ADAMSON UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MINING, GEOLOGY ANG CERAMICS DEPARTMENT

A Study About Migration

In partial fulfilment for the course requirement in Society and Culture with Family Planning and Population Education

Submitted By: Almazar, Jared Einon M. Francisco, Ayka Emille M.

Submitted To: Prof. Nolasco, Eman October 8, 2012

Introduction

Our study tackles about migration. When we hear the word migration what comes in your mind? There are different meanings of migration. In this study, migration is the act of migrating which means to move from one place to another or change location. It can be from here in our country to another country and it can be from here in our country to another place but still located in our country. Not only humans undergo migrating but also the animals. We choose this topic because we all know that the rate of people migrating in other places because of different reasons is increasing and it is happening in reality. In the old times, people migrate through walking or riding a horse but now because of modernization we can migrate through airplane, ship or boat, car, train and many more. The study about migration is important because some of us experienced this already and it contributes something in our society and to us individuals. These studies about migration can also change or not the mind of the people who want to migrate if they read or examine this. It is also important for us to know the advantages and disadvantages of migration. The goal of this study about migration is to give informations what are the factors why people migrate, the benefits people will get if they migrate and the contribution of migration in the field of sociology. With these informations people will have knowledge what migration is all about. This study would also like to brighten the minds of the people that there are lots of consequences when they migrate to another place. The factors why people migrate are lack of jobs here in our country, few opportunities, famine or shortage of food, poor medical care, loss of wealth, death threats, slavery, pollution, natural disasters and discrimination. The benefits people will get if they migrate are job opportunities, better living conditions, political/religious freedom and enjoyment. We hope that it will help you a lot especially to the other students, like us, who is also conducting a study about migration. Migration contributes to the field of sociology. It expands our culture because of the Filipino people going abroad and even some tribes here in our country going to another place like cities. The remittances of the OFW's also contributes in making our economy 2

higher. Some of the minority groups knew how to deal into big or dominant society. We will get some information in the different websites, articles, newspapers, and books. We will also give our own opinions with sense. The main questions that will be answered in our study are what is migration?, who are the people involved?, why do Filipinos want to migrate?, when do they think that they need to migrate?, and how it is done?. Those are the key questions in our study about migration.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

What is migration? Migration is the act of migrating which means to move from one place to another. If the act of migrating is called migration, there are people who are doing the act of migrating in different places to provide the needs of their family (majority). They are called "immigrants". For example, the Overseas Filipino Workers or commonly known as OFW's. They are the workers of the Philippines who work all over the world. There are two types of migration: emigration and immigration. What is emigration? Emigration is the act of leaving your own country to settle or work in the other country. The people doing this are called "emigrants". An example of this is a boy/girl from province who will go to America to work or stay there for good. What is immigration? Immigration is if you are from other country then you go to your own country. An example of this are the Japanese people who go in our country to live.

Theories for migration for work in the 21st century

Neoclassical economic theory This is the newest theory of migration and states that the main reason for labor migration is wage difference between two geographic locations. These wage differences are usually linked to geographic labour demand and supply. It can be said that areas with a shortage of labour but an excess of capital have a high relative wage while areas with a high labour supply and a dearth of capital have a low relative wage. Labour tends to flow from low-wage areas to high-wage areas. Often, with this flow of labour comes a change in the sending as well as the receiving country. Neoclassical economic theory is best used to describe transnational migration, because it is not confined by international immigration laws and similar governmental regulations.

Dual labor market theory Dual labour market theory states that migration is mainly caused by pull factors in more developed countries. This theory assumes that the labour markets in these developed countries consist of two segments: primary, which requires high-skilled labour, and 4

secondary, which is very labor-intensive but requires low-skilled workers. This theory assumes that migration from less developed countries into more developed countries is a result of a pull created by a need for labor in the developed countries in their secondary market. Migrant workers are needed to fill the lowest rung of the labor market because the native laborers do not want to do these jobs as they present a lack of mobility. This creates a need for migrant workers. Furthermore, the initial dearth in available labor pushes wages up, making migration even more enticing.

