Underground Structures

Engineering services for owners and contractors

COWI A/S
COWI A/S is a leading international consultancy rm, founded in 1930. COWI is a privately owned professional rm entirely independent of any manufacturer, supplier or contractor. The head ofce is located in Kongens Lyngby, about 12 km north of the centre of Denmarks capital Copenhagen. COWI employs around 3,300 staff, of which 1,400 are based outside Denmark in subsidiaries, branch ofces or project ofces. 2,100 employees are professionals holding Ph.D., M.Sc. or B.Sc. degrees in civil, structural, geotechnical, mechanical or electrical engineering and other academic areas such as geology, hydrology, chemistry, biology, agronomy, sociology, economy and planning. The annual turnover in 2005 was 350 Million Euro. More than half of the companys turnover is generated outside Denmark in more than 100 countries around the world.
Department for tunnels and underground structures

COWI's head ofce in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.

and underground structures worldwide, and the consultancy activities occupy almost 100 engineers and other professionals generating an annual turnover in the order of 10 million Euro.
Clients

construction. Knowledge about optimised design and construction is also the basis, when we design for owners.
Quality management

COWI has provided cost-effective designs of tunnels and underground structures for more than 50 years for clients all over the world. COWI is currently involved in some 20-30 projects with tunnels

COWI works for owners as well as for contractors. We advocate for a close dialogue with the contractor (BOT and design-build projects) in order to optimise the design and

COWI has established an internal quality assurance system, which is ISO 9001 certied. All design activities are carried out in accordance with individual project quality plans tailored to meet the specic requirements of each project.

Photo: Morten Larsen

Underground facilities
COWIs experience covers a wide range of underground facilities including: Deep basement structures Underground parking spaces Underground mall facilities Underground storage facilities Retention basins Pumping stations Shelters Underpasses and pedestrian tunnels Road and rail tunnels and ramps Underground railway and metro stations Shafts

The new playhouse in Copenhagen.

Domicile at Copenhagen Harbour water front.

Copenhagen metro station.

Photo: Stig Stasig

Underground parking.

Photomontage: Lundgaard & Trandberg Arkitekter

Types of services
Consultancy services and expertise covering all project phases: All phases Process management Project management Risk management Quality management Health and safety management Environmental management Feasibility phase Ideas generation and evaluation Feasibility studies Cost estimation (considering uncertainties) Construction and procurement scheduling Environmental impact assessment Design phase Design management Establishment of design basis Safety and evacuation analyses Natural hazard analyses (storm water, ooding, seismic action etc.) Civil and structural design Construction aspects and constructability Geotechnical and hydrological design Durability and water tightness design M&E installations Operational risk assessment Design of utility relocation from construction area Design documentation Authority and public phase Authority approval management Property consultancy Land acquisition management Archaeological consultancy Public consultation Tender phase Development of tender design and documents Management of tender procedures Bid design Value engineering Preparation of contract for construction Construction phase Construction management Construction risk assessment Building damage survey and monitoring Interface coordination Programme and budget control Site supervision Design follow-up As-built documentation Birth certicate for concrete structures Contract and claims management Operation and maintenance (O&M) O&M management system Inspection of structures and installations Ranging of maintenance and reinvestment needs Repair and maintenance design

COWIs services cover the whole life cycle of a project from the early ideas through feasibility studies, conceptual and detailed design and construction to the operation phase and rehabilitation or decommissioning. Our services range from professional advice on a particular problem to comprehensive planning and total engineering design and implementation of large-scale projects. COWI provides one-stopshopping services for both owners and contractors. COWI can provide all relevant services or, alternatively, lead a team with international and local consultants, depending on the owners wishes and preferences. Our involvement in complex and demanding tunnel and underground projects over the years has lead to the development of particular in-house knowledge for which we are internationally recognized.
Design tools

IBDAS is an integrated design and analysis software tool developed at COWI which allows for geometrical modelling, structural analysis and verication of engineering structures and generation of construction drawings. ROBOT is a nite element program for analysis and design of beam, truss, slab, shell and 3D structures. DuraCrete is a probabilistic concrete durability design tool which allows calculation of service life of reinforced concrete structures threatened by reinforcement corrosion.

