PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNISM

FREDERICK ENGLES

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 PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNISM
FREDERICK ENGLES

uGefjrLepf0g'. rlrsm;
z&uf'&pf tdef*,f

yxrt}ud r f 1991 =o8k w f v 15

'k w d , tjud r f 2007 atmuf w k d b m 15
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PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNISM
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PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNISM
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acwfwiG f olw@kd onf [efa*&D/ ydv k efEiS hf ±k&mS ;wd@k wiG f jzpf+rJjzpfaeao;
onft h wdik ;f ajrydik &f iS f rSL;rwfrsm;. “v,fu|erf sm;” jzpfc=hJ uygonf?
tv,facwfEiS hf pufra_ wmfveS af &; a&mufvmonft h xd +rKd @rsm;wGif "e&Sif
aygupf tvky&f iS rf sm;twGuf vkyu f ikd af eonfh e,fvn S hf tvkyo f rm;rsm;
vnf; &Scd yhJ gonf? wjznf;jznf;ukeyf pPn;f xkwv f yk rf _ jzpfay:wd;k yGm;vm
onfEiS hf twl xdt k csed u f yifpwif+y;D ydrk }kd u;D rm;onfh t&if;&Si}f u;D rsm;.
tcpm; ukex f w k f tvkyo f rm;rsm; ay:ayguv f mcJyh gonf?
ar;cG e f ; 7? ypP n f ; rJ h r sm;onf aus;u|ef r sm;ES i f h rnf o d k @ uG J j ym;jcm;em;
ygoenf ; ´?
tajz? aus;u|eo f nf w}urd w f nf;ESihf woufv;kH a&mif;pm;cHvu kd &f +y;D ypPn;f rJrh sm;
uawmh rdru d ,kd rf rd d ae@pOfEiS t hf r# em&Dwikd ;f a&mif;csae&ygonf? u|eyf ikd f
&Sif wOD;. udk,fydkifypPnf;jzpfonfh aus;u|efwOD;onf aexdkifr_b0
tb,fr#yif edru hf sapumrl u|eyf ikd &f iS . f tusK;d pD;yGm;a=umifrh @kd ‚.
touf&iS &f yfwnfciG o hf nf tmrcHcsu&f +dS y;D jzpfygonf? ypPn;f rJw h OD;tzd@k
awG@ae&onfh twdik ;f "e&Sivl fvw l ef;pm;
pm;wckv;kH . ydik q f ikd rf j_ zpf+y;D olw@kd u
‚. vkyt f m;udk vkt d yfaomtcsed rf o S m 0,f,+l yD; touf&iS &f yfwnf
cGirhf mS tmrcHcsurf &Syd g? Ttouf&iS f &yfwnfciG rhf mS ypPn;f rJvl hvw l ef;pm;
w&yfv;kH twGuo f mv#if tmrcHcsu&f ydS gonf? aus;u|erf mS +ydKifqikd rf . _
tjyifybufwiG &f +dS yD; ypPn;f rJrh sm;uawmh TtwGi;f rSmyif&u dS m ‚.
tusK;d tjypftm;vH;k udk cHpm;&ygonf? aus;u|eu f kd ,Ofaus;aom vl@tzG@J
tpnf;0iftjzpf todtrSwrf jyKbJ t&m0wˆKwcktjzpf owfrw S uf m
ypPn;f rJu h akd wmh vly*k Kd~ vfwa,muftjzpf ,Ofaus;aom vl@tzG@J tpnf;
0iftjzpf todtrSwðf yonf? TuJo h @kd jzifh aus;u|eo f nf ypPn;f rJh xuf
omvGeaf om touf&iS cf iG /hf &yfwnfciG hf &Sad omfvnf; ypPn;f rJo h nf
vlrj_ zpfay:wd;k wufr. _ ydI k jrifah omtqifrh mS yg0if+yD; rdru d ,kd w f ikd v
f nf;
8
 aus;u|ex f ufjrifw h hJ tqifrh &S yfwnfaeygonf? aus;u|eo f nf yk*v ~ u d
ydik qf ikd rf _ qufqaH &;tm;vH;k xJrS aus;u|epf epfqufqaH &;udo k m zsuf
odr;f vdu k yf gu rdru d , kd rf rd d vGwaf jrmufap+yD; xdrk w S qifh ypPn;f rJt h jzpf
a&muf&dS vmEdik o f nf? ypPn;f rJu h awmh a,bk,sy*k v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf u _ kd
zsuo f rd ;f jcif; jzifoh mv#if rdru d , kd rf rd d vGwaf jrmufaponf?
ar;cGef;8?ypPnf;rJhrsm;onfv,fu|efrsm;ESifhrnfodk@uGJjym;jcm;em;ygoenf;´?
tajz? v,fu|eo f nf ‚.txGuyf pPn;f wpdww f ydik ;f od@k r[kwf vkyt f m;
vkyfaqmifr_twGuf — tvJtvS,ftjzpf xkwfvkyfa&; ud&d,m
wckjzpfonfh ajrwuGuu f kd ydik q f ikd cf iG hf od@k r[kwf toH;k jyKcGihf &Syd gonf?
ypPn;f rJo h nf txGuyf pPn;f wpdww f ydik ;f &&eftwGuf tvJtvS,t f jzpf
wyg;ol twGuf wyg;ol. xkwv f yk af &;ud&, d mrsm;ESihf tvkyv f yk &f onf?
v,fu|efu ay;qyf&+yD; ypPnf;rJhu vufcH&,lonf? v,fu|efu
touf&iS f &yfwnfciG hf tmrcHcsu&f +dS yD; ypPn;f rJu h r&Sad cs? v,fu|eu f
+yKd iqf ikd rf ._ tjyifyrSjzpf+y;D ypPn;f rJu h awmh twGi;f rS jzpfygonf? v,fu|ef
onf +rKd @rsm;od@k xu G af jy;+y;D vufry_ nmonf jzpfvmjcif;jzifv h nf;aumif;
od@k r[kwf rdr. d ajr&Siu f kd vkyt f m;ESihf txGuyf pPn;f tpm; aiGay;jcif;jzifh
vGwv f yfaom v,fimS ;pm;ol jzpfvmjcif;jzifv h nf;aumif; od@k r[kwf
ya'o &mZfajr&Siu f kd armif;xkw+f y;D ‚ud, k w f ikd f ajrykid &f iS jf zpfvmjcif;jzifh
vnf;aumif; twdck sKyfajym&v#if ydik q f ikd rf v
_ w l ef;pm;twGi;f ok@d EiS hf +ydKif
qdik rf t _ wGi;f wenf;r[kwf wenf;0if a&mufvmjcif;jzifh rdru d ,kd u f kd rdrd
vGwaf jrmufaponf? ypPn;f rJu h awmh +ydKifqikd rf /_ yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf E_ iS hf vl
wef;pm;jcm;em;r_ tm;vH;k udk zsuo f rd ;f jcif;jzifh rdru d ,kd uf rkd rd d vGwf ajrmuf
aponf?
ar;cG e f ; 9? ypP n f ; rJ h o nf vuf r _ y nmonf u av;ES i f h rnf u J h o d k @
uG J j ym;jcm; em;ygoenf ; 3· ´?
(tde*f ,fu Tae&mwGif pmrsuEf mS 0ufcef@ uGuv f yfxm;cJo h nf? tajz
twGuf rSwpf rk sm; trSw(f 3) rSm =unfyh g? aemufcH ta=umif;t&m t
wGuf rSwpf rk sm; trSw(f 1) wGif =unfyh g? )
ar;cGef; 10? ypPnf;rJhonf ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfolESifh rnfuJhodk@ uGJjym;
jcm;em;ygoenf;´?
9
tajz? q,fhajcmuf&mpkrS q,fh&Spf&mpkxd ae&mwumvdkvdkrSm&Sdaom
ukeyf pPn;f xkwv f yk cf if; vkyo f m;onf ‚xkwv f yk af &;ud&, d m/ ‚.
&ufuef;pif/ rdom;pkcsnif ifb;D ESihf rdr. d tm;vyfonft h csed rf sm;wGif
xGef,uf pdkufysKd;aom ajruGufi,fav;wckudk ydkifqdkifcJh=uygonf?
ypPn;f rJw h iG f Tvdk ypPn;f rsK;d bmwckrrS &Sad y? ukeyf pPn;f xkwv f yk cf if;
vkyo f m;onf t+rrJ jywfe;D yg; aus;vufa'owGif aexdik +f y;D ‚ESihf ajr&Sif
od@k r[kwf tvky&f iS w f @kd t=um;wGif tenf;ESit hf rsm; taz}uD;pd;k onfh
qufqHa&;rsKd;&Sdonf? ypPnf;rJhonf trsm;tm;jzifh òr@}uD;rsm;wGif
aexdik u f m ‚ESihf tvky&f iS . f qufqaH &;onf aiGa=u;qufqaH &;
oufoufom jzpfygonf? t}u;D pm; pufrv _ yk if ef;u ukeyf pPn;f xkwv f yk o f l
vkyo f m;. tz}uD;pd;k aom ta=umif;tcsurf sm;udk qkw+f zJypfvu kd +f yD;
‚ydik q f ikd v
f suf &Sad o;onfh ydik q f ikd rf r_ sm;udv k nf; qH;k ±_;H apum Tenf;jzifh
‚ud, k w f ikd f ypPn;f rJjh zpfvmonf?
ar;cG e f ; 11? puf r _ a wmf v S e f a &;ES i f h vl @ tzG J @ tpnf ; twG i f ; "e&S i f E S i f h
ypP n f ; rJ h u G J j ym;oG m ;r_ w d k @ . vwf w avm tusKd ; quf r sm;um;
tb,f e nf ; ´?
tajz? yxr? puf,EW&m;vkyt f m;u o,faqmifvmonfh pufr_ txGuf
ypPn;f rsm;.wefz;kd ydI k ydI k usqif;vmr_rsm;u urBmw0Sr;f vH;k &Sd wdik ;f jynf
tm;vH;k rS ukeyf pPn;f xkwv f yk cf if;rsm;ESihf vl.vkyt f m;tay: tajccHaom
pufrv _ yk if ef; pepfa[mif;udk vH;k 0zsuq f ;D ypfvu kd o f nf? Tenf;jzifh ,ck
tcsed t f xd ordik ;f jzpfay:wd;k wufrE_ iS hf tenf;ESit hf rsm; wpdr;f jyifjyif
jzpfaeao;+y;D ‚wd@k . pufrv _ yk if ef;rsm;uvnf; ukeyf pPn;f xkwv f yk cf if;
tay: tajccHxm;onfh t±dik ;f tpdik ;f wydik ;f Edik if rH sm;tm;vH;k onf ‚wd@k
. txD;usew f aumifºuuf jzpfaer_rS twif;tusyq f xJG wk jf cif; cHvu kd f
&onf? ‚wd@k onf t*Fvyd w f @kd . aps;ydak ygaom ukepf nfrsm;udk 0,f,l
=u+yD; ‚wd@k . ud, k yf ikd yf pPn;f xkwv f yk o f vl yk o f m;rsm;udk b0ysuaf pcJh
onf? ESpaf xmif ESichf s+D y;D bmr#rwd;k wufcahJ om Edik if rH sm; Oyrm tdE, Nd rSm
tuket f pif awmfveS af jymif;vJypfvu kd +f yD; w±kwjf ynfonfyif ,cktcg
awmfveS af &;vrf;udk av#mufvrS ;f vm=u+yD jzpfonf? ,ae@ t*FvefrmS
puftopf wDxiG v f u kd rf u _ wESpt f wGi;f w±kwt f vkyo f rm; oef;ESichf s+D y;D
10
b0ysuaf pEdik o f nft h csed o f @kd u|Eyfk w f @kd a&muf&v dS mcJah y+yD? Tenf;jzifh
t}u;D pm;pufrv _ ufrv _ yk if ef;u urBmajray:&Sd jynfot l m;vH;k udk wOD;ESihf
wOD; xdawG@qufpyfay;+yD; a'oaps; uGuif ,f tm;vH;k udk urBmah ps;}uD;