The new economics of labor migration This theory states that migration flows and patterns cannot be explained solely at the level of individual workers and their economic incentives, but that wider social entities must be considered as well. One such social entity is the household. Migration can be viewed as a result of risk aversion on the part of a household that has insufficient income. The household, in this case, is in need of extra capital that can be achieved through remittances sent back by family members who participate in migrant labor abroad. These remittances can also have a broader effect on the economy of the sending country as a whole as they bring in capital. Recent research has examined a decline in U.S. interstate migration from 1991 to 2011, theorizing that the reduced interstate migration is due to a decline in the geographic specificity of occupations and an increase in workers ability to learn about other locations before moving there, through both information technology and inexpensive travel.

Relative deprivation theory Relative deprivation theory states that awareness of the income difference between neighbors or other households in the migrant-sending community is an important factor in migration. The incentive to migrate is a lot higher in areas that have a high level of economic inequality. In the short run, remittances may increase inequality, but in the long run, they may actually decrease it. There are two stages of migration for a worker: first, they invest in human capital formation, and then they try to capitalize on their investments. In this way, successful migrants may use their new capital to provide for better schooling for their children and better homes for their families. Successful high-

skilled emigrants may serve as an example for neighbors and potential migrants who hope to achieve that level of success.

World systems theory World systems theory looks at migration from a global perspective. It explains that interaction between different societies can be an important factor in social change within societies. Trade with one country, which causes economic decline in another, may create incentive to migrate to a country with a more vibrant economy. It can be argued that even after decolonization, the economic dependence of former colonies still remains on mother countries. This view of international trade is controversial, however, and some argue that free trade can actually reduce migration between developing and developed countries. It can be argued that the developed countries import labor-intensive goods, which causes an increase in employment of unskilled workers in the less developed countries, decreasing the outflow of migrant workers. The export of capital-intensive goods from rich countries to poor countries also equalizes income and employment conditions, thus also slowing migration. In either direction, this theory can be used to explain migration between countries that are geographically far apart.

Why do people want to migrate? What are their main reasons? What are the factors why people want to migrate? Most of the workers who migrate are because of not enough salary and lack of jobs. An example of this is the people from different provinces. Why do they go to Manila? They go to Manila because they know that the salary is big especially if their job is permanent. Do we notice that most of the OFW's came from different provinces? Their work here in our country are farming and fishing which we all know that the salary of it is not good enough. Because of the small salary they will get from farming and fishing, they are looking for a good job with a high salary that will be enough for their everyday living. In that situation comes out the idea of migration. Some of the people just grab the opportunity to migrate because they know that they will have a better life in that place. The factors why some people want to migrate are:

lack of jobs few opportunities 6

famine or shortage of food poor medical care loss of wealth death threats slavery pollution natural disasters discrimination

What are the benefits people will get if they migrate? These are the examples of the benefits people will get if they migrate:

job opportunities better living conditions political/religious freedom good quality of education enjoyment security in life (most of them) marriage

Marriage is included because other people think that if they found their partner in life they will have a better future especially if the partner you found has a better and comfortable life. For example is a Filipina and an American citizen who will petition the Filipina to be able to go in America and they will be married there.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of migration? Migration has advantages. First is in the culture because of migration we learn different cultures of the other country and we also share our culture to them. In the other words, there is a mixture of different cultures known as "multiculturalism". The culture also in the foods we eat, music and the way of living. We also learn different languages because of migration. It is needed for us to live well in the other country. Those are some examples of the cultures. 7

Second, in our economy. Because of migration, the people can choose to the job opportunities in that specific place in which they can create their own wealth. They also create tax revenue which is very helpful in our government. The salary will also increase. If language has a help in our culture, it can also help us in our career or jobs. For example, in doing a sales talk it is needed that you can speak well and you are understandable so that the product you are endorsing will be bought by the people. That's why migration also helps our economy.

