International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 1, Issue 2, July August 2012 ISSN 2278-6856

Acquisition of Iris Images, Iris Localization, Normalization, and Quality Enhancement for Personal Identification
B.Sabarigiri1, T.Karthikeyan2
1

Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, India

Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, India

Abstract: Iris based biometric personal identification and

Verification methods have gained much interest with an increasing emphasis on security. The proposed approach comprises of acquisition of Iris images, Iris Localization, Normalization and Quality Enhancement. Algorithms like Circular Hough transform, Canny Edge Detection, Gabor filters, Homogeneous rubber sheet model, and Daubechies wavelets methods were used based on the requirements of the Iris Pre-Processing (IIP) Module. Accurate templates are the key to Iris recognition system. Artifacts Removal and PreProcessing will help to produce accurate matching patterns. Our proposed work produced 99.14% accuracy in edge detection, which gives reliable solution to the segmentation and Quality Enhancement.

Section 2 deals with image processing steps that include Iris Localization that comprises of Pupil, Iris Boundary Detection, Eyelash, and Eyelid Boundary Detection.

Keywords: Iris Segmentation, Quality Enhancement, Circular Hough transform, Canny Edge Detection, Gabor filters, Homogeneous Rubber Sheet Model, Daubechies wavelets, IIP

1. INTRODUCTION
Traditional methods for personal identification are based on what a person possesses (a physical key, ID card, etc.) or what a person knows (a secret password, etc). These methods have some problems, key may be lost, ID cards may be forged, and passwords may be forgotten. In recent years, bio metric personal identification is receiving growing interests from both academia and industry [1]. There are two types of biometric features: physiological (e.g. Iris, face, fingerprint) and behavioral (e.g. voice and hand writing) Usually an iris image impossibly contains artifacts, Such as Pupil, eyelid, eyelash, etc. The artifacts may change and make the texture distort. It must eliminate the above said factors to the iris recognition through the image preprocessing. Mat lab tool used for its image manipulation and Preprocessing. In this paper Section 1 deals with Acquisition of Iris images and Iris image manipulation, Segmentation and Edge Detection. Volume 1, Issue 2 July-August 2012

Figure 1: Proposed Block Diagram for Iris Image Processing (IIP) Module After that Iris Normalization and Iris Image Quality Enhancement Finally, the conclusion and experimental results were proposed.

2. ACQUISITION OF IRIS IMAGES

The Iris recognition has been an essential research area for personal identification due to its high accuracy and the encouragement of both the government and private entities to replace traditional security systems, which suffer Page 271

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 1, Issue 2, July August 2012 ISSN 2278-6856
noticeable margin of error. Forty healthy volunteers (25 males and 15 females) IRIS images were collected. Extraction of the IRIS image is more complicated, since IRIS is small in size and dark in Color. The IRIS patterns are differentiated by several characteristics including ligaments, furrows, ridges, crypts, rings, corona, freckles, and a Zigzag collarette. Stability is one of the key advantages of IRIS recognition and it is suitable for one many identification. Veri Eye Standard SDK used to extract IRIS Patterns in the Effective Manner. The image size is 328356 with 500 dpi and stored in the JPEG file format. Each volunteer right eye image was collected and eight impressions on each have been made for IRIS recognition. We took some efforts to control image quality on eye pictures, and as well as appropriate settings such as lighting and distance to camera were adjusted [2]. 2.1 Iris Image Manipulation The images captured by camera have RGB color iris image. We transformed the images from RGB to gray level and from eight-bit to double precision thus facilitating the manipulation of the images in subsequent steps. 2.2 Iris Segmentation and Edge Detection Image can be viewed as depicting a scene composed of different regions, objects etc. Then Image segmentation is the process of decomposing the image into these regions and objects by associating or labeling each pixel with the object that it corresponds to. Hence, segmentation sub divides an image into its constituent regions or objects. Before move in to the IIP Module we require to reduce the noise of the image using Gaussian Smoothing. It is replacing each pixel by the average of the neighboring pixel values. Mathematically, 2-D Gaussian Function is written as
g ( x, y ) 1 2 2 e x ( n 1) x 2 y 2 2 2

