1.

0 RESULT

Figure 1: figure show the generator 1 and generator 2 for the experiment that control using SCADA system

Figure 2: figure show the hardware for generation part for the experimentthat control using SCADA system
1

Figure 3: figure show the hardware for transmission part for the experimentthat control using SCADA system

Figure 4: figure show the hardware for distribution part for the experiment that control using SCADA system
2

Isolator

Circuit Breaker

Generation part

Transmission part

Distribution part

Figure 5: SCADA system

Figure 6: main menu operation screen

3

1.1 Experiment 1: resistive load analysis

Table 1: Measurement for Load Analyzer R Load Condition Low Medium High I1(A) 1.22 1.79 2.04 PF1 1 1 1 VR(V) 417 414 410 Real Power, P (W) 280 420 470 Reactive Power, Q (VAR) 0 0 0

Table 2: Measurement for L1-Analyzer R Load Condition Low Medium High I1(A) 1.19 1.65 1.95 PF1 0.89 0.95 0.96 VS (V) 419 415 412 Real Power, P (W) 800 1180 1370 Reactive Power, Q (VAR) 420 440 450

Table 3: Voltage Drop table R load Low Medium High VS (V) 419 415 412 VR (V) 417 414 410 VDiff (V) 2 1 2

1.2 Experiment 2: L load analysis with R high

Table 4: measurement for load analysis with R high LLoad Condition Low Medium High I1(A) 2.07 2.13 2.22 PF1 1 0.98 0.96 VR(V) 393 385 378 Real Power, P (W) 460 440 430 Reactive Power, Q (VAR) 0 90 160

Table 5: measurement for L1-analyzer with R high LLoad Condition Low Medium High I1(A) 1.83 1.80 1.81 PF1 1 1 1 VS (V) 396 390 382 Real Power, P (W) 1310 1290 1270 Reactive Power, Q (VAR) 0 0 0

Table 6: voltage drop table Lload Low Medium High VS (V) 396 390 382 VR (V) 393 385 375 VDiff (V) 3 5 7

1.3 Experiment 3: L load analysis with R medium

Table 7: measurement for load analyzer with R medium L Load Condition Low Medium High I1(A) 1.84 1.91 2.01 PF1 1 0.98 0.93 VR(V) 396 388 381 Real Power, P (W) 400 400 380 Reactive Power, Q (VAR) 0 120 160

Table 8: measurement for L1 analyzer with R medium L Load Condition Low Medium High I1(A) 1.57 1.56 1.63 PF1 1 1 1 VS (V) 401 392 387 Real Power, P (W) 1160 1140 1140 Reactive Power, Q (VAR) 0 0 0

Table 9: voltage drop table Lload Low Medium High VS (V) 396 390 382 VR (V) 393 385 375 VDiff (V) 3 5 7

1.4 Experiment 4: L load analysis with R low

Table 10: measurement for load analyzer R low R(LOW) - L Load

Condition

I1(A)

PF1

VR(V)

Real Power, P (W)

Reactive Power, Q (VAR)

Low Medium High

1.32 1.46 1.59

0.94 0.94 0.85

402 393 385

280 280 270

80 130 180

Table 11: measurement for L1 analyzer R low R(LOW) - L Load

Condition

I1(A)

PF1

VS(V)

Real Power, P (W)

Reactive Power, Q (VAR)

Low Medium High

1.03 1.06 1.09

1 1 1

406 398 389

810 800 810

0 0 0

Table 12: voltage drop table Lload Low Medium High VS (V) 406 398 389 VR (V) 402 393 385 VDiff (V) 4 5 4

1.5 Experiment 5: C load with R low analysis RC Load

Table 13: Measurement for Load with R Low R(Low) C Load

Condition

I1 (A) 1.37 1.56 1.77

PF1 0.92 0.81 0.69

VR (V) 439 453 461

Real Power, P (W) 310 330 340

Reactive Power, Q (VAR) 140 250 360

Low Medium High

Table 14: Measurement for L1 Analyzer R Low R(Low) CLoad Condition Low Medium High Reactive Power, Q (VAR) 960 1260 1580

