May/June 2009 CS1354 answer key

1

B.E / B.Tech Degree Examination May/June 2009

J 3163

CS1354 Computer Graphics and Multimedia

Class : III CSE Staff Name : Ms.V.Pushparani
Part A

1. What is the use of Digitzer?
Used to input and output two dimensional coordinates for activating a
hand cursor or styles at selected positions on a flat surface.

2. What is the difference between window and viewport?
Window - defines what is to be viewed
View Port defines where it is to be displayed

3. What is the Surface rendering?
Used to generate a degree of realism in a displayed scene

4. What is Composite transformation?
Can be formed by multiplying the matrix representation for the individuals
Operations in the transformation sequence

5. What are the ways to perform Image annotation?
Two ways
As a text file stored along with the original image
As a small image stored with the original image

6. What are the Data objects used in a multimedia system?
Text
Image
Audio
Holograms
Full motion video

7. List out Three types of chunks in RIFF
RIFF chunk defines the content of the RIFF file
LIST Chunk allows to embedding additional file information
SUN Chunk Allows adding more to a primary chunk

8.What is the Disk spanning?
Method of attaching multiple drives to a single host adapter.

9. What are the Types of authoring system?
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May/June 2009 CS1354 answer key

2

Time Based authoring system
Dedicated authoring system
Structured multimedia authoring system
Multisource multi-user authoring system
Telephone authoring system

10.Define Premixing
Combines a number of concurrent sound effect into a synchronized sound
effect.

Part B

11.a.i Explain the basic concepts of Bresenhams Line drawing: algorithm (8)
Refer May 2008 11.a.i

11.a.ii Discuss about Cohen-Sutherland Line Clipping algorithm (8)
Refer Nov 2008 11.b.i

11.b.i. Mention any foru graphics system in output primitives. Explain in detail. (12)
CRT
Cathode Ray Tube(CRT) is the most common display device
o High resolution
o Good color fidelity
o High contrast (400:1)
o High update rates

Raster scan displays
o Vector displays: a list of line endpoints was used to move the electron
beam along some random path, a so-called vector scan.
o Raster displays (TVs etc) drive the beam in a regular pattern called a
raster scan.
o Vector displays are almost extinct.
o Scan conversion: convert geometric primitives from vector scan
descriptions (endpoints etc.) to raster scan descriptions (sets of pixels to
turn on.)
o Dynamic display which means that the display needs to be refreshed in
order to keep a pattern being displayed.
o Refreshing should be the responsibility of the device:
buffer memory (frame buffer)
May/June 2009 CS1354 answer key

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a dedicated processor, called video controller, constantly copies
color intensity values from the frame buffer onto screen, scanline
by scanline. Such a process is called refresh.
Refresh rate = # of refreshes per second
o
Random scan displays
Color CRT monitors
o For 24 bit color:
store 8 bits each of red, green, and blue per pixel.
E.g. (255,0,0) is pure red, and (255, 255, 255) is white.
2^24 = 16 million colors.
o For 15 bit color: 5 bits red + 5 green + 5 blue
o The video hardware uses the values to drive the R,G, and B guns.

Direct view storage tubes
Flat panel displays
o Plasma-panel (gas-discharging) displays
o Liquid crystal displays
o Comparison to CRT
Thin, light
Flicker free
Narrower color gamut
Three dimensional viewing devices

11.b.ii. Write short notes on Line attributes (4)
May/June 2009 CS1354 answer key

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type
solid, dashed, dotted,
pixel mask (raster line algorithms)
width
Bresenham + additional vertical (horizontal) spans
width dependent on line slope
line caps
thick lines
as filled rectangles
joining two segments: miter round bevel
pen and brush options
shape, size, pattern
pixel mask
simulation of brush strokes
Color

12.a.i. Explain the Properties of Bezier Curve. How it is differ from B-spline (8)
Refer Nov 2008 12.a.ii

12.a.ii. Define Animation. Explain in detail about the animation language (8)
Any time sequence of visual changes in a picture
Advertisement, entertainment, simulation
Two basic methods for constructing a motion sequence
Real-time animation
Frame-by-frame animation
Design of Animation Sequences
Storyboard layout
Outline layout: a set of basic events (rough sketches)
Object definitions
Characters: participant in the action
Key-frame specifications
Key frame: a detailed drawing of the scene at a certain time in the
animation sequence
Generation of in-between frames
In-betweens: the intermediate frames between key frames
Traditional Animation Techniques
Squash and stretch
Slow in and out
Anticipation
Exaggeration
Follow through and overlapping actions
Timing
Staging
Straight ahead action and pose-to-pose actions
Arcs
Secondary actions
May/June 2009 CS1354 answer key