wcktjzpf aygi;f pyfpak y;um ae&mwumrSm zG@H òz;wd;k wufonfh ,Ofaus;r_
vrf;a=umif;udk cif;ay;vdu k o f nf? Tenf; jzifh ,Ofaus;aom Edik if rH sm;u
rnfonft h jzpftysurf qdk tjcm;Edik if H tm;vH;k od@k *,uf±u kd cf wfr_ &Scd hJ
onf? xd@k a=umifh t*Fvef od@k r[kwf jyifopf&dS tvkyo f rm;rsm;u ,ck
tcg rdrdudk,frdrd vGwfajrmufapvdkufygu Tonf tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;
tm;vH;k &Sd awmfveS af &;rsm;udk ayguu f aJG pvdrrhf nf? ,if;awmfveS af &;rsm;
u xdak 'o&Sd tvkyo f rm;rsm;udk taES;ESit hf jrefqo kd vdk vGwf ajrmufap
ayvdrrhf nf?
'kw, d ? ukeyf pPn;f xkwv f yk cf if;udk t}uD;pm; pufrv _ ufru _ tpm;
xd;k cJo h nfh ae&mwdik ;f wGif pufra_ wmfveS af &;onf "e&Sirf sm; ‚. ºu,f0
csr;f omr_EiS hf tm%mwd@k ukd tjrifq h ;kH tqifo h @kd jzpfay:wd;k wuf ap+yD;
‚wd@k ukd wdik ;f jynfwiG f yxrwef;pm; vlwef;pm;tjzpfo@kd a&muf&dS
oGm;apcJyh gonf? tusK;d &&Scd suu f awmh Tt&m jzpfysucf o hJ nfh ae&m
wdik ;f wGif "e&Sio f nf Edik if aH &;tm%mudk vuf0,f&,l+yD; xdt k csed x
f d
tkypf ;kd onfh vlwef;pm;rsm;/ rif;pd;k &mZmrsm; *D;vfvyk if ef;&Sirf sm;ESihf TESpf
rsK;d udk ud, k pf m;jyKonfh oufO;D qHyikd t f yk cf sKyrf u _ dk z,f&mS ;ypfvu kd o f nf? "e
&Sirf sm;onf ajr,mudk a&mif;csciG hf r&So d nfh Oya'ESihf rSL;}u;D rwf&mrsm;.
tcGix hf ;l tm;vH;k udk zsuo f rd ;f vduk jf cif; jzifh rif;pd;k &mZmrsm;ESihf rSL;}uD;
rwf&mwd@k . tm%mrsm;udk acsre_ ;f ypfvu kd f ygonf? *D;vfvyk if ef;rsm;ESihf
vufry_ nmqdik &f m tcGix hf ;l rsm;udk zsuo f rd ;f vdu k jf cif;jzifh Tonfu *D;vf
vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;. tm%mudk zsuq f ;D vdu k of nf? ‚wd@k . ae&mwGif vGwf
vyfw+hJ ydKifqikd rf _ od@k r[kwf rnfonfh pufrv _ ufr_ vkyif ef;cGrJ sm;wGirf qdk
vlwikd ;f yg0ifEikd o f nfh tcGit hf a&;&S+d y;D wckwnf;aom twm;tqD;uawmh
vdt k yfonfh t&if;tES;D csK@d wjhJ cif;qdak om vl@tzG@J tpnf; tajctaewck
u tpm;xd;k vdu k of nf? Tenf;jzifh vGwv f yfw@J +yKd ifqikd rf u
_ kd azmfaqmif
vdu k jf cif;u ,cktcsed rf pS I vl@tzG@J tpnf;0ifrsm;onf ‚wd@k . t&if;
tES;D rwlnrD t _ wdik ;f twm t&omv#if rwlnrD &_ =dS u+yD; t&if;tES;D
11
 omv#if tqH;k tjzwf tm%mjzpfa=umif;ESihf xd@k a=umifh t&if;&Sirf sm;ESiS hf
"e&Sifrsm;onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif yxrwef;pm;rsm; jzpfa=umif;udk
vlo&d iS =f um; a=unmvdu k jf cif; jzpfayonf? t}u;D pm;puf r_vyk if ef;onf
vGwv f yfpmG +ydKifqikd rf q
_ akd om vl@tzG@J tpnf; tajc tae wckwiG o f m
zG@H òz;wd;k wufEikd o f nfth wGuf Tvkyif ef; zG@J pnf;xajrmuf a&; twGuf
vGwv f yfaom òyifqikd rf u _ kd vdt k yfonf? "e&Sio f nf rSL;}u;D rwf&mrsm;ESihf
*D;vfvyk if ef;&Sirf sm;. vl@tzG@J tpnf;qdik &f m tm%mudk acsre_ ;f +y;D aemuf
‚wd@k . Edik if aH &;tm%mudv k nf; acsre_ ;f vdu k o f nf? vl@tzG@J tpnf;
twGi;f yxrwef;pm;ae&mod@k jrifw h ufvm+y;D aemuf "e&Sio f nf Edik if aH &;
wGiv f nf; yxrwef;pm;jzpfa=umif; rdru d , kd rf rd d a=unmvdu k yf gonf?
Tonf "e&Sifwdk@. w&m;Oya'a&S@arSmufwGif wef;wlnDr#jcif;ESifh
vGwv f yfonfh +ydKifqikd rf t _ & w&m;0if todtrSwf jyKjcif; wd@k tay:
rScD o kd nfh ud, k pf m;vS,pf epf azmfaqmifjcif;jzifh jyKvkycf o hJ nf? Oa&my
EdkifiHrsm;wGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya't& bk&ifpepfo¿mefudk cH,l
vdu k jf cif;jzifh vkyaf qmifvu kd o f nf?
TzG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH & bk&ifpepfrsm;wGif t&if;tES;D wpHk
w&m &So d rl sm; wenf;tm;jzifh "e&Sio f mv#if rJay;Edik o f rl sm;jzpfum T
"e&Sif rJqEN&Sifrsm;u udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a&G;cs,f+yD; T"e&Sif
ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u tcGet f aumufrsm;udk rJay;&ef jiif;qdEk ikd af om
‚wd@k . tcGit hf a&;udk toH;k jyK+yD; "e&Sit f pd;k &udk a&G;cs,=f uonf?
wwd,? pufrv _ ufra_ wmfveS af &;onf ae&mwdik ;f wGif ypPn;f rJh
rsm;udk "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;tm; wnfaqmufay;onfh twdik ;f twmtwdik ;f
wnfaqmufay;onf? "e&Sifrsm; ydkIydkIcsrf;omvmonfESifhtr#
wlnw D hJ tcsK;d tpm;twdik ;f ypPn;f rJrh sm;uvnf; ta&twGuf wd;k rsm;
vmonf? ypPn;f rJrh sm;tm; t&if;tES;D uom tvkyaf y;Edik +f y;D t&if;tES;D
onfvnf; vkyt f m;udk iSm;&rf;jcif;jzifo h mv#if wd;k yGm;Edik o f nft h wGuf
ypPn;f rJrh sm;. }u;D xGm;r_onf t&if;tES;D }u;D xGm;r_EiS t hf nD wom;wnf;
vSr;f wufaeayonf? wcsed w f nf;rSmyif TjzpfpOfu pufrv _ yk if ef;rsm;
tvGef tusK;d tjrwf&adS tmif vkyaf qmifEikd o f nfh +rKd @}u;D rsm;wGif "e&SiEf iS hf
ypPn;f rJrh sm;udk twlp±k ;Hk ay; vdu k of nf? Tenf;jzifh wae&m wae&mwnf;rSm
12
 tvGe}f uD;rm;onfh vlpv k al 0;}uD;rsm; jzpfay: jcif;jzifh ypPn;f rJrh sm;tm;
‚wd@k . pGr;f &nf tiftm;udk od&edS m;vnfapvdu k yf gonf? 'gt h jyif T
jzpfpOf ydrk jkd zpfay: wd;k wufvm+y;D vl@vyk t f m;udk z,f&mS ;onfh puf,E &W m;
rsm;udk ydI k wDxiG v f mv#if u|eaf wmfw@kd axmufjycJo h nft h wdik ;f t}u;D pm;
pufrv _ yk if ef;rsm;u vkycf rsm;udk tedrq hf ;kH od@k ydrk Ekd rdS chf svu kd +f y;D Tenf;jzifh
ypPn;f rJrh sm;. tajctaeonf omIomI onf;rcHEikd zf , G &f m jzpfvm
ayonf? Tenf;jzifh ypPn;f rJrh sm;onf wzufwiG f rauseyfrr_ sm; }u;D xGm;
vmum wzufwiG v f nf; tiftm;awmifw h if; }u;D rm;vm+y;D pufr_ awmf
vSefa&;u ypPnf;rJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf; awmfvSefa&;vrf;udk jyifqifay;
vdu k o f nf?
ar;cG e f ; 12? puf r _ a wmf v S e f a &;. a&S @ tusKd ; quf r sm;um; tb,f
enf ; ´?
tajz? a&aEG;aiG@tif*siEf iS hf tjcm;puf,E &W m;rsm;ESihf t}uD;pm;pufrv _ yk if ef;u
tawmrowf us,jf yef@aeaom xkwv f yk af &;enf;emrsm;udk tcsed w f kd
twGi;f ESihf tuket f usenf;pGm zefw;D vdu k o f nf? Tenf;jzifh xkwv f yk af &;
ajyjypfacsmarm jrefqefvmr_EiS t hf wl t}uD;pm; pufrv _ yk if ef;ESihf rv$J
raoG yl;wGaJ eonfh vGwv f yfonfh +yKd iq f ikd rf u _ vnf; r=umrDtwGi;f rSmyif
tvGet f u|q H ;kH o¿mefo@kd a&muf&v dS monf? t&if;&Sit f ajrmuftjrm;
pufrv _ yk if ef;avmuod@k usL;ausm0f ifa&mufvm+y;D tcsed w f tkd wGi;f rSmyif
oH;k Edik o f nfxufy+kd y;D xkwv f yk v f mawmhonf? tusK;d uawmh xkwv f yk f
vdu k af om ypPn;f rsm;rSm a&mif;rxGuaf wmhbJ ukeo f ,
G af &;uyfqw kd m
ay:xGuv f mawmhonf? puf±rHk sm;ydwv f u kd &f +yD; ydik &f iS rf sm;a'0gvcD u H m
tvkyo f rm;rsm; pm;p&mr&Sd jzpfomG ;&onf? ae&mwumrSm qif;&J'u k Q
wGi;f teufq;kH usomG ;onf? c%=umawmh ydv k #aH eaom ypPn;f rsm;
a&mif;xkwv f ukd &f +yD; puf±rHk sm;jyefvnf vnfywfum vkycf rsm;jrifw h uf
vm+y;D wjznf;jznf;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;rSm ,cifuxuf ydI k aumif;vmygonf?
od@k aomf odyrf =umvdu k b
f J ukeyf pPn;f trsm;tjym; jyefvnfxw k v f yk vf m
jyef+y;D uyfab;topf xyfjzpfvmum ,cifvrf;a=umif;twdik ;f om jyef
ay:vmcJo h nf? T (q,fu h ;kd ) &mpk tpydik ;f rSp+yD; pufrv _ yk if ef; tajc
taeonf }uD;yGm;aomumvESihf uyfqu kd af omumvtwGi;f t+rJ
13
 twuftus jzpfae+yD; uyfqu kd jf cif;topfrmS ig;ESpo f @kd r[kwf ckEpS Ef pS f
eD;yg;w}udrf rSerf eS ef ;D yg; usa&mufaeonf? Tod@k jzifh tvkyo f rm;rsm;
twGuf t}uD;rm;qH;k aom tcuftcJtusyt f wnf;rsm; taxGaxG
awmfveS af &; v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;ESihf wnf&q dS t J ajctaersm;twGuf tvGef
tu|t H EW&m,frsm; pwmawG woDwwef;}uD; jzpfay:vmygonf?
ar;cGef; 13? Tumvtvdkuf rSefrSefjzpfay:vmaom ukefoG,fa&; uyfab;
rsm; aemufrmS bmawGvu kd v f mygoenf;´?
tajz? yxr? t}uD;pm;pufrv _ yk if ef;onf ‚.tapmqH;k tqifw h iG f vGwf