interest from the input image containing an eye. The IIP Module contains three major tasks. (i) Iris Localization (ii) Iris Normalization (iii) Iris Image Enhancement. 3.1 Iris Localization The Iris Localization Unit Contains Three Sections (i) Pupil Detection and Iris Boundary Detection (ii) Eyelid Detection and (iii) Eyelash Detection 3.1.1 Pupil Detection and Iris Boundary Detection Both the inner boundary and the outer boundary of a typical iris can be taken as circles. But the two circles are usually not concentric. Compared with other part of the eye, the pupil is much darker. The eyelids and eyelashes normally occlude the upper and lower arts of the iris region. Sometimes, specular reflections can occur within the iris region corrupting the iris pattern. So we required to detect the above said artifacts, then only which will help to produce accurate matching patterns (Templates)[3]. Hough Trans form is a standard computer algorithm that can be used to determine the parameters of simple geometric objects, Such as lines and circles in an image. The circular Hough Transform can be employed to deduce the radius and center coordinates of the pupil and iris regions. An automatic segmentation algorithm based on the Circular Hough Transform is employed by wildes et al[4], Kong and Zhang[5]. Firstly, an edge map is generated by calculating the first derivatives of intensity values in an eye image and then thresholding the result. From the edge map, votes are cast in Hough space for the parameters of circles passing through each edge point. These parameters are the center co-ordinates XC and YC, and the radius r, which are able to define any circle according to define any circle according to the equation XC2+ YC2 = r2. A maximum point in Hough space will correspond to the radius and center coordinates of the circle best defined by the edge points Wiles et al [4] and Kong and Zhang [5] also make use of the parabolic Hough transform to detect the eyelids, approximating the upper and lower eyelids with parabolic arcs, which are represented as

(1)

The Gaussian outputs a weighted average of each pixels neighborhood, with the average weight more towards the value of the central pixels. This is in contrast to the mean filters uniformly weighted average. Because of this, this, a Gaussian provides gentler smoothing and preserves edges better than a similarly sized mean filter. Edge Detection refers to the process of identifying and locating sharp discontinuities in an image. Variables involved in the selection of an edge detection operator includes Edge orientation, Noise Environment, Edge structure, There are many ways to perform edge detection They may be grouped in to two categories.(1) Gradient (2) Laplacian.

(-(x-hj)sin j+(y-kj)cos j)2=aj((x-hj)cos j+(y-kj) sin (2)

Where aj controls the curvature, (hj,kj) is the peak of parabola and j is the angle of rotation relative to the xaxis. In performing the preceding edge detection step, Wiles et al. bias the derivatives in the horizontal direction for detecting the eyelids, and in the vertical direction for detecting the outer circular boundary of the iris. The motivation for this is that the eyelids are usually horizontally aligned, and also the eyelid edge map will corrupt the circular iris boundary edge map if using all gradient data. Taking only the vertical gradients for locating the iris boundary will reduce influence of the Page 272

3. IRIS IMAGE PROCESSING

In the Iris image processing (IIP) module we using some image processing algorithms to demarcate the region of Volume 1, Issue 2 July-August 2012

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 1, Issue 2, July August 2012 ISSN 2278-6856
eyelids when performing Circular Hough Transform, and not all of the edge pixels defining the circle are required for successful localization. Not only does this make circle localization more accurate, it also makes it more efficient, since there are less edge points to cast votes in the Hough Space[6]. To detect lower eyelid, the steps are repeated with lower IRIS boundary area. 3.1.3 Eyelash Detection Gabor filter and variance of intensity approaches are proposed for eyelash detection. The eyelashes are categorized into separable eyelashes and multiple eyelashes. Separable eyelashes are detected using 1D Gabor filters. A low output value is obtained from the convolution of the separable eyelashes with the Gabor filter. For multiple eyelashes, the variance of intensity is very small. If the variance of intensity in a window is smaller than a threshold, the center of the window is considered as the eyelashes.