Advanced and reliable design tools are a prerequisite for carrying out an optimised design. COWI uses a number of computerised tools in our designs including the following: FLAC is a nite difference program widely used for modelling in geotechnical and tunnelling design. PLAXIS is a nite element program specically developed for numerical analysis of geotechnical and underground structures. ABAQUS is one of the leading multi-purpose nite element programs for a wide spectrum of numerical analyses in engineering and natural science.

Construction pit, Triangeln Station at Malm Citytunnel, Sweden.

Photo: Perry Nordeng

Underground structures
Underground structures form a main part of underground facilities. Our in-house experience covers all of the following types of underground structures: Large and deep retaining wall structures In-situ cast concrete structures built within a construction pit Ground anchors for retaining walls or to counterbalance uplift Temporary propping for retaining walls Retaining concrete wall structures with footing Bored piles used for foundations and tension piles Slurry walls Related or similar works to all of the above Examples on types of related works are: Groundwater control Ground movements Ground treatment Watertightness Durability

District heating tunnel Copenhagen. Great Belt Tunnel, Denmark.

Photo: Henrik Pyndt Srensen

Excavation under space constraints

In urban areas underground structures often have to be constructed under space constraints. Structures may have to be constructed with limited space between and close to existing buildings and in some situations structures may even have to be constructed below existing buildings and structures. Construction under space constraints requires special attention to neighbouring buildings and structures, which in some areas may require temporary support during construction or a permanent reconstruction of the affected part of the building and foundation. COWI develops tailormade solutions to specic problems in close cooperation with the owner and the contractor.

Construction of Triangeln Station at Malm Citytunnel, Sweden.

Construction of Christianhavn Metro Station, Copenhagen.

Construction of Frederiksberg Metro Station, Copenhagen.

Retaining wall structures

Construction of Triangeln Station at Malm Citytunnel, Sweden.

Diaphragm wall construction in Copenhagen.

Skylight

Concourse level
Technical rooms Technical rooms

Platform

Retaining wall structures are primarily used for retaining construction pits. Walls are either temporary or part of the permanent underground structure. Normally retaining walls are exposed to external ground and waterpressure, and during the construction period and in the permanent situation they are subject to a number of different load combinations depending on the design of permanent works, temporary works and the construction method. Retaining wall structures include embedded retaining walls such as secant pile walls and diaphragm walls, large sheet pile walls and soldier pile walls.

Ground anchors may be temporary or permanent, and may be used for horisontal xing of a retaining wall structure or to counterbalance vertical uplift forces on a structure. COWI provides cost-efcient solutions by integrating temporary and permanent works where possible. By using the retaining wall structures as part of the permanent structure, cost savings can be achieved compared to solutions where conventional construction pits and separate permanent structures are applied. The use of permanent ground anchors may, in some solutions, also provide a more cost-efcient solution.

Station area

A typical Copenhagen metro station.

District heating tunnel, Copenhagen.

Photo: Henrik Pyndt Srensen

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Control of groundwater and ground movement

COWI is able to incorporate into the design of the works any measures required for groundwater control and ground movement control. This may include extending the retaining wall depth for groundwater cut-off or ground treatment. Special measures may also be included to reduce ground movements by increasing the retaining wall stiffness or by additional support to the walls by increasing the number of props or anchors. The observational approach may be used and COWI has staff experienced in the application. Solutions can be provided that incorporate either temporary works only or a fully integrated solution that deals with both temporary and permanent works.
Groundwater control

solution. The impact from construction on the existing groundwater regime may have to be minimised, particularly in urban areas where there are buildings with foundations that are often sensitive to the settlements that may be induced by groundwater lowering. The amount of water that has to be abstracted during construction may also have to be minimised for environmental reasons. COWI has considerable experience in the design of groundwater control measures and is able to design integrated and economical solutions for underground works that include the groundwater control requirements.
Ground movement control