I1 (A) 1.63 1.89 2.00

PF1 0.67 0.58 0.58

VS (V) 438 450 459

Real Power, P (W) 850 880 915

Table 15: Voltage Drop with R Low CLoad Low Medium High VS (V) 438 450 459 VR (V) 439 453 461 VDiff (V) -1 -3 -2

1.6 Experiment 6: C load with R MEDIUM analysis RC Load

Table 16: Measurement for Load with R MEDIUM R(MEDIUM) CLoad

Condition

I1 (A) 1.93 2.07 2.28

PF1 0.96 0.89 0.82

VR (V) 432 443 455

Real Power, P (W) 450 470 500

Reactive Power, Q (VAR) 150 250 360

Low Medium High

Table 17: Measurement for L1 Analyzer R MEDIUM R(MEDIUM) CLoad

Condition

I1 (A) 2.20 2.26 2.57

PF1 0.80 0.73 0.67

VS (V) 431 442 453

Real Power, P (W) 1260 1310 1380

Reactive Power, Q (VAR) 970 1250 1570

Low Medium High

Table 18: Voltage Drop with R MEDIUM CLoad Low Medium High VS (V) 431 442 453 VR (V) 432 443 455 VDiff (V) -1 -1 -2

1.7 Experiment 7: C load with R HIGH analysis RC Load

Table 19: Measurement for Load with R HIGH R(HIGH) CLoad

Condition

I1 (A) 2.20 2.34 2.53

PF1 0.99 0.92 0.86

VR (V) 429 439 452

Real Power, P (W) 530 550 580

Reactive Power, Q (VAR) 150 240 360

Low Medium High

Table 20: Measurement for L1 Analyzer R HIGH R(HIGH) CLoad

Condition

I1 (A) 2.27 2.46 2.73

PF1 0.84 0.79 0.73

VS (V) 429 438 449

Real Power, P (W) 1470 1530 1600

Reactive Power, Q (VAR) 960 1240 1550

Low Medium High

Table 21: Voltage Drop with R HIGH CLoad Low Medium High VS (V) 429 438 449 VR (V) 429 439 452 VDiff (V) 0 -1 -3

10

2.0 DISCUSSION 2.1 Experiment 1: resistive load analysis Based from the experiment 1, at measurement for load analyzer (receiving) the value of the power factor, PF is 1 which is unity power factor. Therefore, the real power has a value and reactive power was equal to zero. Besides that, at measurement for L1 analysis (sending) the power factor, PF not equal to one and the value of power factor, PF directly proportional to the resistive load condition. Since the power factor not equal to one, therefore the value for real and reactive power can be measured. Based from the table 3, when increased the value of resistive at the load the voltage at sending and receiving keep increased. During low and high resistive load, the voltage difference during moves through the transmission was 2V. Compare to the medium resistive load, the voltage difference is 1V. With this, the impedance during medium resistive load was smaller compare to the impedance at low and high resistive load.

V Diff (V)
2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Low Medium High V Diff (V)

Figure 7: graph voltage difference versus resistive load

11

2.2 Experiment 2, 3, 4: RL load experiment Based from the figure 8, voltage VR of line was depending on the connected inductive load. We can see that, when increase the L load condition during all resistive condition the voltage VR was decrease. It will be show that the inductance load was effect the receiving end voltage. In addition, when increase the inductance at the load, the impedance also increases therefore the receiving end voltage was reduced. Besides that, since the load has an inductance, therefore the power factor depended on the inductance. With this, the value of the reactive power can be measured at load analyzer. In addition the highest receiving end voltage during all condition of inductance at low resistance. When increase the resistive the receiving end voltage at RL load was reduce. It because, higher the resistive higher the impedance, with this the receiving end voltage is reduced.