Figure 2: (a)An eye image (b) Corresponding Edge map (c)Edge map with only horizontal Gradients (d) Edge map with only Vertical Gradients We can use Active Contour model has been used to localize Iris. The contour is defined as a set of n vertices connected as a simple closed curve. The movement of the contour is caused by internal and external forces acting on the vertices. The internal forces Expand the contour into a perfect circle.

Figure 3: Pupil Detection The external forces push the contour inward. The average radius and center of the contour obtained are the parameters of the Iris boundary. The discrete circular active contour search for the Iris boundary is affected by the specular reflections from cornea. Therefore, image preprocessing algorithm is required remove the specular reflections 3.1.2 Eyelid Detection Texture segmentation is adopted to detect upper and lower eyelids in [7].The energy of high spectrum at each region is computed to segment the eyelashes. The region with high frequency is considered as the eyelashes area. The information of the pupil position is used in upper eyelashes are fit with a parabolic arc. The parabolic arc shows the position of the upper eyelid. For eyelid detection, the histogram of the original image is used. The lower eyelid area is segmented to compute the edge point of the lower eyelid. The lower eyelid is fit with the edge points. In [8], the daubechies wavelets methods is used to decompose the original image in to four bands, HH,HL,LH and LL. Canny edge detection is applied to the LH image. To minimize the influence of eyelashes, canny edge detector is tuned to horizontal direction. The Canny Edge Detection Algorithm runs in 5 steps:(1) Smoothing(2) Finding Gradients (3) Non maximum suppression (4) Double thresholding (5) Edge tracking by hysteresis. The edge points that are close to each other are connected to detect the upper eyelid. The longest connected edge that fits with a parabolic arc is taken as the upper eyelid. Volume 1, Issue 2 July-August 2012

Figure 4: Eyelash and Eyelid Detection 3.2 Iris Normalization Iris may be captured in different size with varying imaging distance. Due to illumination variations the radial size of the pupil may change accordingly. The resulting deformation of the Iris texture will affect the performance of subsequent feature extraction and matching stages. Therefore, the Iris region needs to be normalized to compensate for these variations. The homogeneous rubber sheet model algorithm remaps each pixel in the localized Iris region from the Cartesian coordinates to polar co ordinate to polar co ordinates [9], [10]. The non-concentric polar representation is normalized to a fixed size rectangular block. The homogenous rubber sheet model accounts for pupil dilation, imaging distance and non-concentric pupil displacement. This algorithm does not compensate for the rotation variance. Table 1: Accuracy of Iris Boundaries Detection Method Hanho sung[11] Xiaofu[12] Cui.et.al[13] Md slim[14] Mojtaba Najafi [15] Proposed System 3.3 Image Enhancement Page 273 Accuracy(%) 98.55 97.67 97.35 90 98.64 99.14