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Appeal
Key-Frame Systems
Generating a set of in-betweens from the specification of two (or more) key
frames
Kinematic decscription (as a set of spline curves)
Physically based motions (specifying forces)
Morphing
Metamorphosing
Transformation of object shapes from one form to another
Motion Specifications
Direct motion specification
Specifying the geometric transformation parameters (ex. the rotation
angles and translation vectors)
Goal-directed systems
Abstractly describing the actions in terms of the final results (the final
state of the motions)
Kinematics and dynamics
Kinematics: motion parameters (position, velocity, and acceleration)
without reference to causes or goals of the motion
Inverse kinematics: specify the initial and final positions of object at
specified times system computes motion parameters
Dynamics: specifying forces that produce the velocities and accelerations
Articulated Figure Animation
Articulated figures
Hierarchical structures composed of a set of rigid links that are connected
at rotary joints

12.b.i. Describe briefly Modelling and Coordinate transformation in computer
graphics (8)
In modelling, objects are described is a local coordinate reference frame. Then the
objects are repositioned into a world coordinate scene.
Three dimensional objects and scenes are constructed using structure operations
Object descriptions transformed from modelling coordinate to world coordinate or
the system into the hierarchy.
Coordinate transformation are transferred from one system to another system with
the same procedures used to obtain two dimensional coordinate transformation
Transformation matrix has to be set up to bring the two coordinated systems.
This matrix correctly transforms coordinate from one Cartesian system to another
even if one system is left handed and the other is right handled.

12.b.ii. Discuss about the Properties of light (8)
o Narrow frequency, band within the electromagnetic system
o Other frequency & ends within this spectrum are called radio waves,
microwaves, infrared waves & x-rays.
o Each frequency value within the visible band corresponds of a distinct
color.
May/June 2009 CS1354 answer key

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o The wave length & frequency of the monochromatic wave are inversely
proportional to each other.
o Radiant energy is related to the luminance of the source.
o The term chromaticity is used to refer collectively to the two properties,
purity & dominant frequency

13.a.i. Explain in detail about IMA architecture framework `(10)
o It has a task group to define the architectural framework for multimedia to
provide interoperability of multimedia products.
Two aspects:
o The desktop/Clients: To define the interchange formats that allows
multimedia objects to be displayed or any workstations/PC.
o The servers: Defining the class libraries for multimedia objects that enable
distributed multimedia applications across multivendor platforms
o Based on defining interfaces to a multimedia interface bus.

13.a.ii. Discuss about Image processing and Image recognition (6)
Image Processing
The original image can be altered, it involves the following processing
Image recognition
Image enhancement
Image synthesis
Image reconstruction
Image recognition
o It is the recognition of printed characters
o Used for data entry by scanning typed/printed words
o Used for reading the number of an invoice/for capturing entire paragraph
of text.

13.b.i. Explain in detail about Multimedia Database (8)
Refer 15.b.iii

13.b.ii. Discuss about Hypermedia documents (8)
Hypermedia -provides a structure of linked elements through which user
navigates and interacts
Hypertext words are linked to other elements
Hypertext is usually searchable by software robots
Hypermedia contains text, embedded or linked with objects such as image, audio,
hologram/full motion video
Hypermedia elements are called nodes
Nodes are connected using links
A linked point is called an anchor
Hypertext
Hypermedia
Hyperspeech

May/June 2009 CS1354 answer key

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14.a.i. What are the Types of compression available in multimedia? Explain any two
types of compression technology (12)
In MM systems, in order to manage large multimedia data objects efficiently,
these data objects need to be compressed to reduce the file size for storage of these
objects. Compression tries to eliminate redundancies in the pattern of data. When
information is compressed, the redundancies are removed.
Lossless compression
o Data is not altered or lost in the process of compression or decompression
o Packpits encoding (run length encoding)
o CCITT Group 3 ID
o CCITT Group 3 2D
o CCITT Group 4
o Lempe 1-ziv and Welch algorithm LZW
Lossy Compression
o Loss would occur while compressing information objects.
o Joint photographic experts group
o Moving picture experts group
o Intel DVI
o CCITT H.261(P X 24) Video coding algorithm
o Fractals
Binary image compression
Video image compression
Audio image compression
Color, grayscale and still video image compression