vyfonfh +ydKifqdkifr_udk zefwD;cJhaomfvnf; ,cktcgwGif ‚onf
vGwfvyfonfh +ydKifqdkifr_udk ausmfvGefoGm;ay+yD? t}uD;pm;pufr_
vkyif ef;tzd@k +yKd iq f ikd rf E_ iS hf a,bk,stm;jzifh yk*v ~ u d ydik f pufrx _ w k vf yk af &;
tpnf;t±k;H rsm;rSm twm; tqD;tcsKyftaESmifrsm; jzpfvm+y;D ‚wd@k ukd
zsuq f ;D ypf&awmhrnf? zsuv f nf; zsuq f ;D ypfvrd rhf nf? t}uD;pm;pufr_
vkyif ef;onf ,ckvuf&dS ‚. tajccHay:rSm qufvufvnfywf vkyf
aqmifaeor# umvywfv;kH ckEpS Ef pS f w}udrf taxGaxGtºkH ur_qakd om
t&if;tESD;ay;rSomv#if xdef;odrf;xm;EdkifrSmjzpf+yD; xdktHkºur_rsm;u
t}udrw f ikd ;f rSm vl@,Ofaus;r_ wck vH;k udk +cdr;f ajcmuf+yD; ypPn;f rJrh sm;udk
qif;&JwiG ;f usa&mufap±krH u "e&Sif tpdwt f ydik ;f trsm;tjym;udv k nf;
zsuq f ;D ypfayonf? Tod@k qv kd #if t}uD;pm;pufrv _ yk if ef;ud, k wf ikd uf
t±_;H ay;vdu k rf nfvm;? 'guawmh vH;k 0rjzpfEikd af y? od@k r[kwf ‚taeESihf
pufrx _ w k v f yk af &;udk tjyef tvSe+f yKd iq f ikd af ewJh yk*v ~ ud puf±yHk ikd &f iS rf sm;&J@
!¸e=f um;r_ qufrcHawmhbJ tm;vH;k &J@vt kd yfru _ kd xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;onfh
wdusonfh pDru H ed ;f ESit hf nD tzG@J tpnf;wckv;kH u v_y&f mS ;vkyaf qmifaom
vHk;0opfvGifaom tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfudk rv$Jra&Smif vdktyfvmap
rnfvm;?
'kw, d ? t}u;D pm;pufrv _ yk if ef;ESihf ‚ujzpfapcJo h nfh twm;
tqD;r&Sd xkwv f yk af &;cs@J xiG jf cif;onf jzpfEikd o f nfh t0ef;t0dik ;f twGi;f
b0.vdt k yfcsurf sm;tm;vH;k udk xkwv f yk af y;+yD; vl@tzG@J tpnf;0ifwikd ;f
jzpfay:wd;k wufEikd u f m jynf0h aom vGwv f yfjcif;ESihf ‚wd@k . tiftm;rsm;/
pGr;f &nfrsm;tm;vH;k udk toH;k jyKEikd o f nfh vl@tzG@J tpnf; taetxm; wck
14
 udk o,faqmifvmonf? xd@k a=umifh ,ae@ vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f Y qif;&J
'kut Q m;vH;k ESihf ukeo f , G af &;uyfqu kd rf _ tm;vH;k wd@k ukd jzpfay:aponfh
t}u;D pm;pufrv _ yk if ef;. t&nftcsi;f rsm;uyifv#if rwlno D nfh vl@tzG@J
tpnf; atmufrmS T'kurQ sm;ESihf qd;k 0g;vSaom uyfab;twuf tus
rsm;udk acsre_ ;f Edik af om t&mrsm;jzpf[ef &Sad yonf? xd@k a=umifh -
1? Traumif;r_rsm;tm;vHk;udk ,cktcsdefrSp+yD; wnf&SdqJ
ta=umif;tcsurf sm;ESihf qufvufuu kd nf jD cif; r&Sad wmhonfh vl@tzG@J t
pnf; pepfay:od@k om yHck s&efjzpfonf? aemuf+yD;
2? Traumif;r_rsm;tm;vHk;udk vHk;0z,f&Sm;+yD; vl@tzGJ@
tpnf ; pepf o pf w &yf azmf x k w f a &;enf ; emrsm;onf v nf ;
tqifoif&h adS e+yD jzpf a=umif; t&Si;f vif;qH;k jyovdu k af y+yD?
ar;cG e f ; 14? vl @ tzG J @ tpnf ; taetxm;opf w &yf r S m
b,f v d k t rsKd ; tpm; rsKd ; jzpf r nf e nf ; ´?
tajz? t"durSm ‚onfa,bk,stm;jzifh tjyeftvSe+f ydKifqikd af eonfh yk*v ~ d
ursm;vufxrJ S pufrv _ yk if ef;vnfywfa&;ESihf xkwv f yk af &; vkyif ef;cGJ
tm; vHk;udk odrf;,lvdkuf+yD; ‚.ae&mwGif xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;cGJ
tm;vH;k udk vl@tzG@J tpnf;wckv;kH u tkycf sKyf vkyaf qmifcef@co JG nfh pepfjzifh
tpm;xd;k onf? 'guawmh wlnaD om ta=umif;tcsurf sm;twGuf
bHpk rD uH ed ;f ESihf tnD vl@tzG@J tpnf;0if tm;vH;k u yg0ifaqmif&u G &f rnfh
pepfyifjzpfonf? wenf;ajymv#if ‚onf +ydKifqikd rf u _ kd zsuo f rd ;f +yD;
'guakd ygi;f pyfwzJG ufjcif; jzifh tpm;xd;k onf? xd@k jyif pufrv _ yk if ef;tay:
yk*v~ u d pDrt H yk cf sKyfru _ ‚. rv$rJ a&Smifomaom tusK;d quftjzpf
yk * ~ v d u yd k i f q d k i f r _ u d k &&S d aponf ? aemuf + yD ; +yd K if q d k i f r _ o nf
pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk yk*~vduydkifqdkif olrsm; tkyfcsKyfvkyfaqmifonfh
enf;pepfEiS hf o¿mefr#om jzpfonfh twGuaf =umifh yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf o_ nf
puf r _ v k y f i ef ; tay: yk * ~ v d u pD r H tk y f c sKyf r _ e J @ +yd K if q d k i f r _ w d k @ ES i f h
uif;uGmIr&[k jzpfvmonf? xd@k a=umifh yk*v ~ d uydik q f ikd rf u
_ v kd nf;
zsuo f rd ;f &rSmjzpf+y;D ‚.ae&mwGif xkwv f yk af &; ud&d ,mtm;vH;k udk
bHok ;kH pGrJ E_ iS hf bHo k abmwlnrD t _ & txGuyf pPn;f tm;vH;k udk jzef@a0r_u
tpm;xd;k vma&muf&rnf? pum;wcGe;f wnf;ESiq hf v
kd #if ypPn;f rsm;udk
15
 trsm;ydkifqdkifr_ qdkwmyJ jzpfonf? wu,fawmh yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_
zsuo f rd ;f a&;onf pufr_ vkyif ef; jzpfay:wd;k wufru _ vdt k yfapaom
xdt k a=umif;a=umifyh if uGejf rLepfrsm;u ‚wd@k t"du awmif;qdck suf
tjyif rSeu f efpmG wifjyonfh vlrt _ zG@J tpnf; taetxm;wckv;kH ajymif;
vJa&;udk yHak zmf&ef twdq k ;kH ESihf txif&mS ; qH;k aom vrf;jzpfonf?
ar;cGe;f 15? xd@k a=umifh yk*v ~ u d ydik q
f ikd rf u _ kd tcsed af pmpGm zsuo f rd ;f &ef r jzpfEikd b f ;l
r[kwfvm;´?
tajz? rSeo f nf? vl@tzG@J tpnf;qdik &f m taetxm; tajymif;tvJwikd ;f ydik q f ikd rf _
qufqaH &;rsm;twGi;f u awmfveS af &;wdik ;f onf ydik q f ikd rf q
_ ufqaH &;rsm;
ESihf qufvuft0H ifciG u f sjcif; r&Sad wmhonfh xkwv f yk af &; tiftm;pkopf
rsm; zefw;D wDxiG v f mjcif;. vdt k yfaom tusK;d qufjzpfonf? yk*v ~ u d ydik f
qdik rf u _ , kd w f ikd f Tenf;jzifh pwifay:ayguv f mjcif; jzpfygonf? tb,f
a=umifq h akd omf yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf o_ nf tpOft+rJwnf&cdS o hJ nf r[kwf
aoma=umifh jzpfonf? tv,facwf ukeq f ;kH cge;D tcsed u f xkwv f yk af &;
enf;emopf wckonf xdt k csed u f wnf&adS eonfh ya'o&mZfEiS hf *D;vf
ydik q f ikd rf . _ vufatmufct H jzpf rxm;&SEd ikd o f nfh pufrv _ ufrv _ yk cf if;
o¿meftjzpf xGuv f m+yD; ydik q f ikd rf q
_ ufqaH &;a[mif;xufausmv f eG f
}u;D xGm; vmonfh Tukex f w k v f yk rf _ vkycf if;onf yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ik d rf q _ ak d om
ydik qf ikd rf o _ pfukd zefw;D vdu k o f nf? ukex f w k v f yk rf v _ yk cf if;ESihf t}uD;pm;
pufrv _ yk if ef; jzpfay:wd;k wufr_ yxrtqift h wGuf yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf o _ nf
wckwnf;aom jzpfvmEdik o f nfh ydik q f ikd rf o
_ ¿mef jzpfonf? ‚tay:
tajccHonfh vl@tzG@J tpnf;pepfonfvnf; wckwnf;aom jzpfvmEdik f
onfh vl@tzG@J tpnf; pepfyif jzpfonf? tm;vH;k twGuf vdt k yfoavmuf
rxkwv f yk Ef ikd bf J vl@tzG@J tpnf; t&if;tES;D wd;k jrifah &;ESihf xkwv f yk af &;
tiftm;pk qufvufw;kd wufa&;twGuf txGuyf pPn;f tydt k v#rH sm;
usef & S d a eor# umvywf v H k ; vl @ tzG J @ tpnf ; xk w f v k y f
a&;tiftm;pkrsm;udk ydik q f ikd f jc,fv, S f csKyfuikd Ef ikd o f nfh v$r;f rd;k }u;D pd;k aom
vlwef;pm;ESihf qif;&Jonfh tzdEydS cf H vlwef;pm;[lI t+rJ&adS eygvrd rhf nf?
Tvlwef;pm;rsm; rnfo@kd zGw J nf yg0ifonfqjkd cif;rSm xkwv f yk af &; jzpfay:
wd;k wufr_ tqift h ay: rSw D nfygvrd rhf nf? v,f,mpdu k yf sK;d a&;ay: rScD o kd nfh
16
 tv,facwfwiG f bJa&mefrLS ;rwfrsm;ESihf ajru|erf sm;udk jzpfay:aponf?
tv,facwf aemufyikd ;f +rKd @rsm;u *D;vfvyk if ef;ydik &f iS Ef iS hf e,fvn S t hf vkyf
orm;ESihf ae@pm; tvkyo f rm;rsm;udk azmfjy+y;D ? 17 &mpkwiG f ukex f ek v f yk rf _
vkycf if;ydik &f iS f rsm;ESihf ,if;vkycf if;tvkyo f rm;rsm;&Su d m 19 &mpkrmS awmh
tvky±f Hk ydik &f iS }f u;D rsm;ESihf ypPn;f rJrh sm; &Sv d mygonf? xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;
pkrsm;onf ,cktcsed x f d tm;vH;k twGuf vHak vmufatmif xkwv f yk Ef ikd f
onfhtqifhxd jzpfay: wdk;wufjcif;r&SdbJ xdkxkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pk
rsm;twGuf yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf o_ nf tcsKyftaESmiftwm;tqD; jzpfae