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 1, Issue 2, July August 2012 ISSN 2278-6856
The original image has low contrast and may have non uniform illumination caused by the position of the light source. Communication and Applications (ICCCA), 2012. Ujwalla Gawande, Mukesh Zaveri, Avichal Kapur, Improving Iris Recognition Accuracy by Score Based Fusion Method, International Journal of Advancements in Technology, Vol 1, No 1, June 2010. R.P Wiles, Iris Recognition: An Emerging Biometric Technology, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol.85, No. 9, pp. 1348-1363, 1999. Wai-Kin-Kong & David Zhang, Detecting Eyelash and Reflection for Accurate Iris Segmentation Proceedings of 2005 International Symposium on Intelligent Multimedia, Video and Speech Processing, Vol.8, pp.897-906,2005. Deepak Sharma, Ashok Kumar, Iris Recognition-An Effective Human Identification, International Journal of Computing and Business Research, volume 2 Issue 2, May 2011. J.Cui,Y.Wang,T.Tan,L.Ma, and Z.Sun. A Fast and Robust Iris Localization Method Based on Texture Segmentation, SPIE Defense and Security Symposium, Vol.5404,pp.401-408, 2004. Y.Chen, S.Dass, and A.Jain Localized IRIS Image Quality Using 2D Wavelets, Proceedings of International Conference on Biometrics,2006. J.Daugman. High confidance Visual Recognition of persons by a test of statistical Independence, IEEE transactions Pattern Analysis nad machine Intelligence, Vol.15,pp.1148-1161,1993. J.Daugman How IRIS Recognition works, IEEE Trans.CSVT, Vol.15,pp.21-30,2004. Hanho sung jaekyung lim, Iris Localization using collarette boundary Localization 17th International conference on pattern recognition, Cambridge, UK, Vol 4, pp.857-860, August 2004. Xiaofu He, Pengfei shi A new segmentation approach for iris recognition based on hand-held capture device Science direct, Pattern recognition,Vol 40,Issue 4,pp.1326-1333, April 2007. Richard N.F Yonh An effective Segmentation Methods for iris recognition System 5th IEEE conference on visual information Engineering, XianChina, pp.548-553, August 2008. Md slim al. M, Iris recognition: a new approach for iris segmentation, 12th ICCIT, 2009. Mojtaba Najafi, Sedigheh Ghofrani, A new iris identification Method Based on Ridgelet Tranform, The 3rd International Conference on Machine Vision(ICMV),2010.

[3]

[4] Figure 5: Iris Normalization and Teture Image after Enhancement These may impair the result of the texture analysis. We enhance the iris image and reduce the effect of nonuniform illumination by means of local histogram equalization, Median filter and the 2-D Wiener filter. We just notify that the window size for using the median filter is(3X3) and local variance are compared according to the following equations:

1 MN

[5]

[6]

n1, n 2

a(n1, n 2)

(3)

[7]

1 MN

n1, n 2

a 2 ( n1 , n 2 )

(4) [8]

Where refers to the local window with size MxN around each pixel that is going to process, id the local mean value and is the local variance. The output of wiener filter is obtained as follows:
b(n , n ) 1 2
2

[9]

2 2 ( a (n , n ) ) 1 2 2

[10] (5) [11]

Where 2 presents the noise variance which is considered to be equal mean variance.

4. CONCLUSION
The algorithms which are used in this paper are already existing system but different combinations were produced the Iris Segmentation accuracy. These steps will help to produce better Feature Extraction methods and matching patterns in the iris Recognition system. Actually, EEG will add as an additional modality to the IRIS .These two combinations will create high performance multimodal biometrics in future.

[12]

[13]

REFERENCES
[1] [2] Special Issues on Biometrics, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.85, no.9, Sept 1997. T.Karthikeyan, B.Sabarigiri, Countermeasures against Iris Spoofing and Liveness Detection Using Electroencephalogram (EEG), International Conference on Computing,

[14] [15]

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International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 1, Issue 2, July August 2012 ISSN 2278-6856
AUTHORS
Sabarigiri.B received the M.C.A., M.Phil. Degree in Computer Science in 2007, 2010 receptively and is currently working towards the PhD degree in computer science at PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore. He involved in the development of a multimodal biometric system which includes Iris and EEG. He has published 7 papers in national and international conferences and journals.. His areas of interest include Medical Image Processing, Biometrics, Fusion Techniques and Neuro Imaging.

Thirunavu Karthikeyan received his graduate degree in Mathematics from Madras University in 1982. Post graduate degree in Applied Mathematics from Bharathidasan University in 1984. Received Ph.D., in Computer Science from Bharathiar University in 2009. Presently he is working as a Associate Professor in Computer Science Department of P.S.G. College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore. His research interests are Image Coding, Medical Image Processing and Data mining. He has published many papers in national and international conferences and journals. He has completed many funded projects with excellent comments. He has contributed as a program committee member for a number of international conferences. He is the review board member of various reputed journals. He is a board of studies member for various autonomous institutions and universities.

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