If migration has its advantages, it also has its disadvantages. Now, what are the disadvantages of migration? In our culture, we have a very big problem where we can't solve it easily. This problem is the discrimination. An example of this is some foreigners who have a bad odor. They have bad odor because their culture is different from our culture. Their culture is that they do not take a bath regularly and because we are taking a bath regularly there is discrimination between them and us.

In our economy, we all know that we have a problem about unemployment. In the other countries, they want foreign workers because they thought that foreign people are more intelligent and hardworking. In other words, we do not have space in the world of employment but it depends on the work and country you are applying in. The government loses its funds because of the immigrants who need support and service of our government.

The other disadvantages of migration are the problem in the family. This is because you are far from your family and you can't guide them there is a tendency that your child will be a rebel but it depends on how you communicate to your family. Another disadvantage of migration is the overpopulation to a specific place.

DISCUSSION

Human migration (derived from Latin: migratio) is physical movement by humans from one area to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups. Historically this movement was nomadic, often causing significant conflict with the indigenous population and their displacement or cultural. Only a few nomadic people have retained this form of lifestyle in modern times. Migration has continued under the form of both voluntary migration within one's region, country, or beyond and involuntary migration (which includes the slave trade, trafficking in human beings and ethnic cleansing). People who migrate into a territory are called immigrants, while at the departure point they are called emigrants. Small populations migrating to develop a territory considered void of settlement depending on historical setting, circumstances and perspective are referred to as settlers or colonists, while populations displaced by immigration and colonization are called refugees. The rest of this article will cover sense of a "change of residence", rather than the temporary migrations of travel, tourism, pilgrimages, or the commute.

The Philippines' Culture of Migration By Maruja M.B. Asis

Scalabrini Migration Center-Philippines January 2006

Since the 1970s, the Philippines a country of about 7,000 islands peopled by diverse ethno-linguistic groups has supplied all kinds of skilled and low-skilled workers to the world's more developed regions. As of December 2004, an estimated 8.1 million Filipinos nearly 10 percent of the country's 85 million people were working and/or residing in close to 200 countries and territories.

Presently, there are 36,150 foreign nationals working and residing in the Philippines. The inflows of foreigners to the country, as well as concerns for unauthorized migration and the use of the Philippines as a transit point for other destinations, point to a reality in this age of migration: that countries can no longer be neatly and exclusively classified as countries of origin, transit, or destination. 9

In the last 30 years, a "culture of migration" has emerged, with millions of Filipinos eager to work abroad, despite the risks and vulnerabilities they are likely to face. A nationwide survey of 1,200 adult respondents in 2002 found one in five Filipinos expressing a desire to migrate.

More recent surveys carried out by Pulse Asia in 2005 found an increasing percentage of adult respondents 26 percent in July and 33 percent in October agreeing with the statement, "If it were only possible, I would migrate to another country and live there." Interest in leaving the country is not limited to adults. In a nationwide survey in 2003 of children ages 10 to 12, 47 percent reported that they wished to work abroad someday. Sixty percent of children of overseas foreign workers said they had plans to work abroad.

The development of a culture of migration in the Philippines has been greatly aided by migration's institutionalization. The government facilitates migration, regulates the operations of the recruitment agencies, and looks out for the rights of its migrant workers. More importantly, the remittances workers send home have become a pillar of the country's economy.