a=umif; &Si;f vmonf? od@k aomf ,cktcgwiG f t}u;D pm;pufrv _ yk if ef; jzpf
ay: wd;k wufro _ nf yxr - t&if;tES;D udk zefw;D +yD; xkwv f yk af &;tif
tm;pkrsm;rSm ,cifu r&Sb d ;l onft h qifx h d us,jf yef@w;kd yGm;vmum
enf;emrsm;uvnf; tcsed w f t kd wGi;f tuef@towfr&Sd trsm;tjym;
wd;k rsm;vm&ef tvG,w f ulwnf&v dS monft h cg? 'kw, d - Txkwv f yk af &;
tiftm;pkrsm; "e&Sit f enf;i,f. vufxw J iG o
f m pk+yKHa&muf&adS e+yD;
vltajrmuftjrm;uawmh ypPn;f rJt h qifo h @kd ydI
k ydIk av#mu h svm+yD;
‚wd@k . tajctaersm;onf "e&Sirf sm;. ºu,f0csr;f omr_ wd;k rsm;vm
onfh tcsK;d tpm;ESihf nDr#pmG ydI k qif;&J'u k aQ &mufvmum rcHr&yfEikd f
jzpfvmonft h cg/ wwd,- Twefc;kd owW}d u;D rm;+y;D tvG,w f ul us,f
jyef@w;kd yGm;Edik o f nfh xkwv f yk af &; tiftm;pkrsm;onf ,cktcsed x f d yk*v ~ ud
ydik q
f ikd rf E_ iS hf "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;xuf ausmv f eG }f uD;xGm;vmum ‚wd@k u
tcsdefra&G; vl@tzG@J tpnf; taetxm;tm; t=urf;wrf; qHk;aom
qlyal ESmif, h u S rf r_ sm; jzpfay:apvmaomtcg - ,cktcsed rf mS om T
tcsuftvufrsm;atmufwGif yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ zsufodrf;a&;onf
jzpfvmEdik af cs &Sv d m±krH u vH;k 0vdt k yfrv
_ nf; jzpfvmayonf?
ar;cG e f ; 16? yk * ~ v d u yd k i f q d k i f r _ zsuf o d r f ; a&;ud k +id r f ; csrf ; aomenf ; rsm;
jzif h vk y f a qmif E d k i f o vm;´?
tajz? TuJo h @kd jzpfvmEdik yf gu tvGev f v kd m;p&mjzpf+y;D Ttcsuu f kd qef@usio f l
rsm;teuf uGejf rLepfrsm;onf rkcsyif aemufq;kH rSjzpfygvrd rhf nf? v#K@d 0u S }f uH
pnfrr_ sm;rSeo f r#rmS toH;k rus±rHk u tE &W m,fyif&adS o;a=umif; uGejf rLepf
rsm;uodonf? olw@kd u awmfveS af &;rsm;rSm qEN&w dS ikd ;f xvkyw f mrsK;d
17
 t&rf;uma&mvkyw f mrsK;d r[kwb f J ygwt D oD;oD;ESihf vlwef;pm;rsm;
tm;vH;k . pdwq f ENEiS hf !¸e=f um;csurf sm;ESihf vH;k 0rywfoufaom tajc
tae. vdt k yfonfh tusK;d quftjzpfom ae&mwumESihf tcsed w f ikd ;f rSm
jzpfay:vmEdik f a=umif;udk aumif;aumif;}u;D od=uygonf? od@k aomf olw@kd u
,Ofaus;wd;k wuf+y;D Edik if t H m;vH;k eD;yg;&Sd ypPn;f rJrh sm;. jzpfay: wd;k wufr_
onf t=urf; zufzEd ydS jf cif;cH&+yD; Tenf;jzifh uGejf rLepfrsm;. twdu k t f cH
rsm;onf ‚wd@k tpGr;f &So d r#jzifh awmfveS af &;qDo@kd yd@k aqmifaea=umif; udk
vnf; awG@jrif=uygonf? od@k jzifh tzdEydS cf yH pPn;f rJrh sm;rSm tqH;k wae@wiG f
awmf vSeaf &;qDo@kd wGe;f yd@k jcif;cH&onft h csed f u|eaf wmfw@kd uGejf rLepfrsm;
onf ypPn;f rJrh sm;. ta&;awmfyu kH kd ,cktcgrmS u|eaf wmfw@kd pum;vH;k rsm;
ESihf umuG,af eouJo h @kd xdt k csed w f iG f tvkyjf zifh umuG,o f mG ;=urnf?
ar;cGef; 17? yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ zsufodrf;&mrSm wcsufwnf;ESifh jzpfEdkif
ygovm;´?
tajz? rjzpfEikd af y? wnf&q dS J xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pkrsm;tm; trsm;ydik v f @l tzG@J
tpnf; zefw;D wnfaxmif&eftwGuf vdt k yfaomtqifo h @kd wcsuw f nf;
ESifh rwdk;csJ@EdkifouJhodk@yif jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh jzpfEdkifacsta=umif;
tm;vH;k ESihf csO;f uyfe;D pyfvmonfh ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;onf vdt k yfonfh
xkwv f yk af &;ypPn;f rsm;udk vHak vmufaom ta&twGux f d zefw;D +y;D rS om
v#if wnf&q dS J vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk ajymif;vJapEdik +f y;D yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf u_ kd
tqif&h &dS dS zsuo f rd ;f Edik yf gvrd rhf nf?
ar;cG e f ; 18? Tawmf v S e f a &;. a&S @ vrf ; a=umif ; rnf o d k @ &S d y goenf ; ´?
tajz? t"dutm;jzifh TawmfveS af &;u 'Dru k d a&pDz@JpG nf;yHwk &yffukd wnf axmif
rSm jzpf+yD; Tenf;jzifh ypPn;f rJrh sm;. Edik if aH &;tkycf sKyfru _ kd wdu k ±f udk f aomf
vnf;aumif;/ oG,0f u kd I f aomfvnf;aumif; xlaxmifygvrd rhf nf? wdu k f
±ku
d t f aejzifh ypPn;f rJrh sm;u vlxx k rJ mS trsm;pkjzpfaeonfh t*FvefwiG f
jzpfonf? oG,0f u kd I f qd&k v#if trsm;pkvx l }k u;D xJrmS ypPn;f rJrh sm;omru
,cktcg ypPn;f rJrh sm;tjzpf usqif;vm+yD; ‚wd@k .Edik if aH &; tusK;d pD;yGm;
tm; ypPn;f rJrh sm;tay: ydI k ydI k rScD v kd m&+y;D xd@k a=umifh ypPn;f rJrh sm;. awmif;
qdck surf sm;ESihf rdrwd @kd u, kd rf rd w d @kd qDav#mo f ifah wmf vmEdik o f nfh v,f orm;
av;rsm;ESifh "e&Sifaygufprsm;yg yg0ifaom jyifopfESifh *smreDwdk@wGif
18
jzpfonf? TtwGuf 'kw, d wdu k yf JG vdtk yfaumif;vdt k yfEikd af omfvnf;
tusK;d jzpfxeG ;f r_uawmh ypPn;f rJrh sm;. atmifyo JG mv#if jzpfayvdrrhf nf?
ypPn;f rJrh sm;tzd@k 'Dru kd a&pDqo kd nftm; yk*v ~ ud ydik qf ikd rf u_ kd
wdu k zf suo f nfah e&mrSmESihf ypPn;f rJrh sm;. aexdik rf b _ 0udk tmrcHonfh
ae&mrsm;rSm toH;k ðyaomenf;emrsm;tjzpf wdu k ±f udk t f oH;k rðyEdik v f #if
rnfonfw h efz;kd r# r&Sad cs? wnf&q dS q
J ufqaH &;rsm;. vdt k yfaom tusK;d
qufrsm;tjzpf ay:xGuv f maom t"duajcvSr;f rsm;rSm atmufyg twdik ;f
jzpfonf?
1? yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf u
_ kd taumuftcGerf sm; wd;k wufaumuf
,ljcif;/ tarGct H cGe}f uD;av;pGm aumufcjH cif;/ nDtudak rmifErS rsm;rS
wqifq h if;oufaom (nD/ wl pojzif)h tarGcpH m;cGihf y,fzsujf cif;/ zdtm;
ay;acs;,ljcif; pojzifw h @kd jzifh uef@owfjcif;?
2? ajrydik &f iS rf sm;/ puf±yHk ikd &f iS rf sm;/ oabmFEiS hf rD;&xm; vkyif ef;
&Si}f uD;rsm;xHrS ‚wd@k yikd f ypPn;f rsm;udk Edik if aH wmfpufr_ vkyif ef;rsm;ESihf
+ydKifqikd jf cif;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ tmrcHpmcsKyfrsm;o¿mefjzifh avsmaf =u;
rsm; ay;jcif;jzifh vnf;aumif;/ wjznf;jznf; odr;f ,ljcif;?
3? jynfov l x l t k rsm;pk}uD;udk qef@usio f nfh jynfajy;rsm;ESihf
olyek rf sm;. ypPn;f rsm;udk odr;f ,ljcif;?
4? trsm;ydik af jrrsm;/ tvky±f EHk iS hf puf±rHk sm;wGif ypPn;f rJrh sm;udk
tvkyfcef@tyfjcif;ESifh tvkyform;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; xlaxmifjcif;jzifh
vkyo f m;rsm;t=um; +ydKifqikd rf u _ kd tqH;k owfapjcif;/ tvky±f yHk ikd &f iS rf sm;
udk ‚tcsed t f xd qufvuf&adS eao;ygu Edik if aH wmfu axmufyx hH m;
onfh vpmE_e;f jrift h wdik ;f ay;aqmifap&rnf?
5? yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf _ vH;k 0zsuo f rd ;f +yD;onft h csed t f xd vl@tzG@J
tpnf;0if tm;vH;k tm; tvkyv f yk &f ef wlnaD om wm0ef0wW&m;&Sjd cif;/
pufrw _ yfz@JG rsm; txl;ojzifh v,f,mtwGuf zG@J pnf;jcif;?
6? Edik if aH wmft&if;tES;D jzifh Edik if aH wmfb%frsm;rSwqifh twd;k
E_e;f ESihf aiGa=u;xkwv f yk jf zef@jzL;r_pepfukd Edik if aH wmfvufxw J iG f pkpnf;
jcif;ESihf yk*v ~ u d b%frsm;ESihf b%foal Ï;tm;vH;k udk zdEydS jf cif;?
7? Edik if aH wmfyikd f puf±rHk sm;/ tvky±f rHk sm;/ rD&xm;ESihf oabFm
19
 ta&twGufudk wdk;jr‡ifhjcif;/ xGef,ufpdkufysKd;&ef v,fajropfrsm;
azmfjcif;ESihf xGe, f ufpu kd yf sK;d +y;D v,fajrrsm;udk wd;k wufaumif;rGeaf pjcif;-
tm;vH;k onf Edik if aH wmf. pDrcH ef@crJG a_ tmufu vkyt f m;pGr;f tm;pkEiS hf
t&if;tES;D }uD;xGm;r_EiS hf nDr#onfh tcsK;d tpm;twdik ;f jzpf&rnf?
8? Edik if aH wmf. ukeu f sp&dwjf zifh Edik if aH wmf. tzG@J tpnf;rsm;
wGif uav;oli,ftm;vH;k rdcif&ifciG rf S xGucf mG Edik o f nfh tcsed rf pS +y;D ynm
oif=um;cGifh/ ynmoif=um;jcif;ESifh xkwfvkyfa&; twlwuG vkyf
aqmifjcif;?
9? Edik if aH wmfyikd af jrrsm;ESihf eef;awmf}uD;rsm;udk pufrv _ yk if ef;ESihf
v,f,mvkyif ef;wd@k rmS yg0ifvyk af qmifaeonfh Edik if aH wmfom; toif;
tpk rsm;twGuf trsm;ydik af etdrrf sm;tjzpf wnfaqmufay;+y;D ‚wd@k .