14.a.ii. Discuss about Digital audio in multimedia input and output techniques (4)
When voice/music is captured by microphone, it generates an electric signal
The amplitude of the signal represents the intensity of the sound.
The signal consists of a fundamental sine wave of certain amplitude and
frequencies
Sampling
Sampling rate

14.b.i. Explain in detail about Rewritable optical disk techniques (8)
It allows erasing old data and rewriting new data over old data.
Types
o Magneto optical
o Phase change
Magneto optical
Uses a combination of magnetic and laser technology to achieve read/write
capability.
The disk recording layer uses a weak magnetic field to record data under high
temperature.
High temperature is achieved by laser beam
When the beam is on, it heats the spot on the magneto optical disk to its curie
temperature
May/June 2009 CS1354 answer key

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Magneto optical drives require two passes to write data, in the first pass, the
magneto optical head goes through an erase cycle, and in the second pass, it
writes the data.
Phase change rewritable optical disk
In phase change technology the recording layer changes the physical
characteristics from crystalline to amorphous and back under the influence of heat
from a laser beam.
Requires only one pass to write.
Dye polymer rewritable disk
This technology consists of giant molecules formed from smaller molecules of the
same kind with light sensitive dye.

14.b.ii. What is meant by TWAIN? Explain in detail (8)
It is a working group, consisting of 6 founding companies to define an open
industry standard interface for input devices.
It was designed to allow applications to interface with different types of input
devices such as scanners, digital still camera.
The TWAIN architecture defines a set of application programming interfaces and
a protocol to acquire data from input devices.
Layered architecture
o Application layer
o Protocol layer
o Acquisition layer
o Device layer.

15.a.i. What are the components available in Distributed multimedia Systems?
Explain in detail (8)
Application software
o Object selection
o Object retrieval
Object component display
o User initiated display
o Object display management and editing
Document store
o Primary document storage
o Linked object storage
o Linked object management
Image and still video store
o Compressed information
o Multi image documents
o Related annotations
o Large volumes
o Migration between high volume
o Shared access
Audio and Full motion video store
o Large capacity file system
May/June 2009 CS1354 answer key

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o Temporary or permanent storage
o Migration to high volume/lower cost media
o Playback isochronocity
o Multiple shared access
Object directory service agent
o Directory service
o Object assignment
o Object status management
o Directory service domains
o Directory service server elements
o Network access
Component service agent
o Retrieving objects
o Managing playback of objects
o Storing objects
User interface service agent
Provides direct service to the application software for the management of the
multimedia of the multimedia object display windows, creation and storage of
multimedia objects and scaling and frame shedding for rendering of multimedia objects.

15.a.ii. Write short notes on Hypermedia message (8)
Email based document interchange known as messaging services, contributes to
corporate productivity.
Strengthens the automation of the document life cycle
Allows document sharing without facing an organisation to standard of a
particular word processor.
Cuts down on the paper output generated by organisations that must share
documents.

15.b.i. Discuss about Mobile messaging (8)
Refer May 2007 15.b.i

15.b.ii. Describe briefly hypermedia message components (8)
Refer May 08 15.b.i

Nov/Dec 2008 CS1354 answer key

1
B.E / B.Tech Degree Examination Nov/Dec 2008

R 3261

CS1354 Computer Graphics and Multimedia
Class : III CSE Staff Name : Ms.V.Pushparani
Part A

1. Write an algorithm for the Midpoint circle drawing algorithm in which decision
parameter P is updated using xi
+1 and
y
i+1
instead of x
i
and y
i

p
k+1
=f
circle
(x
k+1
-1,y
k+1
-1/2) =[( x
k
+1)+1]
2
+( y
k+1
-1/2)
2
-r
2

p
k+1
=p
k
+2(x
k
+1)+(y
2
k+1
-y
2
k
)-(y
k+1
-y
k
)+1
2. A Polygon has 4 vertices loaced at A(20,10),B(60,10),C(60,30), d(20,30) Indicate a
Transformation matrix to double the size of the polygon with point A located at
the same place.

