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Contents

Introduction Acknowledgments

1 1

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Real experiments Proposed gedanken experiments EPR with neutral kaons Reviews Experimental proposals on GHZ proof,

8 9 9 9 preparation o

I. Hidden variables 4 6. Experimental proposals on Hardys proof10 A. Von Neumanns impossibility proof 4 B. Einstein-Podolsky-Rosens argument of incompleteness of QM4 Some criticisms of the experiments on Bells inequalit 7. 1. General 4 2. Bohrs reply to EPR 4 C. Gleason theorem 4 D. Other proofs of impossibility of hidden variables5

II. Interpretations 10 A. Copenhagen interpretation 10 B. De Broglies pilot wave and Bohms causal interpreta

1. General 11 E. Bell-Kochen-Specker theorem 5 2. Tunneling times in Bohmian mechanics12 1. The BKS theorem 5 2. From the BKS theorem to the BKS with locality theorem5 C. Relative state, many worlds, and many minds inte 3. The BKS with locality theorem 5 D. Interpretations with explicit collapse or dynamical reduct 4. Probabilistic versions of the BKS theorem5 E. Statistical (or ensemble) interpretation 12 5. The BKS theorem and the existence of dense KS-colourable subsets of projectors5 F. Modal interpretations 13 G. It from bit 13 6. The BKS theorem in real experiments 6 H. Consistent histories (or decoherent histories)13 F. Bells inequalities 6 1. First works 6 I. Decoherence and environment induced superselection13 2. Bells inequalities for two spin-s particles6

3. Bells inequalities for two particles and more than two observables per particle6 pre- and post-selected systems J. Time symetric formalism, 4. Bells inequalities for n particles 6 5. Which states violate Bells inequalities?7

K. The transactional interpretation 14 L. The Ithaca interpretation: Correlations without correlata

6. Other inequalities 7 III. Composite systems, preparations, and measurements 7. Inequalities to detect genuine n-particle nonseparability7 8. Herberts proof of Bells theorem 7 9. Mermins statistical proof of Bells theorem7

A. States of composite systems 14 1. Schmidt decomposition 14 2. Entanglement measures 14 3. Separability criteria 15 G. Bells theorem without inequalities 7 4. Multiparticle entanglement 15 1. Greenberger-Horne-Zeilingers proof 7 5. 15 2. Peres proof of impossibility of recursive elements of reality7Entanglement swapping 6. Entanglement distillation (concentration and purica 3. Hardys proof 7 7. Disentanglement 16 4. Bells theorem without inequalities for EPR-Bohm-Bell states8 8. Bound entanglement 16 9. Entanglement as a catalyst 16 5. Other algebraic proofs of no-local hidden variables8 B. State determination, state discrimination, and measurem 6. Classical limits of no-local hidden variables proofs8 1. State determination, quantum tomography16 H. Other nonlocalities 8 1. Nonlocality of a single particle 8 2. Generalized measurements, positive operator-valued m 2. Violations of local realism exhibited in sequences of measurements (hidden nonlocality)8 3. State preparation and measurement of arbitrary obse 3. Local immeasurability or indistinguishability (nonlocality without entanglement)8 4. Stern-Gerlach experiment and its successors17 I. Experiments on Bells theorem 8

3 C. Biographs D. Philosophy of the founding fathers IV. Quantum eects 18 E. Quantum logic 6. Quantum Zeno and anti-Zeno eects 18 F. Superselection rules 7. Reversible measurements, delayed choice and quantum erasure18 and the instantaneous change of G. Relativity 5. Bell operator measurements 18 8. Quantum nondemolition measurements19 9. Interaction-free measurements 10. Other applications of entanglement 19 19 H. Quantum cosmology 30 30 30 31 the quantum 31 32 32 54 107 137 155 162 180 208 236 239 247 269 288 314 320 326 352 353 366 403 414 416 430 444 445 449

VIII. Bibliography A. B. V. Quantum information 20 C. A. Quantum cryptography 20 D. 1. General 20 E. 2. Proofs of security 20 F. 3. Quantum eavesdropping 21 G. 4. Quantum key distribution with orthogonal states21 H. I. 5. Experiments 21 J. 6. Commercial quantum cryptography 21 K. B. Cloning and deleting quantum states 21 L. C. Quantum bit commitment 22 M. D. Secret sharing and quantum secret sharing 22 N. E. Quantum authentication 23 O. F. Teleportation of quantum states 23 P. 1. General 23 Q. 2. Experiments 24 R. G. Telecloning 24 S. H. Dense coding 24 T. I. Remote state preparation and measurement24 U. V. J. Classical information capacity of quantum channels25 W. X. K. Quantum coding, quantum data compression25 Y. Z. L. Reducing the communication complexity with quantum entanglement25 M. Quantum games and quantum strategies N. Quantum clock synchronization 25 26

VI. Quantum computation 26 A. General 26 B. Quantum algorithms 27 1. Deutsch-Jozsas and Simons 27 2. Factoring 27 3. Searching 27 4. Simulating quantum systems 28 5. Quantum random walks 28 6. General and others 28 C. Quantum logic gates 28 D. Schemes for reducing decoherence 28 E. Quantum error correction 29 F. Decoherence-free subspaces and subsystems29 G. Experiments and experimental proposals VII. Miscellaneous A. Textbooks B. History of quantum mechanics 29 30 30 30