aexdik rf b _ 0twGi;f +rKd @EiS ahf us;vuftajctae ta=umif;tcsurf sm;udk
aygi;f pyfay;jcif;/ wzufwiG v f nf; wOD;OD;. wzufowfusrE_ iS hf tm;enf;
csurf sm;udk z,f&mS ;ay;&rnf?
10?+rKd @ae&yfuu G rf sm;&Sd use;f rma&;ESihf rudu k n f aD om jzpfuwwf
qef; caemfceJ@wnfaqmufxm;onfh taqmuftODrsm;udk +zdKzsuyf pfjcif;?
11? tdraf xmifb0rsm;rS arG;zGm;vmonfh uav;rsm;tm;
wlno D nfh tarGqufcEH ikd cf iG hf &Sad pjcif;?
12? o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&;tm;vH;k udk Edik if aH wmf. vufxw J iG f
pkpnf;xm;&Sjd cif;?
trSeyf if TtpDtpOfrsm;tm;vH;k udk wcsw D nf; taumift
xnf azmfvyk af qmif&ef rjzpfEikd af cs? od@k aomfvnf; wck.aemufwiG f
aemufwck t+ryJ gvmayvdrrhf nf? yk*v ~ u d ydik q
f ikd rf t_ ay: yxrqH;k aom
tjywftowf wdu k yf pJG wifqifEv J$ u kd of nfEiS hf w+yKd ief uf ypPn;f rJrh sm;tzd@k
a&S@o@kdw;kd &ef t&if;tES;D tm;vH;k / pdu k yf sK;d a&;tm;vH;k / pufrv _ yk if ef;tm;vH;k /
o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&;tm;vH;k / ukeo f , G af &;tm;wd@k ukd Edik if aH wmfvufxw J iG f
yd+k yD;pkpnf;,l&ef zdtm;ay;jcif;cH&a=umif; ud, k u hf , kd u f kd awG@vm& ay
vdrrhf nf? txufrmS azmfjycJah om ajcvSr;f rsm; tm;vH;k onf T&nfreS ;f
csuo f @kd !¸ejf y aeonf? aemuf+y;D ypPn;f rJrh sm;. vkyt f m;jzifh wdik ;f jynf.
xkwv f yk af &; tiftm;pkrsm; jzpfay: wd;k yGm;vmonfh tcsK;d tpm;ESihf tnD
20
 tr# ‚wd@k onf taumiftxnfazmfvmum ‚wd@k . pkpnf;onfh
tusK;d tmedoifrsm;vnf; wd;k wufjzpfay:vmygvrd rhf nf? tqH;k wae@
t&if;tES;D tm;vH;k / xkwv f yk af &; tm;vH;k / zvS,rf t _ m;vH;k Edik if aH wmf.
vufwiG ;f pk+yHKa&muf&dS oGm;onft h cg yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf o
_ nf tvdt k
avsmuf aysmufu, G o f mG ;um tojymqdk onfrmS vnf; ydv k #aH e/ xkwf
vkyf a&;rsm;vnf; tvGew f ;kd wufvm+yD; vlrsm;vnf; tvGeaf jymif;vJ
ukerf nf? od@k jzifh qufqaH &;a[mif;. aemufq;kH o¿mefrsm;vnf; cGm
ypfvu dk o f vkd uGmxGuo f mG ;ayvdrrhf nf?
ar;cGe;f 19? TawmfveS af &;onf wdik ;f jynfwjynfxw J iG f jzpfEikd af cs&dS ygovm;´?
tajz? rjzpfEikd af y? urBmah ps;uGuu f kd zefw;D jcif;jzifh t}u;D pm;pufrv _ yk if ef;u
urBm ay:&Sd jynfov l x l rk sm; txl;ojzifh ,Ofaus;wd;k wuf+y;D olrsm;udk
tvGefeD;uyfpGm qufpyfay;cJhonf? eD;uyfvdkufor#rSm wOD;tjzpf
tysufu aemufwOD;tay: *,ufr±kdufbJ raeavmufatmifyif
jzpfonf? ‚tjyif/ ‚u ,Ofaus;wd;k wuf+y;D Edik if t H m;vH;k wGif "e&SiEf iS hf
ypPn;f rJw h @kd onf vl@tzG@J tpnf;. tqH;k tjzwf vlwef;pm;ESp&f yftjzpf
a&muf&v dS m+y;D ‚wd@k t=um; wdu k yf o
JG nf ,ae@t"duwdu k yf t
JG qifo h @kd
a&muf&adS p&ef vl@tzG@J tpnf;wd;k wuf jzpfay:r_ukd wGJzuf!‡dE_dif;ay;
vdu k yf gonf? xd@k a=umifh uGejf rLepfawmfveS af &;onf Edik if H wckwnf;.
jy\emr[kwaf wmhacs? ,Ofaus;wd;k wuf+yD; wdik ;f jynfrsm; tm;vH;k wGif
tenf;qH;k ajym&v#if t*Fvef/ tar&duef/ jyifopfEiS hf *smr%/Dw@kd wiG f
w+yKd iw f nf; jzpfay:ayvdrrhf nf? wdik ;f jynfwjynf od@k r[kwf tjcm; wjynf
wGi&f o dS nfh ydI k jzpf ay:wd;k wufaeonfh pufrv _ yk if ef; ydrk rkd sm;jym;onfh
"eOpPmrsm; ydkrdkxl;jcm;onfh xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pk tpkta0;
rsm;ESifhtnD Twdkif;jynf wjynfcsif;onf ydkrdkvsifjrefpGmaomf
vnf;aumif;/ ydkIaES;pGmaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfay:wdk;wufvdrfhrnf?
xd@k a=umifh *smr%DwiG f taES;qH;k jzpf+yD;/ tcuftcJ trsm;qH;k &ifqikd f
&rnfjzpf+y;D t*FvefwiG f tjrefq;kH ESihf tvG,q f ;kH jzpfvrd rhf nf? ‚onf
urBmt h jcm;Edik if rH sm;udk tiftm;}u;D rm;aom =oZm*,ufrsm;±du k af p+y;D
,ae@txd ‚wd@k .jzpf ay:wd;k yGm;r_ vrf;a=umif;tm; tajccHrpS I jyKjyif
ajymif;vJ+yD; t&Sed w f ;kd jr‡iahf y;vdrrhf nf? ,if;onf wurBmvH;k qdik &f m
21
 awmfveS af &;jzpf+y;D xd@k a=umifyh if urBmt h wdik ;f twm aqmifayvdrrhf nf?
ar;cG e f ; 20? yk * ~ v d u yd k i f q d k i f r _ aemuf q H k ; zsuf o d r f ; jcif ; . tusKd ; quf
rsm;um; tb,f e nf ; ´?
tajz? vl@tzG@J tpnf;onf yk*v ~ u d t&if;&Sirf sm;vufxrJ S xkwv f yk af &; tiftm;
pk rsm;tm;vH;k ESihf ukeo f , G rf v _ yk if ef;tm;vH;k xd@k tjyif aiGa=u;vJv, S rf E_ iS hf
ukeyf pPn;f jzef@a0r_rsm;udk odr;f ,lvu kd +f y;D vl@tzG@J tpnf; wckv;kH . vkt d yfcsuf
rsm;ESihf &Edik o f nfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;tay: tajccHaom pDru H ed ;f ESit hf nD
pDrcH ef@cJG vdrrhf nf? Tenf;jzifh ta&;t}uD;qH;k uawmh t}uD;pm;pufr_
vkyif ef;. vky&f yfa=umifh ,cktcg yl;wGyJ gvmonfh raumif;aom tusK;d
qufrsm; zsuo f rd ;f jcif;cH&ayvdrrhf nf? pD;yGm;a&;uyfrsm;vnf; &Sad wmhrnf
r[kwaf cs? vuf&dS vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f xkwv f yk af &;ydv k #rH j_ zpfum
xd@k a=umifh 'kurQ sm; . t"duta=umif;&if; jzpfaeaom us,jf yef@w;kd yGm;
vmonfh xkwv f yk af &;rSm xdt k csed w f iG f rvHrk avmufjzpfum ydrk w kd ;kd cs@J &ef
ydrk vkd tkd yfvmvdrrhf nf? xkwv f yk af &;ydv k #rH o_ nf 'kuq Q if;&Jrsm;udk jzpf
ay:aprnft h pm; tm;vH;k . vdt k yfru _ kd auseyfEikd af p&eftwGuf vl@tzG@J
tpnf;. tjccHvt kd yfcsurf sm;xuf ausmv f eG o f mG ;ayrnf? vdt k yfcsuf
topfrsm;ESihf wcsed w f nf; ,if;wd@k ukd jynf0h jznfq h nf;Edik rf nfh enf;em
rsm;udk zefw;D vdrrhf nf? ‚onf wd;k wufr_ topf. ta=umif;tcsuEf iS hf
v_@H aqmf csujf zpfvmrSmjzpf+yD; Twd;k wufru _ kd a&S;,cifuvdk vl@tzG@J
tpnf; taetxm;tm; ±_yaf xG;r_jzpfapjcif;rsK;d r&Sb d EJ iS hf &&Sv
d rd rhf nf?
yk*v ~ u d ydik qf ikd rf _ zdtm;atmufrS vGwaf jrmufvmonfh t}uD;pm;pufr_
vkyif ef;onf ukex f w k v f yk cf if;tqifEh iS hf vuf&t dS qifw h @kd . uGm;jcm;r_rsK;d
uGm;jcm;aom vuf&t dS qifx h uf us,jf yef@onxuff us,jf yef@ wd;k yGm;r_
jzpfvmvdrrhf nf? Tpufrv _ yk if ef; jzpfay:wd;k wufru _ vl@tzG@J tpnf;
twGuf tm;vH;k . vdt k yfcsurf sm;udk auseyfapEdik o f nfh txGuyf pPn;f
tajrmuftjrm; tvHk tavmuf &&Sad pEdik yf gvrd rhf nf? yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf E_ iS hf
ajr,mtm; tuGuv f u kd pf w d yf ikd ;f xm;r_. '%fuckd pH m;&onfh pdu k yf sK;d a&;
wGifvnf; tvm;wljzpfvmygvrd rhf nf? Tae&mwGif wnf&adS eonfh
wdk;wufr_rsm;ESifh ody`Henf;us tpDtpOfrsm;udk vufawG@taumif
txnfazmf+y;D vH;k 0opfviG f onfh 'Da&jrifw h &yfjzpfay:apum vHak vmufaom
22
txGuf ypPn;f tajrmuf tjrm;udk vl@tzG@Jtpnf;u oH;k pG&J efay;tyfvrd rh f nf?
Tenf;jzifh ukeyf pPn;f tajrmuftrsm; xkwv f yk u f m vl@tzG@J tpnf;
taeESihf tzG@J tpnf;0if tm;vH;k . vdt k yfcsurf sm;tm;vH;k udk &&Sad useyf
apEdik yf gvrd rhf nf? vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f tjyeftvSe&f efapmifaeaom
vlwef;pm;rsm;tjzpf uGJjym;aer_onfvnf; Tenf;jzifh rvdktyfbJ
jzpfvmvdrrhf nf? trSeyf if Tonf rvdt k yf±rHk #ru vlrt _ zG@J tpnf;qdik &f m
taetxm;topfEiS v hf nf; roifah v#mf rqDav#maf wmhacs? vkyt f m;
cGaJ 0r_u vlwef;pm;rsm; jzpfwnf vmr_ukd ay:ayguaf pcJ+h yD; ,cktcsed x f d
odem;vnfvmcJ=h uonfh vkyt f m;cGaJ 0r_rmS vH;k 0aysmufu, G f oGm;ay
vdrrhf nf? pufrv _ yk if ef;ESihf v,f,mvkyif ef; xkwv f yk af &;wd@k ukd u|eaf wmfw@kd
azmfjycJw h hJ tqifx h d a&muf&adS p&eftwGuf puf,E &W m;ESihf "mwkypPn;f
ud&, d mrsm;ESio hf m vHk avmufEikd jf cif;r&Sb d J Tud&, d mrsm;udk v_y&f mS ;ae
aponfh vlrsm;. pGrf;&nfonfvnf; tvm;wlpGm jzpfay:wdk;wuf
vmayrnf? aemufq;kH &mpkEpS f (q,f&h pS &f mpk) . v,form;rsm;ESihf
ukex f wk v f yk rf _ vkycf if;vkyo f m;rsm;rSm t}uD;pm;pufrv _ yk if ef;twGi;f