3. Distinguish between Parallel and perspective projections
Objection descriptions are projected to the view plane
a. Parallel projection
b. Perspective projection

4. List any four Animation techniques
- Squash and stretch
- Timing
(

=
(

y s
x s
y
x
s
s
y
x
y
x
0
0
(

=
(

cos sin
sin cos
cos sin
sin cos
y x
y x
y
x
(

+
+
=
(

+
(

y
x
y
x
t y
t x
y
x
t
t
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Nov/Dec 2008 CS1354 answer key

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- Anticipation

- Follow-through actions
- Staging

5. Write the Elements of multimedia systems
- Facsimile
- Document images
- Photographic images
- Geographic information systems maps
- Audio messages
- Video messages
- Full motion stored and live video
- Holographic images
- Fractals

6. What is Run length encoding?
Run length encoding is a compression technique used to store the intensity values in
the frame buffer, which stores each scan line as a set of integer pairs. One number
each pair indicates an intensity value, and second number specifies the number of
adjacent pixels on the scan line that are to have that intensity value

7. What is the Purpose of list chunks in RIFF file format?
- RIFF chunk defines the contents of the RIFF file
- List chunk allows embedding additional information
- Subchunk allows adding more information to a primary chunk

8. Write down the various Seek latencies associated with storage devices
- Overlapped seek
- Mid transfer seek
- Elevator seek

9. What are the Issues in image object display?
- Scaling
- Zooming
- Rubber banding
- Panning

10. What are the Components of a distributed multimedia system?
Application s/w, Container object store, Image and still video store, Audio and video
component store, Object directory service agent, Component service agent, User
interface service agent, Networks.
Nov/Dec 2008 CS1354 answer key

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Part B

11. a. i. Derive and write the Midpoint ellipse drawing algorithm ` (12)
Refer May 2007 11.a

12. a. ii. When Four way symmetry is used to obtain a full ellipse from pixel
coordinates generated for first quadratic does overstrike occur? Where?(4)
We only need to calculate the values on the border of the circle in the first octant. The
other values may be determined by symmetry. Assume a circle of radius r with center at
(0,0).
(a,b)
(b,a)
(a,-b)
(b,-a)
(-a,-b)
(-a,b)
(-b,-a)
(-b,a)

Consider only the first octant of a circle of radius r centered on the origin. We begin
by plotting point (r,0) and end when x < y.
The decision at each step is whether to choose the pixel directly above the current
pixel or the pixel which is above and to the left (8-way stepping).
x=y
x + y - r = 0
2 2 2

Assume P
i
= (x
i
, y
i
) is the current pixel.
T
i
= (x
i
, y
i
+1) is the pixel directly above
S
i
= (x
i
-1, y
i
+1) is the pixel above and to the left.
f(x,y) = x
2
+ y
2
- r
2
= 0
f(x
i
- 1/2 + e, y
i
+ 1)
= (x
i
- 1/2 + e)
2
+ (y
i
+ 1)
2
- r
2

= (x
i
- 1/2)
2
+ (y
i
+1)
2
- r
2
+ 2(x
i
-1/2)e + e
2

= f(x
i
- 1/2, y
i
+ 1) + 2(x
i
- 1/2)e + e
2
= 0
Let d
i
= f(x
i
- 1/2, y
i
+1) = -2(x
i
- 1/2)e - e
2

If e < 0 then d
i
> 0 so choose point S = (x
i
- 1, y
i
+ 1).
d
i+1
= f(x
i
- 1 - 1/2, y
i
+ 1 + 1) = ((x
i
- 1/2) - 1)
2
+ ((y
i
+ 1) + 1)
2
- r
2

= d
i
- 2(x
i
-1) + 2(y
i
+ 1) + 1 = d
i
+ 2(y
i+1
- x
i+1
) + 1
If e 0 then d
i
0 so choose point T = (x
i
, y
i
+ 1).
d
i+1
= f(x
i
- 1/2, y
i
+ 1 + 1) = d
i
+ 2y
i+1
+ 1
Nov/Dec 2008 CS1354 answer key

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The initial value of d
i
is
d
0
= f(r - 1/2, 0 + 1) = (r - 1/2)
2
+ 1
2
- r
2

= 5/4 - r {1-r can be used if r is an integer}
When point S = (x
i
- 1, y
i
+ 1) is chosen then
d
i+1
= d
i
+ -2x
i+1
+ 2y
i+1
+ 1
When point T = ( x
i
, y
i
+ 1) is chosen then
d
i+1
= d
i
+ 2y
i+1
+ 1

