14.2. Model: The air-track glider oscillating on a spring is in simple harmonic motion.

Solve: The glider completes 10 oscillations in 33 s, and it oscillates between the 10 cm mark and the 60 cm mark. 33 s (a) T= = 3.3 s oscillation = 3.3 s 10 oscillations 1 1 (b) f = = = 0.303 Hz 0.30 Hz T 3.3 s = 2 f = 2 ( 0.303 Hz ) = 1.90 rad s (c) (d) The oscillation from one side to the other is equal to 60 cm 10 cm = 50 cm = 0.50 m. Thus, the amplitude is A = 1 ( 0.50 m ) = 0.25 m. 2 (e) The maximum speed is

2 vmax = A = A = (1.90 rad s )( 0.25 m ) = 0.48 m s T

14.3. Model: The air-track glider attached to a spring is in simple harmonic motion. Visualize: The position of the glider can be represented as x (t ) = A cos t.
Solve: The glider is pulled to the right and released from rest at t = 0 s. It then oscillates with a period T = 2.0 s and a maximum speed vmax = 40 cm s = 0.40 m s.

2 2 v 0.40 m s = = rad s A = max = = 0.127 m = 12.7 cm T 2.0 s rad s (b) The gliders position at t = 0.25 s is
(a) vmax = A and =
x0.25 s = ( 0.127 m ) cos ( rad s )( 0.25 s ) = 0.090 m = 9.0 cm

14.5. Model: The oscillation is the result of simple harmonic motion.

Visualize: Please refer to Figure EX14.5. Solve: (a) The amplitude A = 20 cm. (b) The period T = 4.0 s, thus
f = 1 1 = = 0.25 Hz T 4.0 s

(c) The position of an object undergoing simple harmonic motion is

x ( t ) = A cos ( t + 0 ) . At

t = 0 s, x0 = 10 cm. Thus,
10 cm =

( 20 cm ) cos 0 0 = cos 1

10 cm 1 1 = cos = rad = 60 3 20 cm 2

Because the object is moving to the right at t = 0 s, it is in the lower half of the circular motion diagram and thus must have a phase constant between and 2 radians. Therefore, 0 =

rad = 60.

14.15. Model: The block attached to the spring is in simple harmonic motion.
Visualize:

Solve:

(a) The conservation of mechanical energy equation K f + U sf = K i + U si is

1 2 2 2 mv12 + 1 k ( x ) = 1 mv0 + 0 J 0 J + 1 kA2 = 1 mv0 + 0 J 2 2 2 2 2

A=

m 1.0 kg v0 = ( 0.40 m s ) = 0.10 m = 10.0 cm k 16 N m

(b) We have to find the velocity at a point where x = A/2. The conservation of mechanical energy equation K 2 + U s2 = K i + U si is

1 2 1 A 1 2 1 2 1 2 11 1 2 1 1 2 mv2 + k = mv0 + 0 J mv2 = mv0 kA2 = mv0 mv0 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 v2 = The velocity is 35 cm/s. 3 3 v0 = ( 0.40 m s ) = 0.346 m s 4 4

3 1 2 mv0 4 2

14.17. Model: The vertical oscillations constitute simple harmonic motion. Solve: To find the oscillation frequency using = 2 f = k m , we first need to find the spring constant k. In
equilibrium, the weight mg of the block and the spring force k L are equal and opposite. That is, mg = k L k = mg L . The frequency of oscillation f is thus given as
f =

1 2

k 1 = m 2

mg L 1 = m 2

g 1 = L 2

9.8 m s 2 = 3.5 Hz 0.020 m

14.21. Model: Assume the small-angle approximation so there is simple harmonic motion.
Solve: The period is T = 12 s 10 oscillations = 1.20 s and is given by the formula

T = 2

L T 1.20 s 2 L= g = ( 9.8 m s ) = 36 cm g 2 2

14.32. Visualize: Please refer to Figure P14.32.

Solve: The position and the velocity of a particle in simple harmonic motion are

x ( t ) = A cos ( t + 0 ) and vx ( t ) = A sin ( t + 0 ) = vmax sin ( t + 0 )

From the graph, T = 12 s and the angular frequency is
2 2 = = rad s T 12 s 6

=
(a) Because vmax = A = 60 cm s, we have

A=
(b) At t = 0 s,

60 cm s

60 cm s = 115 cm 6 rad s

v0x = A sin 0 = 30 cm/s ( 60 cm s ) sin 0 = 30 cm/s 0 = sin 1 ( 0.5 rad ) = 1 rad ( 30 ) or 5 rad (150 ) 6 6

(c) At t = 0 s, x0 = (115 cm ) cos ( 5 rad ) = 100 cm. 6

Because the velocity at t = 0 s is negative and the particle is slowing down, the particle is in the second quadrant of the circular motion diagram. Thus 0 = 5 rad. 6

14.36. Model: The astronaut attached to the spring is in simple harmonic motion.
Visualize: Please refer to Figure P14.36. Solve: (a) From the graph, T = 3.0 s, so we have

T = 2

m T 3.0 s m= k = ( 240 N m ) = 55 kg k 2 2
1 2

(b) Oscillations occur about an equilibrium position of 1.0 m. From the graph, A =

( 0.80 m ) = 0.40 m, 0 =

0 rad, and

=
The equation for the position of the astronaut is

2 2 = = 2.1 rad s T 3.0 s

x ( t ) = A cos t + 1.0 m = ( 0.4 m ) cos ( 2.1 rad s ) t + 1.0 m 1.2 m= ( 0.4 m ) cos ( 2.1 rad s ) t + 1.0 m cos ( 2.1 rad s ) t = 0.5 t = 0.50 s The equation for the velocity of the astronaut is vx ( t ) = A sin ( t ) v0.5 s = ( 0.4 m )( 2.1 rad s ) sin ( 2.1 rad s )( 0.50 s ) = 0.73 m s Thus her speed is 0.73 m/s.

