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PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY: If there are a elementary events associated with a random experiment and b of them are favorable to event E. Then the probability of b occurrence of event E is denoted by P (E) and is defined as . a b P (E) = 0 P(E) 1 a The probability of non-occurrence of event E denoted by P( E ) and is defined as ab . a ab b P (E ) = = 1 = 1 - P(E) a a P (E) + P( E ) = 1 If the random experiment is based on arrangement of objects then arrangemen ts in favour P (E) = Total number of arrangemen ts Similarly if the random experiment is based on selection of objects then Selections in favour P (E) = Total number of selections PROBLEMS

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Directions (1-3): Study the given information carefully and answer the questions that follow: A basket contains 4 red, 5 blue and 3 green marbles. 1. If three marbles are picked at random, what is the probability that either all are green or all are red? 7 7 5 1 a) b) c) d) e) None of these 44 12 12 44 ANSWER: d Three marbles can be picked from 12 balls in 12 C 3 ways Number of picks where all three are green = 3C 3 Number of picks where all three are red = 4 C 3 Number of picks where all are green or red = 3C 3 + 4C 3
3

P(E) =

C 3 + 4C 3 1+ 4 5 1 = = = 12 12 11 10 2 11 10 44 C3 1 2 3

2. If two marbles are picked at random, what is the probability that both are red? 3 1 2 1 a) b) c) d) e) None of these 7 2 11 6 ANSWER: e

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Two marbles can be picked in 12 C 2 =

12 11 = 6 11 ways 1 2 43 Number of picks where both are red = 4 C 2 = =6 1 2 6 1 Probability P(E) = = 6 11 11

3. If three marbles are picked at random, what is the probability that at least one is blue? 7 37 5 7 b) c) d) e) None of these a) 12 44 12 44 ANSWER: b
12 11 10 = 2 11 10 ways 1 2 3 765 Number of picks where no marble is blue = ( 4 + 3) C 3 = 7 C 3 = = 75 1 2 3 75 7 P( E ) = = 2 11 10 44 7 37 P( E ) = 1 P( E ) = 1 = 44 44

Three marbles can be picked in 12 C 3 =

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Directions (4-8): Study the following information carefully to answer the questions that follow: A box contains 2 blue caps, 4 red caps, 5 green caps and 1 yellow cap. 4. If two caps are picked at random, what is the probability that both are blue? 1 1 1 1 a) b) c) d) e) None of these 6 10 12 45 ANSWER: e 12 11 Two caps can be picked in 12 C 2 = = 66 ways 1 2 Number of picks where both are blue = 2 C 2 = 1 1 Required Probability P(E) = 66 5. If four caps are picked at random, what is the probability that none is green? 7 5 7 5 a) b) c) d) e) None of 99 99 12 12 these ANSWER: a Four caps can be picked in 12 C 4 =
12 11 10 9 = 11 5 9 ways 1 2 3 4
( 2 + 4 +1)

Number of picks where no cap is green = Required Probability P(E) =

C 4 = 7C 4 = 7C 3 =

75 7 = 11 5 9 99

765 = 75 1 2 3

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6. If three caps are picked at random, what is the probability that two are red and one is green? 9 6 1 3 a) b) c) d) e) None of these 22 19 6 22 ANSWER: d
12 11 10 = 2 11 10 ways 1 2 3 Number of picks with two red caps and one green cap = 4 C 2 5 C1 = 6 5 65 3 Required Probability P(E) = = 2 11 10 22

Three caps can be picked in 12 C 3 =

7. If one cap is picked at random, what is the probability that it is either blue or yellow? 2 1 3 6 a) b) c) d) e) None of these 9 4 8 11

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( 2 +1)

ANSWER: b One cap can be picked in 12 C1 = 12 ways Number of picks with either blue or yellow cap = 3 1 Required Probability P (E) = = 12 4

C 1 = 3C 1 = 3

8. If two caps are picked at random, what is the probability that at least one is red? 1 16 19 7 a) b) c) d) e) None of these 3 21 33 19
12 11 = 66 ways 1 2
( 2 + 5 +1)

ANSWER: c

Two caps can be picked in 12 C 2 =

Number of picks where none is red =


P( E ) =
28 14 = 66 33 14 19 = 33 33

C 2 = 8C 2 =

8 7 = 28 1 2

P( E ) = 1 P( E ) = 1

Directions (9-13): Study the given information carefully to answer the questions that follow: A basket contains 6 blue, 2 red, 4 green and 3 yellow marbles. 9. If 2 balls are picked at random, what is the probability that either both are green or both are yellow? 2 3 1 3 a) b) c) d) e) None of these 5 35 3 91 ANSWER: b 15 14 Two balls can be picked in ( 6+ 2+ 4+3) C 2 = 15C 2 = = 105 ways 1 2

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43 =6 1 2 Number of picks where both are yellow = 3C 2 = 3 Number of picks where both are green or both are yellow = 6 + 3 = 9 9 3 Required Probability P(E) = = 105 35

Number of picks where both are green = 4 C 2 =

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11. If 2 balls are picked at random, what is the probability that both are blue? 1 8 2 7 b) c) d) e) None of a) 5 91 15 27 these ANSWER: e 15 14 Two balls can be picked in ( 6 + 2 + 4 + 3) C 2 = 15 C 2 = = 15 7 ways 1 2 65 Two blue balls can be picked in 6 C 2 = = 3 5 1 2 3 5 1 Required Probability P(E) = = 15 7 7 12. If 4 balls are picked at random, what is the probability that 2 balls are red and 2 are green 4 5 1 2 b) c) d) e) None of a) 15 27 3 455 these ANSWER: d
15 14 13 12 = 15 13 7 ways 1 2 3 4 2 red and 2 green balls can be picked in 2 C 2 4C 2 = 1 6 1 6 2 Required Probability P(E) = = 15 13 7 455

10. If 5 balls are picked at random, what is the probability that at least one is blue? 137 9 18 2 a) b) c) d) e) None of 143 91 455 5 these ANSWER: e 15 14 13 12 11 Five balls can be picked in 15 C 5 = = 21 13 11 ways 1 2 3 4 5 98 7 6 Number of picks with no blue ball = ( 2 + 4 + 3) C 5 = 9C 5 = 9C 4 = = 97 2 1 2 3 4 97 2 42 = P( E ) = 21 13 11 1001 42 959 P( E ) = 1 = 1001 1001

Four balls can be picked in 15 C 4 =

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13. If 3 balls are picked at random, what is the probability that none is yellow? 3 1 44 4 a) b) c) d) e) None of these 455 5 91 5 ANSWER: c
15 14 13 = 35 13 ways 1 2 3 12 11 10 Number of picks with no yellow ball = ( 6 + 2 + 4 ) C 3 = 12 C 3 = = 2 11 10 1 2 3 2 11 10 44 Required Probability P(E) = = 35 13 91

Three balls can be picked in 15 C 3 =

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