11.b.i. Explain Cohen sutherland line clipping algorithm in detail (12)
Basic idea: every point (x,y) is coded using four bits to denote the position of the point
w.r.t the window: [above,below,right,left]. For example: 1001 above and to the left
1001 1000 1010

0001 0000 0010

0101 0100 0110
Strategy:
1. Accept the line if both endpoints P1, P2 are inside:
CODE(P1) == 0 && CODE(P2) == 0
2. If both endpoints are to the left or above or then reject the line:
CODE(P1) & CODE(P2) 0
3. Compare an outside endpoint to a clipping boundary in order to see how much of the
line can be discarded. Sometimes the whole line is discarded. Proceed in boundary
order left, right, bottom, top
4. Given xclip and m = (y2-y1)/(x2-x1) calculate y = y1 + m(xclip-x1)
5. Given yclip calculate x = x1 + (yclip-y1)/m

Nov/Dec 2008 CS1354 answer key

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11.b.ii. At R be Rectangular window whose lower left head corner is at L(-3,1) and
upper right head corner is at R(2,6). Find the region codes for the endpoints A(-
4,2),B(-1,7),C(-1,5),D(3,8),G(1,-2),H(3,3),I(-4,7) and J(-2,10). (4)




Nov/Dec 2008 CS1354 answer key

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12.a.i. Define Tilting as a rotation about x axis followed by a rotaion about y axis.
Find the tilting matrix? Does the order of performing tilting matters (8)
- The axis of rotation is from the origin and through the point r
- The rotation is counterclockwise about the axis
-
- Rotate the axis of rotation so it lies on some major axis.
- Apply specified rotation about major axis.
- Apply inverse rotation to return axis or rotation to original orientation.

- First, compute a unit vector pointing in the same direction as the axis of rotation.



- Now we can compute the rotation directly from the unit vector.
- First, rotate u into the xz-plane rotation around the x-axis.
- We can temporarily ignore the x component of u to do this:






- Second, rotate u onto the z-axis rotation around the y-axis.






12.a.ii. Compare Bezier curve and B splines (8)
Properties of Bezier Curve
Approximative splines
Defined for n+1 control points
z y x
z y x
r r r
r r r
u
, ,
, ,
=
2 2
, , 0
, ,
c b d u
c b u
c b a u
+ = = '
= '
=
d
b
d
c
u u
u u
z
z
=
=
'
'
=

sin
cos
(
(
(
(
(

1 0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 0 1
d
c
d
b
d
b
d
c
1
, 0 ,
= ' '
= ' '
u
d a u
(
(
(
(

1 0 0 0
0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0
d a
a d
a
d
u u
u u
z
z
=
=
' '
' '
=

sin
cos
Nov/Dec 2008 CS1354 answer key

7
Pass though the first and last control point, the boundary conditions at the two ends of
the curve are P(0)=p
0
, P(1)=p
n

A change in one control point affects the full curve
Bezier curve can be fitted to any number of control points
It was within the convex hull of the control points. The sum of Bezier blending function
is always one.
Any position is simply the weighted sum of the control point position.
Properties for B-splines:
B-splines are degree d-1 polynomials and Cd-2 (higher order discontinuities at uk)
For n+1 control points we have n+1 blending functions
Each blending function Bk,d(u) is defined over d subintervals in the knot vector,
starting at uk
The knot vector has n+d+1 values, with n+d subintervals
With the labelling {u0, u1, ... , un+d} for the knot vector, the resulting B-spline is
defined only for u [ud-1,un+1].
Each section of the B-spline curve between [uj,uj+1] is influenced by d control points.
Any control point affects the shape of (atmost) d curve sections
for u [ud-1,un+1] we have: Sk=0,n Bk,d(u) = 1

12.b.i. Derive the Outline projection of coordinate position(x,y,z) to position (x0,y0)
on the view plane (8)
Center of Projection on the negative z-axis with viewplane in the x-y plane.
x
projected
= xd/(d+z) = x/(1+(z/d))
y
projected
= yd/(d+z) = y/(1+(z/d))






12.b.ii. Compare HLS and HSV color models (8)
HSV Colour Model
more intuitive colour specification
colour ordering system
derived from the RGB colour model:
when the RGB colour cube is viewed along the diagonal from white to black, the
colour cube outline is a hexagon
(
(
(
(

+
+
=
(
(
(
(

+
=
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

1
0
)) / ( 1 /(
)) / ( 1 /(
) / ( 1
0
1 1 / 1 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
d z y
d z x
d z
y
x
z
y
x
d
Nov/Dec 2008 CS1354 answer key