Filipino

migration

in

challenging

times

By Philippine First Posted

Michael Daily 05:01:00

Manansala Inquirer 05/09/2011

Filed Under: Migration, Overseas Employment, Unrest and Conflicts and War, Economy and Business and Finance, Remittances, Entrepreneurship

IN THE high-profile coverage of conflicts in Arab states and earthquakes in New Zealand and Japan, the fate of Filipino migrants is often left out of the story. However, it is important to consider the consequences and opportunities that crises around the world pose for the Philippines. Whether the occasion is one of celebration or of emergency, 10

many of our families depend on migrant members abroad as lifelines. I was a beneficiary of remittances, and I would not be where I am without the support of my family. Remittances, given and received by my family and millions of Filipino households, have become integral to our countrys macro-economic development. These contributions comprise more than 12 percent of the countrys GDP, which is a large proportion of the domestic economy when compared to the three largest recipients of remittances in the world: India, China and Mexico. Most of the money is spent on personal consumption, such as basic needs, and very little is invested or saved.

New USCIS Rule Will Help TNTs WASHINGTON D.C. Undocumented immigrants, including thousands of Filipino youth, who entered the United States when they were young will be among the beneficiaries of the "Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals" that will be implemented starting Aug. 15, 2012. The United States Citizenship and Immigration Service (USCIS) said Aug. 2 that those eligible to request for deferred action are people with final orders of deportation and those who have never been in removal proceedings by USCIS. They can request to remain in the US and apply for a work permit. USCIS said it will start issuing forms developed for this specific purpose on Aug. 15. Requestors can then mail their deferred action request together with an application for an employment authorization document and all applicable fees to the USCIS lockbox. In addition, all requestors must provide biometrics and undergo background checks. Fee waivers cannot be requested for the application for employment authorization and biometric collection. However, fee exemptions will be available in limited circumstances. The four USCIS Service Centers will review requests. A recent report by the Asian Pacific American Legal Center said that the FilipinoAmerican community has the highest number of undocumented youth in the country. "Filipinos have the highest number of undocumented youth in the United States," said Joyce Noche, supervising attorney of Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance's (APALC) Immigration and Citizenship Project. Meanwhile, the USCIS has urged requestors to avoid immigration services scams. 11

It said "many people offer help with immigration services. Unfortunately, not all are authorized to do so. While many of these unauthorized practitioners mean well, all too many of them are out to rip you off. This is against the law and may be considered an immigration services scam." If you need help filing an application or petition with USCIS, be sure to seek assistance from the right place, and from people that are authorized to help. Going to the wrong place can delay your application or petition, cost you unnecessary fees and possibly lead to removal proceedings USCIS wants to combat immigration services scams by equipping applicants, legal service providers and community-based organizations with the knowledge and tools they need to detect and protect themselves from dishonest practices. To accomplish this goal, USCIS launched the Unauthorized Practice of Immigration Law (UPIL) Initiative.

Filipino

migration

to

continue,

according

to

PIDS

study

By Ted P. Torres (The Philippine Star) Updated May 17, 2010 12:00 AM MANILA, Philippines - The aging population and accommodative migration policies of most destination countries, plus the inability of the domestic economy to offer jobs, will mark the continued migration of Filipinos seeking better opportunities abroad. According to the study conducted by the Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS), aging countries are expected to increase their demand for health professionals and eventually other set of professionals who will fill the gap in their labor force. Migration policies will likewise provide the structure on the flow of both permanent and temporary workers. The authors of the study, PIDS senior research fellow Dr. Aniceto C. Orbeta Jr. and research analyst Michael Ralph Abrigo, said that the increasing number of migrants in the population is expected to deepen (more in the same household) and widen (other households in the same geographic area) the scope of migration because of a high probability that migrants will effectively reduce migration costs.

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The drivers and prospects both in the local economy and in the major destination countries will define also the future of migration streams in the country, they said. The financial crisis in 2008 did not stop the migration, and eventually remittance numbers for Filipinos although it had a negative impact on other migrating nationalities. Last year, the number of overseas Filipinos did not contract but merely decelerated. Remittances that passed through the formal or banking sector actually expanded by over six percent. Meanwhile, key factors affecting migration of Filipinos are the domestic economy, demography, politics and the environment. The economy has failed to expand and thus job opportunities are contracting, and it has been notoriously consistent for its inconsistent economic boom.