together with predicting the deformation caused by the works. The appropriate measures that properly control these risks can then be incorporated into the retaining wall solution. Monitoring of the performance of the retaining wall structure and ground movements are often necessary, particularly in urban areas, and COWI has considerable experience in the management of monitoring systems and in the interpretation of monitoring data. Monitoring can be used with the observation method to provide signicant economic advantages for certain structures and COWI has engineers experienced in the application of this method.
Ground treatment

Control of the groundwater is an important consideration in the design of underground works, and it is often one of the critical factors when choosing the retaining wall

The deection of retaining walls in urban areas may have to be limited in order to protect nearby buildings and structures from damage. COWI is able to carry out building risk assessments in order to consider the risk to nearby structures

Ground treatment may be required as part of the construction works for a number of reasons. These include the following: reducing the permeability of the ground for groundwater control improving the strength and stiffness of the ground to reduce ground movements and increase stability. The ground treatment techniques that may be used include the following: permeation grouting jet grouting ground freezing soil mixing COWI has engineers who have experience in most ground treatment techniques and in providing economical solutions where ground treatment is appropriate.

Photo: Henrik Pyndt Srensen

Ground treatment in Copenhagen.

Watertightness and durability

Watertightness

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Plan section analysis.

Underground structures are normally exposed to an external water pressure, and permanent structures and joints must therefore be watertight. Watertightness of the structure may be ensured by designing a watertight concrete, the use of watertight joints and possibly use of waterproong membranes, depending on the actual requirements. COWI provides up-to-date watertight design solutions.
Durability

Leaking tunnel with iceformation.

Underground structures often need to be designed to resist attacks from e.g. chlorides and sulfates etc., present in the soils and groundwater, and to fulll a lifetime requirement in the excess of 100 years. COWI is among the most experienced experts in the world when it comes to durability and has chaired a number of internationally recognised research projects in this eld. COWI provides a probabilistic based durability design of structures, which determines the required concrete cover of reinforcement on the basis of the chosen receipt for concrete and the concrete properties, the chosen type of reinforce-

ment, the actual environment and the lifetime requirement given by the owner. On the basis of the durability design and the actually detected (tested) construction quality, the new concrete structures are provided with a birth certicate when constructed which documents the quality of the structure at handing-over. COWI also provides solutions to maintenance or rehabilitation of concrete structures which suffer from damages, inadequate concrete quality or environmentally determined deterioration. In addition, COWI is experienced in alternative designs for particular aggressive environmental conditions and for high service life demands, such as designs of concrete structures using stainless steel alone or in combination with black steel in the parts of the structures where higher protection is needed. One other alternative design solution which COWI is experienced in is the use of steel bre reinforcement. Apart from this modern rational service life design COWI offers professional consultancy in connection with concrete investigations, e.g. our in-house specialists carry out petrographic analyses.

Heavily corroded concrete pilar.

Transport processes of underground structures (principle).

Importance of concrete cover and workmanship.

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Design optimisation - the winning project

Reinforcement, cut & cover tunnel, Malm Citytunnel.

To create a winning project the right concept for design and construction method must be chosen. COWI has many years of experience in the business and is able to, in close contact with the owner or the contractor, to detect and determine the winning concepts - which full the owners requirements. COWI optimises design of structures and related works to ensure an optimal constructability and to keep material quantities at a minimum. This is achieved by using experienced project managers and designers on the projects and by designing the works using up-to-

date design tools. Integration of temporary and permanent works where possible and integration of design and construction methods are key-points in providing value engineering.

Contract signing Busan-Geoje Immersed Tunnel, Korea.

Copenhagen Metro stations

Completed: 2002. Client: restadsselskabet I/S Services by COWI: Outline design and tender documents. Review of the contractors detailed design. Construction management and supervision.