twif;wGe;f yd@k jcif; cH&onft h cg ‚wd@k . aexdik rf b _ 0wckv;kH ajymif;oGm;
+yD; uGjJ ym;jcm;em;onfh vlrsm; jzpfomG ;ouJo h @kd xdek nf;vnf;aumif;yJ
xkwv f yk af &;udk vl@tzG@J tpnf;wckv;kH u trsm;ydik cf sKyu f ikd af qmif&u G rf j_ zifh
jzpfay:vmonfh xkwv f yk af &; jzpfay:wd;k wufr_ topfonf vH;k 0uGjJ ym;
jcm;em;onfh vlom;trsK;d tpm;rsm;udk vdv k nf;vdt k yf jzpfvnf;jzpfxeG ;f
vmapvdrrhf nf? ,cktcsed f umvrSmvdk vlwOD;wa,muf[m xkwv f yk af &;
XmecGw J ck vufatmufcjH zpfae&jcif;/ ‚&J@tcsKyftaESmifc/H aoG;pkycf H
ae&+yD;jcif;/ rdrpd rG ;f &nfrsm;xJrS tjcm;t&mrsm;pGe@f vw $ u f m wckuo kd m
jzpfay: wd;k wuf apEdik jf cif;/ vkyif ef;cGwck Jwck od@k r[kwf xkwv f yk af &;wckv;kH .
vkyif ef;cGw J ck. tcGw J ckuo kd m od&edS m;vnfjcif; jzpfaev#if xkwv f yk f
a&;udk trsm;ydkifcsKyf udkifaqmif&GufEdkifr_ rjyKEdkifay? vuf&Sdpufr_
vkyif ef;rSmyifv#if TuJo h @kd aom vlrsK;d rsm;onf ydI k ydI k toH;k rwnfh
jzpfvma=umif; awG@vmae&onf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;taejzifh
csKyfudkifaqmif&Gufaom pDrHudef;&Sdonfh trsm;ydkifpufr_vkyfief;onf
vlom;rsm;udk bufrsm;pGmY t&nf tcsi;f &S+d y;D xkwv f yk af &;pepfwckv;kH udk
23
 =unf=h uyfEikd o f nfh pGr;f &nf&o dS rl sm;tjzpf awmif;qdak yonf? v,form;u
wa,muf/ zdeyfcsKyform;u aemufwa,muf/ puf±kHvkyfom;u
wwd,wa,muf/ pawmhaps;upm;olu pwkwˆwa,muf pojzifh
cGyJ pfvu kd o f nfh vkyt f m;cGaJ 0r_onf puf,E &W m;. +zdKzsujf cif;cHvu kd f
&+yD;jzpfum vH;k 0aysmufu, G o f mG ;ygvrd rhf nf? vli,frsm;udk ynma&;u
xkwf vkyaf &;pepfwckv;kH ESihf u|r;f usirf t _ vsit f jref &Sad pEdik rf nfjzpf+yD;
vl@tzG@J tpnf;. vdt k yfru _ kd wk@H jyefaomtm;jzifv h nf; aumif;/ rdrq d EN
t&vnf;aumif;/ xkwv f yk af &;XmecGw J ckrS wcko@kd qufwu kd f ul;ajymif;
oGm;Edik v f rd rhf nf? xd@k a=umifh ‚onf ,ae@vyk t f m;cGaJ 0r_u vlwikd ;f tay:
wHqyd ±f u dk Ef ydS f xm;onfh wzufoufvuQ%mrS olw@kdtm; vGwaf jrmufap
ayvdrrhf nf? uGejf rLepftajccHay:Y zG@J pnf;xm;onfh vl@tzG@J tpnf;onf
Tenf;jzifh ‚.tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk ‚wd@k . bufpakH wmfaom t&nftaoG;
rsm;udk bufpt kH oH;k csEikd &f ef tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk ay;tyfvrd rhf nf? od@k aomf
Tod@k jzpfay:vmygu vlwef;pm;rsm; rv${J uef aysmufu, G o f mG ;vdrrhf nf?
uGejf rLepftajccHay: zG@J pnf;xm;onfh vl@tzG@J tpnf;onf wzufwiG f
vlwef;pm;rsm; wnf&adS er_EiS hf o[Zmw rjzpfEikd b f /J wzufwiG v f nf;
‚vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk wnfaqmufjcif;uyifv#if vlwef;pm; uGjJ ym;r_udk
zsuo f rd ;f onfeh nf;emrsm; ay;tyfayvdrrhf nf?
‚rS&&So d nfh tcsuw f csuu f awmh +rKd @EiS ahf wmt=um; uGjJ ym;
r_onfvnf; tvm;wl aysmufu, G of mG ;vdrrhf nf qdjk cif;yif jzpfonf?
pdu
k yf sK;d a&;ESihf pufrv _ yk if ef;vnfywfa&;udk rwlnw D hJ vlwef;pm;ESp&f yfu
vkyo f nft h pm; vlwpkwnf;uom vkyaf qmifro _ nf ±ky0f wˆKta=umif;
oufoufjzpfygu uGejf rLepftzG@J tpnf;twGuf vdt k yfaom ta=umif;
tcsufw&yfjzpfonf? +rdK@}uD;rsm;u pufr_vlOD;a& jynfhusyfxlxyf
vmjcif;ESit hf wl v,fajrrsm;rS pdu k yf sK;d onfv h Ol ;D a& jyef@usaJ er_onf
v,f,m pdu k yf sK;d a&;ESihf pufrv _ yk if ef; ESpcf pk vH;k . rzG@H +zdK;aomtqifEh iS hf
vdu k af vsmnDaxGaom ta=umif;tcsuw f &yfjzpf+y;D a&S@jzpfay:wd;k wufr_
tm;vH;k twGuf twm;tqD; w&yfjzpfa=umif; jrifomod&+dS yD;jzpfonf?
xkwv f yk af &; tiftm;pkrsm;udk pDru H ed ;f uspak ygi;f tpGr;f ukef
toH;k +yKa&; &nf&, G cf sujf zifh vl@tzG@J tpnf;0iftm;vH;k . taxGaxG
24
 yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf /_ xkwv f yk af &;u tm;vH;k .vdt k yfru_ kd jynf0h auseyf
apEdik o f nfh tqift h xd us,jf yef@w;kd yGm;vmr_/ vlwOD;wa,muf. vdk
tyfru _ kd tepfemtqH;k ±_;H cHro S m tjcm;olwOD;. vdt k yfru _ kd jynfph akH p
Edik of nfh tajctaetqH;k owfomG ;r_/ vlwef;pm;rsm;ESihf ‚wd@k . yËdyuQ
rsm; vHk;0ausjyKef;oGm;r_/ vuf&Sdvkyftm;cGJa0r_udk y,fzsufjcif;jzifh
vnf;aumif;/ pufrv _ yk if ef; ynma&;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk
wvSnphf D ajymif;jcif;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ wurBmvH;k u xkwv f yk of nfh aysmf
&Girf _ tzHzk u kH kd wurBmvH;k cGaJ 0cHpm;jcif;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ +rdK@EiS ahf wmudk
yl;aygi;f ay;vdu k jf cif;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ vl@tzG@J tpnf;0if tm;vH;k wd@k &@J
pGr;f &nfowWrd sm;udk tjynft h 0jzpfay: wd;k wufr-_ Tt&mrsm;onf
yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf u_ kd zsuo f rd ;f jcif;jzifh &&Sv d monfh t"du tusK;d quf
rsm; jzpfayonf?
r;cGe;f 21? uGejf rLepfpepf vl@tzG@J tpnf;u tdraf xmifpt
ar;cG k ay: rnfuhJ od@k aom
=oZm*,uf ±du k cf wfEikd o f enf;´?
tajz? ‚u a,musmf ;ESihf rde;f rqufqaH &;udpt P m; oufqikd o f El pS Of ;D ESiohf m
oufqikd o f nfh ud, k af &;udw k m jy\emoufoufr#om jzpfap+yD; T
txJwiG f vl@tzG@J tpnf;u =um;0ifjcif; rjzpfap&ay? ‚u yk*v ~ u d
ydkifqdkifr_udk zsufodrf;ypf+yD;/ uav;rsm;udk trsm;ydkiftajccHay:wGif
ynmay;xm; onfh twGuf Tvkyif ef;udk vkyaf qmifEikd jf cif;jzpfum
Tenf;jzifh ,ae@txd wnf&adS eonfh xdr;f jrm;jcif;. tajccHEpS cf -k
yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf r_ S tusK;d tjzpf ay:vmonfh ZeD;u cifyeG ;f tay:rScD &kd r_EiS hf
uav;rsm;u rdbtay: rScD &kd r_ukd z,f&mS ;ypfayvdrrhf nf? TonfrmS
ud, k u f siw hf &m;pum; tifrwef ajymcsio f nfh evAde;f wH;k rsm; atmf[pf
avh&Sdonfh uGefjrLepfrsm;. “trsKd;orD;rs;udk bHkydkifqdkifr_” qdkaom
±_wcf sou H kd ay;vdu k wf hJ tajzw&yf yifjzpfonf? trsK;d orD;rsm;tm;
bHyk ikd q f ikd rf r_ mS "e&Sit f zG@J tpnf;ESio hf m vH;k 0oufqikd o f nfh tajctae
w&yfjzpf+yD; Ttcsuu f kd ,ae@jynfw h efqm vkyif ef;wGif tjynft h 0
awG@&EdS ikd yf gonf? od@k aomf jynfw h efqm vkyif ef;onf yk*v ~ u d ydik qf ikd rf t
_ ay:
tajccH+yD; ‚ESifhtwl usqHk;&onf? xdk@a=umifh uGefjrLepfvl@tzGJ@
tpnf;onf trsK;d orD;bHyk ikd q f ikd rf u
_ kd rðyvkyo f nft
h jyif wu,frmS ‚udk
25
 zsuo f rd ;f ypfygonf?
ar;cG e f ; 22? uG e f j rLepf v l @ tzG J @ tpnf ; u wnf & S d q J t rsKd ; om;rsm;ty:
rnf u J h o d k @ oabmxm;ygoenf ; ´?
tajz? rajymif;vJyg4?
ar;cGe;f 23? wnf&q dS J bmoma&;rsm;tay: rnfuo hJ @kd oabmxm;
oenf;´?
tajz? rajymif;vJyg5?
ar;cGe;f 24? uGejf rLepfrsm;onf qd&k , S v f pfrsm;ESihf rnfo@kd ujJG ym;oenf;?´
tajz? qd&k , S v f pfqo kd rl sm;wGif oH;k rsK;d oH;k pm;&So
d nf?
yxr trsK;d tpm;uawmh t}uD;pm;pufrv _ yk if ef;/ urBmu h ek f
·
oG,fr_ u zsufqD;jcif;cH&+yD;jzpfum ,cktxdvnf; ae@pOfESifhtr#
zsuq f ;D jcif;cHae&onfh ya'o&mZfEiS hf tz}uD;pd;k wJh vl@tzG@J tpnf;wd@k .
aemufvu kd rf sm; yg0ifonf? TtrsK;d tpm;u wnf&q dS J vl@tzG@J tpnf;.
raumif;r_rsm;ud=k unf+h yD; ya'o&mZfEiS hf tz}uD;pd;k onft h zG@J tpnf;rSm
Tvdrk aumif;r_rsK;d r&So d nft
h wGuf ‚wk@d ujdk yefvnfwnfaxmif&rnf[k
ok;H oyfonf? w&m;aomenf;jzifh jzpfap/ rw&m;aomenf;jzifh jzpfap/
‚wk@d . tqkjd yKcsut f m;vk;H onf Tae&mtqk;H ok@d n¸ejf yaeygonf?
‚wk@d . ygwt D usK;d twGuf tm;oGecf eG pf u kd f vky[ f ef&rdS E_ iS hf ypPn;f rJrh sm;.
qif;&J'u k rQ sm;tay: rdausmif;rsu&f nfus&r_rsm; tm;vH;k twGuf T
azmufjyefon nfh qd&k ,S v f pftrsK;d tpm;udk b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf uGejf rLepf
rsm;u atmufyg ta=umif;rsm;a=umifh wufºupGm qef@usiaf yvdrrhf nf?
1? ‚onf vH;k 0rjzpfEikd o f nfh udpw P cktwGuf óu;yrf;jcif;?