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RECOMMENDATION

In our study about migration, we all know that there are many problems arising regarding this. The problem is not just on the individuals but also in its surroundings or the economy of our country and the political leaders. Not all people achieved what they want even if they migrate to other place. I recommend many things to avoid the problems about migration.

To individuals: The individuals should change their mind-sets that they will have a better life or future if they migrate to another place.

The individuals should think deeply before making their decisions and they should know the consequences they may have after migrating.

The individuals should have their own contentment in life.

To government: The government should protect their people even if those people migrated in other country. ( example are the OFWs )

The government should give the rights of every individual.

The government should take care of its economy.

To individuals and government: The government and individuals should have cooperation with each other.

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CONCLUSION

In this study about migration we knew that migration happens everywhere and any people can migrate if they want to due to many reasons. It has been repeatedly documented that migration varies with changes in the community as well as with the life cycle and socio-economic characteristics of the persons. It is not being too solicitous to emphasize the need to look into the household context of the migration decision-making process and its impacts and consequences. There are many factors affecting the mindset of different people why they need to migrate which is stated in the discussion. The benefits people will get who migrated somewhere are not really sure if they will achieve those things. It depends on the way of their living in the place where they migrated and it also depends on the opportunities on that specific place. There are types of migration which is the emigration and immigration.

Migration for work in the 21st century has become a popular way for individuals from impoverished developing countries to obtain sufficient income for survival. This income is sent home to family members in the form of remittances and has become an economic staple in a number of developing countries. There are a number of theories to explain the international flow of capital and people from one country to another. Many people migrate in other places because they didnt get what they want in that specific place so they should have contentment in their lives.

The main reason why people migrate is because of financial crisis our country and they felt that they are not earning equal amount of what they deserve. In other words poverty and inequality are the main reasons why the people migrate in other places. They think that they will have a better future and opportunity there. A person will not migrate in that place if he/she sees that there is no opportunity for him/her.

Migration flows are shaped by the economic and social motivations of migrants and by government policy in Philippines. Only the permanent migrant intake is controlled directly by the government, but migration is also influenced indirectly through other policy settings and conditions. Net overseas migration has grown strongly during the past ten years, with most of the growth being in the temporary categories. Temporary migration

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contributes to Philippines population growth in the long term as well as short term. In the last five years, many overseas students and skilled temporary migrant workers obtained permanent residency onshore.

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REFERENCES

World Migration Report 2010 - The Future of Migration: Building Capacities for Change, International Organization for Migration, 2010, retrieved 2010-11-30 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_migration

Alcantara, Ruben. 1981. Sakada: Filipino Adaptation in Hawaii. Washington, DC: University Press of America, Inc. http://www.migrationinformation.org/feature/display.cfm?ID=364

Filipino migration in challenging times By Michael Manansala, Philippine Daily Inquirer First Posted 05:01:00 05/09/2011 http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20110509-335432/Filipinomigration-in-challenging-times

Filipino migration to continue, according to PIDS study By Ted P. Torres (The Philippine Star) Updated May 17, 2010 12:00 AM http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=575792&publicationSubCategoryId=66

Edited from English as it is Broken on STOMP. http://www.goodenglish.org.sg/improve/english-as-it-is-broken/immigration-vs-emigration

Statistics on Filipinos International Migration: Issues and Steps Towards Harmonizing the Data, October 1-2, 2007 http://www.nscb.gov.ph/ncs/10thNCS/papers/contributed%20papers/cps-03/cps0304.pdf

http://tl.answers.com/Q/epekto_ng_migrasyon http://www.manilamaildc.net/new-uscis-rule-will-help-tnts.html http://tl.answers.com/Q/2_uri_ng_migrasyon http://tl.answers.com/Q/Mga_dahilan_ng_pandarayuhan

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