Qatar National Library Description: High-rise building (117 m) with a central core of 3 columns (120 m tall and 9 m high) based on about 2000 reinforced concrete piles and other foundation elements (pile caps/ raft/ground beams). Spreebogen Tunnels, Berlin, Germany Description: 530 m long and 90 m wide tunneled trafc corridor below the river Spree in Berlin. The cut & cover tunnels comprised dual lane road, railway and metro tunnels, placed in 20 m deep excavations below groundwater and jetgrouted or anchored bottoms. Completed: 2001 Client: Spie - Batignolles SA Services by COWI: Detailed design. Dubai Metro, United Arabes Emirates Description: Tender design for Dubai Metro underground stations and cut & cover tunnels. The project comprised tender design of 10 underground stations and 4 cut & cover tunnels. The stations and cut & cover tunnels were designed with diaphragm walls as part of the permanent structures and an inner wall to ensure 100 years design life in saline conditions. Construction would use top down methods and was developed in close cooperation with the contractor. Completed: 2004 - 2005
Photo: Henrik Pyndt Srensen

Completed: 2005 Client: Qatar Petroleum Services by COWI: Consultancy services on concrete technology and durability of the as-built substructures (piles and foundation), service life assessment, assessment of structural capacity, structural and durability testing and possible repair solutions.

Client: Besix nv Belgium and Orascom Construction Industries, Egypt. Dubai. Services by COWI: Tender design comprising establishment of design basis, provide drawings and calucaltions, description of construction methods and quantities as basis for contractors bid.

Copenhagen district heating tunnel shafts Description: 3 large shafts, 35 m deep, app. 20-25 m diameter circular or oval for construction of 4 km, 5 m ext. diameter TBM bored tunnel. The project is carried out using a partnering model covering the client, the consultant and the concractor. Completed: 2008 Client: Copenhagen Energy (KE) Contractor: KFT-JV (MT Hjgaard and Hochtief) Services by COWI: Feasibility study, conceptual and preliminary design, tender documents and contract negotiation, detailed design and supervision. Malm Citytunnel, cut & Cover tunnel, Sweden Description: Connection from bored tunnels to surface by 360 m cut & cover tunnel and 390 m permanently drained open ramp at the southern part of the tunnel project for a regional railway connecting to the resund Link railway. Completed: 2011 Client: Banverket (Swedish National Rail Administration)
Photo: Christoffer Kolbjrnsen

Services by COWI: Conceptual studies, clients tender design, design follow-up during construction.

Photo: restadsselskabet / Sren Hytting

Selected references

Description: 7 deep and 3 shallow underground stations on Copenhagen Metro lines M1 and M2.

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Copenhagen Airport railway station and resund Link Tunnels Description: 600 m long cut & cover double-tracked railway station on the resund Link railway. The 10 m deep construction pit was retained by large sheet pile walls and secant pile walls. In addition, app. 4 km cut & cover tunnels between Copenhagen Central Station and the Copenhagen Airport. Completed: 2001 Client: resund A/S Services by COWI: For various parts of the works: Tender documents, detailed design, design check, construction management, technical support and site supervision.

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Selected references

Bosphorus Crossing, Turkey Description: 13.3 km underground railway line crossing the Bosphorus strait including 4 stations and 1.8 km cut & cover tunnel. Completed: 2010 Client: HPYG JV: Hazama (J), Penta-Ocean (J), Yksel (TR) and Gris (TR). Services by COWI: Tender design programme management.

Terminal tunnel at Seeb International Airport, Oman Description: App. 500 m long 45 m wide tunnel between two terminal buildings below two aircraft taxiways. Completed: 2011 Client: Ministry of Transport & Communication, Sultanate of Oman. Services by COWI: Conceptual design, preliminary design and detailed design.

