(C) EPPO - Licenced for

European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Organisation Europenne et Mditerranenne pour la Protection des Plantes PP 1/4(4)

Efficacy evaluation of fungicides

Uncinula necator

Specific scope This standard describes the conduct of trials for the efficacy evaluation of fungicides against Uncinula necator, causing powdery mildew of grapevine.

Specific approval and amendment First approved in 1977-09. Revision approved in 1987-09. Aligned with revised standard text in 1996. Revision approved in 2001-09.

______________________________ 1. Experimental conditions 1.1 Test organisms, selection of crop and cultivar Test organism: Uncinula necator (UNCINE). Only productive grapevine Vitis vinifera (VITVI) of the same susceptible cultivar, rootstock habit and age, should be used. 1.2 Trial conditions The trial should be set up in the field. The vineyard should be homogeneous in cultivar, age, plant width, training system, rootstock and general cultivation and health status. Cultural conditions (e.g. soil type, fertilization) should be uniform for all plots of the trial and should conform with local agricultural practice. Microclimate conditions should as far as possible be homogeneous, particularly with respect to altitude, slope and wind exposure. The trial should form part of a trial series carried out in different regions with distinct environmental conditions and preferably in different years or growing seasons (see EPPO Standard PP 1/181 Conduct and reporting of efficacy evaluation trials). 1.3 Design and lay-out of the trial Treatments: test product(s), reference product and untreated control, arranged in a suitable statistical design. Plot size (net): at least 10 vines (or sufficient to provide at least 100 leaves and at least 50 bunches for assessment, as in 3.2) on 3 rows. Sample size may be increased (e.g. 150 leaves and 100 bunches) if the intensity of the disease is not expected to be high. Replicates: at least 4. For further information on trial design, see EPPO Standard PP 1/152 Design and analysis of efficacy evaluation trials. 2. Application of treatments 2.1 Test product(s) The product(s) under investigation should be the named formulated product(s) (see EPPO Standard PP 1/181 Conduct and reporting of efficacy evaluation trials). 2.2 Reference product The reference product should be a product known to be satisfactory in practice under the agricultural, plant health and environmental (including climatic) conditions in the area of intended use. In general, type of action, time of application and method of application should be as close as possible to those of the test product. 2.3 Mode of application Applications should comply with good standard practice. 2.3.1 Type of application The type of application (e.g. a spray or a dust) should be as specified for the intended use. 2.3.2 Type of equipment Application(s) should be made with equipment which provides an even distribution of product on the whole plot or accurate directional application where appropriate, equivalent to good commercial practice. Factors which may affect efficacy (such as operating pressure, nozzle type) should be chosen in relation to the intended use.

12

(C) EPPO - Licenced for

2.3.3 Time and frequency of application The number of applications and the date of each application should be as specified for the intended use. The 1st application is normally made at BBCH growth stage 13-14 (3-4 leaves unfolded). 2.3.4 Doses and volumes The product should normally be applied at the dosage specified for the intended use. Doses higher or lower than the intended dose may be tested to determine the margin of effectiveness and crop safety. The dosage applied should normally be expressed in kg (or L) of formulated product per ha. It may also be useful to record the dose in g of active substance per ha. For sprays, data on concentration (%) and volume (L ha-1) should also be given. Deviations from the intended dosage should be noted. 2.3.5 Data on other plant protection products If other plant protection products (or any biocontrol agents) have to be used, they should be applied uniformly to all plots, separately from the test product and reference product. Possible interference with these should be kept to a minimum. 3. Mode of assessment, measurements recording and

3.2 Type, time and frequency of assessment The BBCH growth stage of the crop at each date of application and assessment should be recorded. 3.2.1 Type Assessment on leaves For each plot, the percentage of leaf area affected should be assessed on at least 100 leaves randomly selected, from the same position on the shoot. Assessment on fruits For each plot, the percentage infected area of at least 50 randomly selected bunches should be assessed. See Appendix I for scales that may be used. 3.2.2 Time and frequency Assessment on leaves A preliminary assessment is made immediately before application, and a final assessment is made at berry ripening (BBCH 81-89). Intermediate assessments may be made. Assessment on fruits Assessments are made at the fruitsetting stage (BBCH 71) and at the beginning of ripening (BBCH 81). An additional assessment may be useful at the end of ripening (BBCH 89). 3.3 Direct effects on the crop The crop should be examined for the presence of phytotoxic effects (or visible remains of the product). In addition, any positive effects should be noted. The type and extent of such effects on the crop should be recorded and, if there are no effects, this fact should also be recorded. Phytotoxicity should be scored as follows: (1) if the effect can be counted or measured, it should be expressed in absolute figures; (2) in other cases, the frequency and intensity of damage should be estimated. This may be done in either of two ways: each plot is scored for phytotoxicity by reference to a scale, or each treated plot is compared with an untreated plot and percentage phytotoxicity estimated. In all cases, symptoms of damage to the crop should be accurately described (stunting, chlorosis, deformation, etc.). For further details, see EPPO Standard PP 1/135 Phytotoxicity assessment which contains sections on individual crops. It may be useful to assess effects on oenological and organoleptic quality using appropriate methodology (see EPPO Standard on oenological testing, in preparation); such information may come from an additional trial. In particular, attention should be paid to palatability and flavour of table grapes.

3.1 Meteorological and edaphic data 3.1.1 Meteorological data On the days before and after application, meteorological data should be recorded which is likely to affect the development of the crop and/or pest and the action of the plant protection product. This normally includes data on precipitation and temperature. All data should preferably be recorded on the trial site, but may be obtained from a nearby meteorological station. On the date of application, meteorological data should be recorded which is likely to affect the quality and persistence of the treatment. This normally includes at least precipitation (type and amount in mm) and temperature (average, maximum, minimum in C). Any significant change in weather should be noted, and in particular its time relative to the time of application. Throughout the trial period, extreme weather conditions, such as severe or prolonged drought, heavy rain, late frosts, hail, etc., which are likely to influence the results, should also be reported. All data concerning irrigation should be recorded as appropriate. 3.1.2 Edaphic data Not required.

13

(C) EPPO - Licenced for

3.4 Effects on non-target organisms 3.4.1 Effects on other pests Any observed effects, positive or negative, on the incidence of other pests should be recorded. 3.4.2 Effects on other non-target organisms Any observed effects, positive or negative, on naturally occurring or introduced pollinators or natural enemies should be recorded. Any observed effect, positive or negative, on adjacent or succeeding crops should be recorded. Any environmental effects should also be recorded, especially effects on wildlife. 3.5 Quantitative and qualitative recording of yield Not required. The grapes harvested in the various plots may be weighed but extrapolation of the data is only valid if the vineyard is homogeneous. 4. Results The results should be reported in a systematic form and the report should include an analysis and evaluation. Original (raw) data should be available. Statistical analysis should normally be used, by appropriate methods which should be indicated. If statistical analysis is not used, this should be justified. See EPPO Standard PP 1/152 Design and analysis of efficacy evaluation trials.

Appendix I To assess percentage of leaf surface and bunch area affected, a scale such as the following may be used and should be described: 1 = no disease; 2 = <5%; 3 = 5-10%; 4 = 10-25%; 5 = 25-50%; 6 = 50-75%; 7 = >75%. (from EPPO Standard PP 1/31 Plasmopara viticola) 1 = no disease; 2 = 1-5 %; 3 = 5-25 %; 4 = 25-50%; 5 = >50%. (from EPPO Standard PP 1/17 Botryotinia fuckeliana on grapevine, bunch area affected)

14