2? ‚onf rif;pd;k &mZmrsm;/ *D;vfvyk if ef;&Sirf sm;/ ukex f w k f
vkyrf _ vkycf if;&Sirf sm;ESihf ‚wd@k . ta¹ct&Htoif;tyif;rsm;jzpfonfh
oufO;D qHyikd f od@k r[kwf ya'o&mZfb&k ifrsm;/ t&m&Srd if;rsm;/ ppfom;
rsm;ESihf bke;f }u;D rsm;&J@ tkycf sKyrf u_ kd xlaxmif&ef&nfreS ;f onf? ,if;vl@tzG@J
tpnf;wGif ,ae@v@l tzG@J tpnf;. raumif;qd;k 0g;rsm; r&Sw d m aocsm
aomfvnf; tzd ESyd cf H tvkyo f rm;rsm;tm; uGejf rLepf tzG@J tpnf;rSwqifh
vGwaf jrmufa&; tvm;tvmudyk if urf;vSr;f jcif;rjyKbJ raumif;r_
trsm;tjym;udo k m tenf;qH;k o,faqmifvmrnf jzpfonf?
26
 3? ypPn;f rJrh sm;u awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;/ uGejf rLepfrsm; jzpfvm
onftcgwiG f Tazmufjyefaom qd&k , S v f pfrsm;onf ypPn;f rJrh sm;udk
qef@usio f nfh "e&Sirf sm;ESihf ±kww f &ufcsucf si;f yl;aygi;f vdu k =f u+y;D ‚wd@k
. wu,ft h a&miftaoG;udk azmfjyvdu k =f uawmhonf?
'kw, d trsK;d tpm;uawmh ,ae@v@l tzG@J tpnf;. aemufvu kd f
rsm;jzpf=u+y;D ? Tvl@tzG@J tpnf;u rv$rJ a&Smifom ay:xGe;f vmaponfh
raumif;r_rsm;a=umifh ‚wd@k . tem*wfukd a=umuf&@HG =uolrsm; jzpf
onf? xd@k a=umifh ‚wd@k jzpfapcsio f nfrmS wnf&q dS v J @l tzG@J tpnf;udk
‚wd@k . arG;&mygraumif;r_rsm; z,f&mS ;+yD; xde;f odr;f xm;a&;jzpfonf?
T&nfreS ;f csut f wGuf wcsK@d u vlr0_ efxrf;enf;em oufoufrsm;ukd
wifjy+y;D wcsK@d uawmh [dw}f u;D [ef}u;D ESihf jyefvnfðyjyifa&; pDru H ed ;f rsm;
wifvmonf? ‚wd@k onf vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk jyefvnfz@JG pnf;&efqakd om
[efaqmifra_ tmufwiG f wu,fawmh wnf&q dS v J @l tzG@J tpnf; tae
txm;. tajccHukd xde;f odr;f &ef xd@k a=umifh ‚.b0udk xde;f odr;f
xm;&ef &nf&, G &f if;jzpfonf? T"e&S "e&Siq f &kd ,
S v f ppfrsm;onf uGejf rLepf
rsm;. &eforl sm;twGuf tvkyv f yk af y;+yD; uGejf rLepfrsm;u wGe;f vSef
+zdKcs&if &nfreS ;f xm;onfh vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk umuG,af eonft h wGuf
‚wd@k ukd uGejf rLepfw@kd u rav#mw h rf; rqkww f rf; wdu k cf ukd &f ygrnf?
aemufq;kH ? wwd,trsK;d tpm;wGif 'Dru kd &ufwpf qd&k , S v f pf
rsm; yg0if+yD; ‚wd@k onf ar;cGe;f rl&if;usr;f wGif (Tae&mY uGuv f yf
useaf eygonf? txufuar;cGe;f 18 twGut f ajz ESm (16) =unfyh g?
æ t,f'w D m) wGif azmfjycJo h nft
h wdik ;f uGejf rLepfrsm; wifjyaom enf;em
rsm;xJrt S csK@d ukd vdvk m;=uonf? od@k aomfvnf; uGejf rLepfpepfo@kd ul;
ajymif;r_ tpdwt f ydik ;f tjzpf r[kwb f J ‚wd@k taeESihf ,ae@ vl@tzG@J t
pnf;&J@ 'kuEQ iS hf raumif;r_rsm;udk zsuo f rd ;f &ef vHak vmufonfh enf;emrsm;
tjzpf ,Hk=unfaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf? T'D'Dru kd &u
&uffwpf qd&k , S f
vpfrsm;onf rdrdwdk@vlwef;pm; vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf ta=umif;
tcsurf sm;udk aoaocsmcsm &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; rod&adS o;onfh ypPn;f rJh
rsm;aomfvnf;aumif;/ "e&Siaf ygupf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;aomfvnf;aumif;
jzpf=uonf?
27
 "e&Siaf ygupf vlwef;pm;onf 'Dru kd a&pDatmifyrJG wdik rf ED iS hf ‚
atmifyu JG jzpfay:vmaponfh qd&k , S vf pfvyk if ef; aqmif&u G cf surf sm;
rwdik rf D ypPn;f rJrh sm;ESihf tusK;d pD;yGm;wlnrD _ trsm;tjym;&So d nf? v_y&f mS ;r_
umvrsm;twGi;f wGif uGejf rLepfrsm;onf T'Dru kd &ufwpf qd&k , S v
f pf
rsm;ESihf em;vnfr&_ atmif,u l m Tqd&k , S v f pfrsm;taejzifh tkypf ;kd ol
"e&Sirf sm;tm; tvkyt f au|;jyK+y;D uGejf rLepfrsm;udk wdu k cf u kd jf cif;rðyv#if
avmavmq,f tcsed w f iG f a,bk,stm;jzif‚ h wd@k EiS hf wlno D nfrh rl sm;udk
wwfEikd o f r# vdu k ef mvkyaf qmif&rnf? TuJo h @kd v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;wGif yl;aygi;f
aqmif&u G rf o
_ nf ‚wd@k EiS hf uGjJ ym;jcm;em;csurf sm;tay: raqG;aEG;[k
rqdv k akd =umif; xif&mS ;onf?
ar;cGef; 25? uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh u|efawmwkdacwf wjcm;EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;
rnfuo hJ @kd aom qufqaH &;rsm; &Syd goenf;´?
tajz? TqufqaH &;onf Edik if cH si;f rwlonft h avsmuf uGjJ ym;jcm;em;ygonf?
"e&Sirf sm; tkycf sKyaf eonfh t*Fvef/ jyifopfEiS hf bJv*f s, D w H @kd wiG f ,ckavm
avmq,ftcsed Yf uGejf rLepfrsm;tzd@k 'Dru kd a&pDygwD trsK;d rsK;d wd@k EiS hf wlnD
onfh tusK;d pD;yGm;rsm; &Sq d jJ zpfonf? ,cktcg ‚wd@k cck u H muG,af eaom
qdk&S,fvpfenf;emrsm;taejzifh uGefjrLepfrsm;. &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifh
ydrk ekd ;D uyf qufpyfvmavav qdv k okd nfrmS ‚wd@k taejzifh ypPn;f rJrh sm;.
tusK;d pD;yGm;udk ydI k &Si;f vif;wduspmG ud, k pf m;ðy+y;D ypPn;f rJrh sm;tay: ydI k
rScD vkd mavav TtusK;d pD;yGm;rSm ydI k }u;D rm;vmavav jzpfayvdrrhf nf?
Oyrmtm;jzifh t*FvefrmS tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm; tzG@J tpnf;0ifrsm;
6
yg0ifaom csm;wpf rsm;onf 'Dru kd &ufwpf "e&Siaf ygupf od@k r[kwf &uf'D
u,fqo kd rl sm;xuf uGejf rLepfrsm;ESihf tqH;k tpr&Sd ydrk dek ;D pyfonf?
'Drukd a&pDz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfykH wnfaxmifxm;onfh tar& tar&dueduef
uef
EdkifiHwGif uGefjrLepfrsm;taejzifh TzG@J pnf;yHk Oya'udk "e&Sirf sm;tm;
wdu k cf u kd af &;twGuf vSnahf jymif;rnfyh gwED iS hf tusK;d wlaygi;f &rnfjzpfum
ypPn;f rJrh sm;. tusK;d twGuf toH;k ðyayvdrrhf nf? TonfrmS trsK;d om;
ajr,mjyKjyifa&;orm;rsm;ESihf jzpfonf?
qGpZf mvefrS &uf'u D ,frsm;onf tvGe±f y_ af xG;onfh ygwD
w&yf jzpfaomfvnf; ‚wd@k rmS ,cktcsed x f d uGejf rLepfrsm;u yl;aygi;f
28
Edkifonfh wOD;wnf;aomolrsm; jzpfae+yD; T&uf'Du,frsm;xJwGif
Ak;d òr@om;rsm; (Vaudois) (1070 ckEpS rf sm;u jyifopfjynfawmifyikd ;f wGif
wnfaxmif+y;D ? 1500 ckEpS rf sm;wGif jyefvnfðyjyifa&; v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;twGi;f
yg0ifvmonfh c&pf,mef*dk%f;?)ESifh *sDeDAmòr@om;rsm; (Genivese)
(qGpZf vefjynf *seD AD mòr@wiG f aexdik =f uolrsm;? bmomjyefo)l onf
twd;k wufq;kH a&S@wef;ta&mufq;kH olrsm; jzpfonf?
aemufq;kH taejzifh *smr%DwiG rf l "e&SiEf iS hf oufO;D qHyikd f bk&if
pepfw@kd tqH;k tjzwfwu kd yf rJG mS t&Sed af umif;qJjzpfonf? uGejf rLepfrsm;
tzdk@ ‚wdk@ESifh "e&Sifrsm;t=um; tqHk;tjzwfwdkufyGJudk "e&Sifrsm;
tm%mr&rD rqifE$JEdkifonfhtwGuf "e&Sifrsm;udk jrefjrefòzcsEdkif&ef
jrefEikd o f r#jrefpmG tm%m&atmif ulnjD cif;onf uGejf rLepfrsm;tzd@k
tusK;d &So d nf? xd@k a=umifh uGejf rLepfrsm;onf tpd;k &rsm;udk qef@usi+f y;D
"e&Siv f pfb&,fygwrD sm;udk axmufc&H rnfjzpfaomfvnf; "e&Sirf sm;.
vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;r_rsm;udk owd&Sd&rnfjzpfum "e&SifatmifyGJu
ypPn;f rJrh sm;twGuf o,f,v l mrnfqakd om qGaJ qmifjzm;a,mif;csuf
uwdrsm;udk em;a,mifroGm;&efjzpfonf? "e&Siaf tmifyrJG S uGejf rLepfrsm;
&&SEd ikd o f nfh wckwnf;aom tusK;d aus;Zl;rSm -
(1) uGejf rLepfrsm;. rlrsm;udu k muG,/f aqG;aEG;!‡Ed id_ ;f / 0g'jzef@
csEd ikd +f y;D Tenf;jzifh ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;udk uspu f spv
f pfvpf odyo f yd f onf;
onf; wdu k yf 0JG ifEikd af om pnf;±k;H r_&o dS nfh vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf pkpnf;
ay; Edik af om tajctaersm;udk wGe;f aqmfay;rnfh tcGit hf a&;trsK;d rsK;d rsm;?
(2) oufO;D qHyikd f tpd;k &rsm; usq;kH oGm;onfah e@rpS +y;D "e&SiEf iS hf
ypPn;f rJrh sm;. wdu k yf pJG wifonfh rv${J uefjzpf&yfw@kd jzpfonf? xdak e@rpS I
uGejf rLepfygw. D ay:vpDonf ,ck"e&Sirf sm; tm%m&aeonfh Edik if rH sm;&Sd
‚wd@k ygw. D ay:vpDEiS hf twlwyl if jzpfygvrd rhf nf? ?

