm is the mechanical output, Pc is the reference set point of steam input. is the speed deviation due to the load change. R is droop characteristic of the generator.

III. RESULT 1. Integrator = 0

Figure 4 : Turbine Model Figure 3 above show a turbine model. This is a first order system with time constant Tt which represents the time constant of steam flowsteam valve position relationship. Typical value of Tt is 0.3 second. So far by connecting the block diagram of governor and turbine we may have transfer function as: Pm = (Pc ) 3.1

Figure 5: Step input 0.2

Figure 6: Step input 0.5

If we set s=0 to get steady response of this system we have;

Figure 7: Step input 3

Figure 10: Step input = 5

IV. DISCUSSION 2. Integrator = 5 If the load on the system is increased, the turbine speed drops before the governor can adjust the input of the steam to the new load. As the change in the value of speed diminishes, the error signal becomes smaller and the position of the governor flyballs gets closer to the point required to maintain a constant speed. One way to restore the speed or frequency to its nominal value is to add an integrator. The integral unit monitors the averages error over a period of time and will return the system to its set point. Thus, as the system load changes continuously, the generation is adjusted automatically to restore the frequency to the nominal value. With the primary load frequency control (LFC) loop, a change in the system load will result in a steady-state frequency deviation, depending on the governor speed regulation. In order to reduce the frequency deviation to zero, we must provide a reset action. The reset action can be achieved by introducing an integral controller as secondary loop to the system to act on the load references setting to change the speed set point. From the result, we observe that the steadystate frequency deviation is zero, and the frequency returns to its nominal value in approximately 10 seconds for all value of step input.

Figure 8: Step input = 0.2

Figure 9: Step input = 0.5

V. CONCLUSION At the end of the experiment, we were able use and stimulate Automatic Generation Control (AGC) using MATLAB software to

validate circuit and produce result for the problems. By using integrator on AGC, the frequency deviation and the steady-state of the system can be adjusted back to zero. The benefits of using the AGC than other control system like Automatic Voltage Regulator is we are able to monitor and give continuously moment-to-moment response without burdening the turbine or generator. Furthermore, by doing this activity, we are able to understand and gain knowledge about the system that require us to think and solve it by ourselves. Lastly, we are able to work in group to successfully accomplish this task.

V. REFERENCE [1] KARRARI, M.SHAYEGHI, H. MENHAJ, M. B.ABEDI, M. : Design of H1 Controller Load Frequency Control in Elec- tric Power Systems, Amirkabir Journal of Science & Technology 11 No. 41 (1999), 79 88. [2] FELIACHI, A. : On Load Frequency Control in a Deregulated Environment, IEEE Inter. Conference on Control Applications,pp. 437441, 15-18 Sept. 1996. [3] NANDA, J.KAVI, BL. : Automatic Generation Control of Interconnected Power Systems, IEE Proc. on Gen. Tran. and Dis. 125 No. 5 (1988), 385390 . [4] DAS,D.NANDA, J. KHOTHARI,ML.KHOTHARI, DP. :Automatic Generation Control of Hydrothermal System withNew Area Control Error Considering Generation Rate Constant,Electric Machines and Power Systems 18 (1990), 461467. [5]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automa tic_generation_control