405 400 395 VR (V) 390 385 380 375 370 365 High Medium Resistive, R Low

L load
Low Medium High

Figure 8: graph receiving end voltage versus resistive condition during RL load

12

2.3 Experiment 5, 6, 7: RC load experiment Experiment 5, show the effect when the load is low resistance or lightly loaded and the capacitance is changing from Low to High. On Load condition, during Capacitance is low, the power factor is on 0.92. The power factor is nearly 1. However when capacitance is increase to medium and next is high, the power factor become more decreasing. On the line transmission is already at the worse condition because the power factor does not reach 0.85, the highest is only at 0.67. Experiment 6, show a bit of improvement when the experiment 5. The improvement is on the power factor. The power factor is high when the load is not lightly loaded. The medium resistance is much better compare to the low resistance. However the power factor still show decreasing if the capacitance is increasing. Other parameter like real power and reactive power shows no changing compare to the experiment 5. On the last experiment, experiment 7 also show an improvement on the power factor. This improvement becomes much better when the load is increasing. Below chart show the improvement of the experiment by comparing the effect of increasing resistance. Blue, red and green bar show an increment when resistance and capacitance is increasing.

13

Comparison on power factor when capacitor change

1.2 1 Power factor 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 LOW MEDIUM Capacitor HIGH R LOW R MEDIUM R HIGH

Figure 9: Comparison when resistance and capacitor change

Experiment 5, 6, and 7 all show a negative voltage drop to the power system. This is because voltage at the receiving end is much larger compare to sending voltage. How the voltages VR of line depend on load capacitance and what the effects of capacitance load to the power system performance? Explain.

ICis charging current at no load IC lead VR by an angle 90.

The increasing of the charging current will lead to increases to the receiving end of the load. This is why VR is much larger than VS. Load capacitance tends to help in improving the problem when the power factor is in lag due to inductive load. Capacitor load helps to inject the reactive power in the system and able to reduce more voltage drop. However in this experiment, it is only capacitive load and there are no inductive load, this also can cause the power factor to be in leading and the performance of the power system is becoming worse.
14

What is Ferranti Effect? Explain. Ferranti Effect is when receiving end voltage being greater than sending end voltage in a transmission. This occurs when long transmission line is open circuit or very lightly loaded at the receiving end. It is also cause by the capacitor that uses to supply reactive power to reducing the consumption from transmission line.

15

3.0 CONCLUSION As conclusion, we have successfully achieves our objective which is to take knowledge on the component of power plant simulator (PSS) observing its constructive aspects. PSS SCADA system consists of electrical scada system, generators and turbine regulation system operation, and electrical scada. The scada system can be control based from the procedure in this experiment. Besides that with SCADA system we achieve ability to receive training in power system operation. The training that we have is to turn on and off the circuit breaker, generator, isolator, type of load and to setting the voltage at the generation. The step to shut up and shut down in power system operation is important to protect the equipment from damage.In this PSS SCADA system have 2 generation, 2 feeders, 2 transmissions, and 1 distribution.Furthermore, in power system we successfully to take knowledge of the effects of difference loads. The effect will be seeing at sending and receiving. Difference load was change the power factor, sending end voltage, receiving end voltage, real power and reactive power. In addition the Ferranti effect phenomena can cause the receiving end voltage much higher than sending. In most cases the inductive load increases more of the capacitors are connected parallel via electronic switching. Thus reactive power consumed by inductive loads is supplied by the capacitors thereby reducing the consumption of reactive power from transmission line. However when the inductive loads are switched off the capacitors may still be in ON condition. The reactive power supplied by the capacitors adds on to the transmission lines due to the absence of inductance. As a result voltage at the receiving end or consumer end increases and is more than the voltage at the supply end. Finally it is important to know the effect of different loads in power transmission.

16