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color components:
hue (H) [0, 360]
saturation (S) [0, 1]
value (V) [0, 1]
HLS Color Model
color components:
hue (H) [0, 360]
lightness (L) [0, 1]
saturation (S) [0, 1]




13.a. Explain Multimedia system architecture in detail (16)
Refer May 2007 13.b.ii

13.b. Discuss on the need for Data compression in multimedia systems (16)
Refer May 2007 14.b

14.a. Esplain MPEG file format for motion picture compression (16)
Standard developed by the Moving Pictures Experts Group for digital representation
of moving pictures and associated audio
MPEG is a real-time video compression algorithm. (Moving Picture Experts Group)
MPEG-4 (1998-1999) includes numerous multimedia capabilities and is a preferred
standard.
MPEG-7 (2002) (or Multimedia Content Description Interface) integrates information
about motion video elements with their use.
MPEG 21 under development
MPEG (stands for Moving Picture Experts Group) is also a joint ISO and
CCITT working group for developing standards for compressing still images
The MPEG video compression standard became an international standard in 1993
MPEG uses technology defined in other standards, such as JPEG and H.261 It
defines a basic data rate of 1.2Mbits/sec
It is suitable for symmetric as well asymmetric compression It follows the reference
scheme that consists of four stages of processing:
1. Preparation
2. Processing
Nov/Dec 2008 CS1354 answer key

9
3. Quantisation
4. Entropy Encoding
In the preparation stage, unlike JPEG, MPEG defines the format of the images.
Each image consists of three components
YUV
The luminance component has twice as many samples in the horizontal and
vertical
axes as the other two components (known as colour sub-sampling
The resolution of the luminance component should not exceed 768 pixels for
each component, a pixel is coded with eight bits

14.b. Discuss on the Usage of optical storage media for storing multimedia
objects. (16)
o CDROM standards
CD-DA(DD-Digital audio) Red book
CD-ROM Mode 1 Yellow book
CD-ROM Mode 2 Yellow book
CD-I Green book
CD-ROM XA
CD-MO orange book Part I
CD-R Orange Book Part II
o Mini disk
o WORM optical drives
Recording of information
Reading information from disk
Worm drive applications
o Rewritable optical disk technologies
Magnetic optical
Phase change

15.a.i Discuss on Hypermedia message components in details (8)
Refer May 2008 15.b.i

15.a.ii Discuss about the various Authoring tools depending on the application
design (8)
Object oriented authoring tool
Offers pre-defined object that can be programmed to perform desired functions
For example: a button might represent one kind of object within a system.
Including an authoring tools that use metaphors >> timeline, cards and flow line
For example: Macromedia Director, Asymetrics ToolBooks, Macromedia Authorware
Advantage: save time
Disadvantage: limited command set for scripting specific functions
Time based
Elements and events are organized along a timeline with resolution >= 1/30 second
Best to use when you have a message with a beginning and an end
Sequentially organized graphic frames are played back at a speed that you can set
Other element (audio/video) are triggered at a given time or location in the sequence
of events
Let programmers to jump to any location in a sequence, adding navigation and
interactive control.
Nov/Dec 2008 CS1354 answer key

10
Example: Director, Flash
Programming Language
Development tools such as C, C++, BASIC and Pascal offer extensive and powerful
command sets.
Advantage:
offers extensive teaching capabilities quick execution >> minimal computer
platforms software costs >> low
Disadvantage:
require long learning times

15.b.i Object linking and embedding (5)
- OLE provides an object oriented framework for compound documents. When a
user double clicks or clicks on an icon for an embedded object, the application
that created the object starts, and allows the user to view and or the object.
- Embedding causes the object to be stored with the container document, while
linking allows it to be stored in a specialized object server.

15.b.ii Managing distributed objects (6)
- Inter server communication
- Object server architecture
- Object identification
- Object directory services
- Multimedia object retrieval
- Database replication techniques
- Object migration schemes
- Optimizing object storage

15.b.iii. Multimedia databases (5)
- Multimedia data typically means digital images, audio, video animations and graphics
together with text data.
- It provides facilities for the easy manipulation of query and retrieval of highly
relevant information from huge collections of stored data.
o Multimedia storage and retrieval
o Database management system for multimedia systems
o Database organisations for multimedia applications
o Transaction management for multimedia system.