Pumping station for wastewater, Copenhagen Description: Pumping station located at reclaimed land within the harbour area Completed: 1998 Client: Municipality of Copenhagen Services by COWI: Geotechnical and environmental investigations, detailed design, tender preparation and negotiation, supervision

Great Belt Tunnel, Denmark Description: App. 1 km cut & cover tunnels and ramps at either end of the Great Belt xed link railway between Funen and Zealand. Completed: 1998 Client: A/S Storebltsforbindelsen (Great Belt A/S) Services by COWI: Tender design, tender evaluation, detailed design of structures and mechanical installations, design follow-up during construction and site supervision.

Skansenlpet Tunnel, Trondheim, Norway Description: 700 m cut & cover, two-lane road tunnel incl. 100 m immersed tunnel. Completed: 2008 Client: Reinertsen-Pihl JV Services by COWI: Contractors tender design of permanent concrete structures.

Photo: Jens Frederiksen

Falkoner All cut & cover tunnel, Copenhagen Metro Description: 100 m cut & cover tunnel, housing a crossover and a number of technical rooms for the Metro and for the adjacent Frederiksberg Station. The majority of the structure is a conventional in-situ cast box structure constructed within temporary retaining walls, situated extremely close to existing buildings and crossing Falkoner All. In the deepest part of the excavation a temporary slab was cast by using underwater concrete. Completed: 2001 Client: restadsselskabet I/S Services by COWI: Detailed design and tender documents.

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Leirvik Tunnel, Faeroe Islands Description: 400 m cut & cover, two-lane road tunnel alternative bypassing the harbour. Completed: 2005 Client: Teknistovan in Gta for Landsverk. Services by COWI: Outline project in cooperation with client and HMP Consult.

Copenhagen Metro cut & cover tunnels Description: App. 1.5 km cut & cover tunnels and ramps on Copenhagen Metro lines M1 and M2. Completed: 2002. Client: restadsselskabet I/S Services by COWI: Outline design and tender documents. Review of the contractors detailed design. Construction management and supervision.

Bahrain Financial Harbour Financial Centre and Harbour House Description: Very large construction complex comprising two 53-storey towers, a 9-storey nancial mall between the two towers and a 12-storey harbour house. The total built-up area is 250,000 m2. The buildings are based on large underground structures such as raft, piles, basement wall etc. A design life of 60 years has been specied. The durability design of the construction located in the worlds most aggressive environment for concrete structures is a very demanding job. Completed: 2009 Client: Bahrain Financial Harbour Holding Co. Services by COWI: COWI-ALMOAYED GULF (CAG) was awarded the post contract civil & structural sub-consultancy services for the design and build project of Bahrain Financial Harbour, Financial Centre. Design check and construction supervision of structural elements. Durability assessment of asbuilt structures and elaboration of a birth certicate.

Christiansbro, construction pit in Copenhagen Description: Construction pit for basement under a 5-storey building in the centre of the city close to harbour and sensible buildings. Construction pit consisted of sheet pile walls and diaphragm walls. Completed: 1998 Client: Danish Labour Market Supplementary Pension Fund (ATP) Services by COWI: Geotechnical investigations, detailed design, tender preparation, supervision.

COWI ofces

COWI Group Main Ofce

Photo: Henrik Pyndt Srensen

COWI A/S Parallelvej 2 DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark Tel. +45 45 97 22 11 Fax +45 45 97 22 12 www.cowi.com

District heating tunnel, Copenhagen.

COWI project managers, Underground Structures

www.cowi.com

Torsten Mlgaard Head of Department tm@cowi.com

Sren Degn Eskesen sde@cowi.com

Christian Boye cbo@cowi.com

Carola Edvardsen cle@cowi.com

Morten Faurschou mnf@cowi.com

Peter Jackson pgr@cowi.com

Lars Erichsen le@cowi.com

Thomas Gierlevsen Middle East ofce thgi@cowi.com

Mogens A. Hviid Middle East ofce mah@cowi.com

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Front page: District heating tunnel, Copenhagen. Photo: Henrik Pyndt Srensen.