14.42. Model: The oscillator is in simple harmonic motion. Energy is conserved.

Solve: The energy conservation equation E1 = E2 is
1 2 2 2 mv12 + 1 kx12 = 1 mv2 + 1 kx2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 ( 0.30 kg )( 0.954 m s ) + k ( 0.030 m ) = ( 0.30 kg )( 0.714 m s ) + k ( 0.060 m ) 2 2 2 2 k = 44.48 N m The total energy of the oscillator is
1 1 1 1 2 2 Etotal = mv12 + kx12 = ( 0.30 kg )( 0.954 m s ) + ( 44.48 N m )( 0.030 m ) = 0.1565 J 2 2 2 2
2 Because Etotal = 1 mvmax , 2

0.1565 J =
Assess:

1 2 ( 0.300 kg ) vmax v max = 1.02 m s 2

A maximum speed of 1.02 m/s is reasonable.

14.43. Model: The transducer undergoes simple harmonic motion.

Solve: Newtons second law for the transducer is

Frestoring = ma max 40,000 N = ( 0.10 103 kg ) amax amax = 4.0 108 m s 2

Because amax = 2 A,

A=
(b) The maximum velocity is

amax

4.0 108 m s 2 2 (1.0 10 Hz )

6 2

= 1.01 105 m = 10.1 m

vmax = A = 2 (1.0 106 Hz )(1.01 105 m ) = 64 m s

14.51. Model: The two blocks are in simple harmonic motion, without the upper block slipping. We will
also apply the model of static friction between the two blocks. Visualize:

Solve: The net force acting on the upper block m1 is the force of friction due to the lower block m2 . The model of static friction gives the maximum force of static friction as

( fs )max = s n = s ( m1g ) = m1amax amax = s g

Using s = 0.5, amax = S g = ( 0.5) ( 9.8 m s 2 ) = 4.9 m s 2 . That is, the two blocks will ride together if the maximum acceleration of the system is equal to or less than amax . We can calculate the maximum value of A as follows:
amax = 2 Amax =
2 a ( m + m2 ) ( 4.9 m s ) (1.0 kg + 5.0 kg ) k Amax Amax = max 1 = = 0.59 m m1 + m2 k 50 N m

14.60. Model: The motion is a damped oscillation.

Solve: The position of the air-track glider is x ( t ) = Ae ( t 2 ) cos ( t + 0 ) , where = m b and

=
Using A = 0.20 m, 0 = 0 rad, and b = 0.015 kg/s,

k b2 m 4m 2
2

=
Thus the period is

4.0 N m ( 0.015 kg s ) = 16 9 104 rad s = 4.0 rad s 0.250 kg 4 ( 0.250 kg )2

T=

2 rad = 1.57 s 4.0 rad s

The amplitude at t = 0 s is x0 = A and the amplitude will be equal to e 1 A at a time given by

1 m A = Ae ( t 2 ) t = 2 = 2 = 33.3 s e b The number of oscillations in a time of 33.3 s is (33.3 s)/(1.57 s) = 21.

14.68. Model: The vertical oscillations constitute simple harmonic motion.

Visualize:

Solve:

At the equilibrium position, the net force on mass m on Planet X is:

Fnet = k L mg X = 0 N k gX = m L

For simple harmonic motion k m = 2 , thus

2 =

2 gX g X 2 2 2 = = gX = ( 0.312 m ) = 5.86 m s L = 14.5 s 10 L L T T

14.71. Model: The oscillator is in simple harmonic motion.

Solve: The maximum displacement, or amplitude, of a damped oscillator decreases as xmax (t ) = Ae t 2 , where

is the time constant. We know xmax A = 0.60 at t = 50 s, so we can find as follows:

x (t ) t 50 s = ln max = = 48.9 s 2 2ln ( 0.60 ) A

Now we can find the time t30 at which xmax A = 0.30 :

x (t ) t30 = 2 ln max = 2 ( 48.9 s ) ln ( 0.30 ) = 118 s A The undamped oscillator has a frequency f = 2 Hz = 2 oscillations per second. Damping changes the oscillation frequency slightly, but the text notes that the change is negligible for light damping. Damping by air, which allows the oscillations to continue for well over 100 s, is certainly light damping, so we will use f = 2.0 Hz. Then the number of oscillations before the spring decays to 30% of its initial amplitude is N = f t30 = ( 2 oscillations s ) (118 s ) = 236 oscillations

14.75. Model: The blocks undergo simple harmonic motion.

Visualize:

The length of the stretched spring due to a block of mass m is L1. In the case of the two block system, the spring is further stretched by an amount L2 . Solve: The equilibrium equations from Newtons second law for the single block and double block systems are

( L1 ) k = mg and ( L1 + L2 ) k = ( 2m ) g
Using L2 = 5.0 cm, and subtracting these two equations, gives us

( L1 + L2 ) k L1k = ( 2m ) g mg ( 0.05 m ) k = mg
k 9.8 m/s 2 = = 196 s 2 m 0.05 m

With both blocks attached, giving total mass 2m, the angular frequency of oscillation is

k 1k 1 196 s 2 = 9.90 rad/s = = 2m 2m 2

Thus the oscillation frequency is f = /2 = 1.58 Hz.