1847 ckEpS f atmufwb

kd mvwGiaf &;om;onf?
*smrefbmomrS t*Fvyd b f momjyefqckd suf

oD;jcm;pmapmiftjzpf 1914 ckEpS w

f iG f xkwaf 0onf?

29
 rSwpf rk sm;

1? 1847 ckEpS w f iG f tde*f ,fu uGejf rLepfv*d t f zG@J twGuf vrf;pOfr=l urf;
2 &yfukd tar;tajzo¿mefEiS hf a&;cJo h nf? wckukd ZGev f rSma&;+yD; aemufwckukd
atmufwb kd mvrSma&;onf? uGejf rLepf0g'. rlrsm; qdkonfh 'kwd,pmwrf;udk
1914 ckESpfrSm yxrqHk;t}udrf yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhygonf? tapmydkif;a&;onfh ,Hk
=unfcsuEf iS hf ywfoufonfh uGejf rLepfrs;. 0efccH surf =l urf; pmwrf;udak wmh 1968
ckEpS uf srS awG@&&dS ygonf? ‚udk 1969 ckEpS f [rfbm*frmS yxrOD;qH;k t}udrf yHEk ydS f
xkwaf 0+yD; uGejf rLepfv*d t f zG@J . yxruGe*f &ufEiS hf ywfoufonfh pmwrf;av;
apmifEiS t hf wl “uGejf rLepfv*d f tzG@J wnfaxmifonfh pmwrf;rsm;” qdak om pmtkyf
i,frmS xnfo h iG ;f xm;onf?
uGejf rLepfv*d t f zG@J wnfaxmifonfh uGe*f &ufjzpfaom w&m;r#wr_v*d f
tzG@J . 1847 ZGev f uGe*f &ufrmS “,H=k unfcsuEf iS hf ywfoufonfh 0efccH su”f
rl=urf;udk a&;qJx G w k af 0+yD; tzG@J .tpkrsm; aqG;aEG;&efwifoiG ;f zd@k qH;k jzwfcyhJ gonf?
,ckrS ay:xGuf vmonfh pmwrf;onf Trl=urf;jzpf&ef tawmfaocsmygonf?
pmwrf; ESpcf u k kd E_id ;f ,SO=f unfjh cif;jzifh “uGejf rLepf0gg''.rlrsm;” onf tapmydik ;f
a&;onfh pmwrf;udk jykjyif˜jyifqifxm;jcif;om jzpfygonf? “uGejf rLepf0g'.rlrsm;”
wGif tde*f ,fu ar;cGe;f oH;k ckukd rajzbJxm;cJ+h yD; ESpaf e&mrSmawmh “rajymif;vJyg”
qdkonfhrSwfcsuf xnfhxm;um oltapmydkif;u a&;xm;aom pmwrf;xJu
tajzrsm;udk &nf!e¸ ;f xm;jcif;jzpfonf?
uGejf rLepfv*d t f zG@J / yJ&pft0ef;t0dik ;f &Sd acgi;f aqmifrt _ zG@J . !¸e=f um;
csut f & tde*f ,fu vkyif ef;pOfr=l urf; topfwcka&;qGcJ o hJ nf? 1847 atmuf
wdb k m 22 &uf aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;wGif tde*f ,fu “tppftrSeq f &kd ,
S vf pf” rdk
ppf[ufpf (Moses Hess) a&;qGo J nfh vkyif ef;pOfr=l urf;udk jyif;xefpmG a0zefco hJ nf?
xd@k aemuf ,if;rl=urf;udk aumfrwDu y,fcsvu kd +f yD; !¸e=f um;csuu f kd qH;k jzwf
vdu k jf cif; jzpfonf?“uGejf rLepf0g'.rlrsm;” udk y%mrrl=urf;tjzpf qufvufoabm
xm;vsuf tde*f ,fu rmhupf q f aD &;wJh 1847 ck / Ek0d ifbm23-24 ae@pyJG gpmwGif tar;
tajz yHpk aH [mif;}uD;udk jzKwfcsvu kd +f yD; a=unmpmwrf;yHpk EH iS hf vkyif ef;pOfw&yf a&;
qGoJ ifah =umif; ol@tjrifukd a&;om;xm;onf? uGejf rLepf vd*t f zG@J . 'kw, d t}urd f
uGe*f &uf (1847 Ed0k ifbm29- 'DZifbm 8) wGif rmhupf Ef iS hf tde*f ,fw@kd onf uGejf rLepf
0g'. tajccH odyeH` nf;usrrl sm;udk umuG,+f y;D uGejf rLepfygw. D a=unmpmwrf;yHpk EH iS hf
30
vkyif ef;pOfa&;qG&J ef wm0efay;jcif;cH&onf? a=unmpmwrf;udk a&;om;&mrSm
rmhupf 0f g'udk wnf axmiforl sm;onf “uGejf rLepf0g'.rlrsm;” wGif zGiq
hf x
kd m;onfh
w&m;rsm;udk toH;k ðycJ=h uonf?

2? aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGif a&;om;onfh ‚wdk@. usrf;rsm;wGif

rmhupf Ef iS hf tde*f ,fonf “vkyt f m;a&mif;csr”_ “vkytf m;wefz;kd ” ESihf vkyt f m;tc
(rmhupf f yxrqH;k oH;k cJo h nf?) qdo k nfh ae&mrsm;wGif ydrk w
kd u
d sonfh t,ltqrsm;
jzpfonfh “vkyt f m;pGr;f tm; a&mif;csr”_ “vkyt f m;pGr;f tm; wefz;kd ” ESihf “vkyt
f m;
pGr;f tm;tc” qdo k nfw@kd ukd tpm;xd;k cJo
h nf?

3? “,H=k unfcsuEf iS hf ywfoufonfh uGejf rLepfrsm;. 0efccH su”f rl=urf;

wGif Tar;cGe;f (eHywf 12) twGuf tajzrSm “vufry_ nmonfuav; qdo k rl sm;
onf ypPn;f rJrh sm;ESihf rwlujJG ym;pGm vGecf w hJ &hJ mpkEpS f (q,f&h pS &f mpk) u ae&mwum
eD;yg;rSm &SdcJh+yD; ,cktcsdefwGifvnf; [dkem;onfem;rSm awG@jrif&qJjzpfaeovdk
tvGeq f ;kH ,m,Domv#if ypPn;f rJh jzpfygonf? ol. &nfreS ;f csurf mS rdru d , kd w f ikd f
t&if;tES;D &vm+yD; TonfEiS hf wjcm;tvkyo f rm;rsm;udk aoG;pky&f efjzpfonf? *D;vf
vkyif ef;rsm; wnf&adS epOf od@k r[kwf *D;vfvyk if ef;wd@k . csKyx f ed ;f r_rS vGwaf jrmufro _ nf
twwfynm vkyif ef;rsm; twGi;f od@k tvky±f ykH pkH H enf;emrsm;udk o,faqmif
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31
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[kwf vlwpk. ordik ;f a&;&m jzpfay:wd;k wufr. _ tqifrh sm; azmfjycsujf zpfonf? od@k aomf
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w±kwfjynf/ yDuif;EkdifiHjcm;bmom yHkESdyfxkwfa0a&;Xmeu

1977 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJhaom t*Fvdyfbmomrltm; jyefqkdxm;jcif;jzpfonf?

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[kd0g'jzef@csda&;Xmeu xkwfa0onf?
1991 ck/ =o*kwfv 15 &uf?
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