THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF AQUA-CULTURE FARMING IN IN HOMA- BAY DISTRICT, HOMABAY COUNTY, KENYA.

BY:

OCHIENG JAMES OWEK.

REGISTRATION NUMBER:

PG/MA/06004/2010.

A PROPOSAL SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN PROJECT PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT.

MASENO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECHTURE DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING

AUGUST 2012

MASENO UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING MASTERS OF ARTS IN PROJECT PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT. THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF AQUA-CULTURE FARMING IN IN HOMA- BAY DISTRICT, HOMABAY COUNTY, KENYA. ABSTRACT. Global consumption of fish has doubled since 1973, and the developing world has been responsible for nearly all of this growth. Countries with rapid population growth, rapid income growth, and urbanization tend to have the greatest increases in consumption of animal products, including fish products, and the developing world has experienced all three trends. China, where income growth and urbanization have been major factors, dominates consumption of fish products, (Manomaitis 2012) Main Objective of the studyo is To establish the challenges of fish production and marketing faced by fish farmers in Homabay District.The specific objectives of the study include.To identify the challenges faced by aquaculture farmers in the production of fish in Homabay District,to identify the challenges faced by aquaculture farmers in the marketing of fish in Homa bay District , to establish strategies required to improve fish production and marketing by aquaculture farmers in Homabay District. Stratified simple random sampling technique will be used in this study to get a sample of 106 aquaculture farmers from a population of 146 aquaculture farmers in Homabay District.Data will be analysed using descriptive statistics like the mean and the percentages. To meet increasing fish demands, effective practical plans must be implemented to maximize and prolong the high fish production that characterizes the impoundments. Its in this essence that the fishing community has been encouraged to engage in fish farming. This study is therefore geared towards establishing the general acceptance by the locals of the fish farming entrepreneurship within Homa-bay district, and if the fish farming project will achieve the objective of having more fish stocks within the local and international markets thus improving the economic capacity of the fish farmers. STUDENTS NAME: OCHIENG, JAMES OWEK Reg. no. P/G/M/A/06004/2010 SIGN :DATE:. SUPERVISORMR. JACK ABUYA OGALLASCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE SIGNDATE:.

ACRONYMS EU European Union

LVFO Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation DFO District fisheries Officer KMFRI Kenya Marine and Fisheries Institute FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation GDP Gross Domestic Product MDGs Millennium Development Goals NO & FP National Oceans and Fisheries Policy TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents

Page

ABSTRACT. Global consumption of fish has doubled since 1973, and the developing world has been responsible for nearly all of this growth. Countries with rapid population growth, rapid income growth, and urbanization tend to have the greatest increases in consumption of animal products, including fish products, and the developing world has experienced all three trends. China, where income growth and urbanization have been major factors, dominates consumption of fish products, (Manomaitis 2012) ............................................................................................................2 Contents Page.............................................................................................................5 CHAPTER ONE.................................................................................................................5 1.0 Introduction...................................................................................................................5 1.1 Background of the study...............................................................................................5 1.3 Statement of the problem. ...........................................................................................7 The government of Kenya has since established the fish farming enterprise programme that includes allocation of economic stimulus fund for every constituency to facilitate construction of fish ponds. The availabilityof potential large tracks of land for fish farming and the current increased demand for fish calls for the locals to establish fish ponds to encourage fish farming........................................................................................7 1.4 Main Objective of the study.........................................................................................7 1.4.1 Specific Objectives of the study:...............................................................................7 1.5 Research questions:......................................................................................................8 1.6 Scope and limits of the study.......................................................................................8

CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background of the study Global consumption of fish has doubled since 1973, and the developing world has been responsible for nearly all of this growth. Countries with rapid population growth, rapid income growth, and urbanization tend to have the greatest increases in consumption of animal products, including fish products, and the developing world has experienced all three trends. China, where income growth and urbanization have been major factors, dominates consumption of fish products, (Manomaitis 2012) Kenya faces serious interrelated environmental problems, including deforestation, soil erosion, desertification, water shortage and degraded water quality, poaching, and domestic and industrial pollution. Water resources are under pressure from agricultural chemicals and urban and industrial wastes, as well as from use for hydroelectric power. A shortage of water is expected to pose a problem in the coming years .This will affect the population of fish population in the natural habitat.(Antony M. (1998).

Water-quality problems in lakes, including water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria, have contributed to a substantial decline in fishing output and endangered fish species. Output from forestry also has declined because of resource degradation. Overexploitation over the past three decades has reduced the countrys timber resources by one-half. At present only 3 percent of the land remains forested, and an estimated 5,000 hectares of forest are lost each year. This loss of forest aggravates erosion, the silting of dams and flooding, and the loss of biodiversity (FAO,2000). Lake Victoria or Victoria Nyanza is one of the African Great Lakes. Spanning three East African countries - Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda; it supports over 30 million people, employing millions either directly or indirectly in fishing and fish-related industries. A rapidly growing population, clearance of natural vegetation along its shores, the loss of many of its indigenous fish species, the prolific growth of algae, dumping of untreated industrial effluent, and a booming fish-export industry,(Antony M. (1998). Kenya enjoys a competitive advantage for aquaculture in terms of access to diverse fresh and marine water resources. It has 1.4 million hectares of potential fish farming land which is currently under-utilized. The countrys vast water system favours the farming of a wide variety of cultured fish species and can be used for large scale production. The country is endowed with a lot of water resources that include springs, wetlands, ocean waters, rivers, water reservoirs and other temporary water bodies. However, only 50,000 hectares of the 1.4 million hectares of potential land suitable for aquaculture production is currently being utilized (Abila R.O ,2002). The government recognizes the constraints hindering aquaculture growth and development and realizes that the sub-sector could play an important role in poverty reduction especially in the rural population, provision of protein food and reduction of fishing pressure on natural resources. To this end, during the preparation of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, aquaculture development was identified as a core activity for funding through the Medium Term Expenditure Framework budgeting system. Within this framework the study would wish to establish the acceptance of fish farming in Homabay district and to what extent the funds allocated for various projects have been utilised,(GOK 2007) The Kenyan government has injected close to KSh 4 billion since 2009 to implement the fish farming enterprise productivity programme. The sector has contributed 7.4 per 6

cent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This amounted to KSh 2 billion in the 2011 financial year, making it one of the highest income earners and a core activity under the National Oceans and Fisheries Policy in the Ministry of Fisheries Development (East African Standard, Tuesday 31/1/12). 1.3 Statement of the problem. The government of Kenya has since established the fish farming enterprise programme that includes allocation of economic stimulus fund for every constituency to facilitate construction of fish ponds. The availabilityof potential large tracks of land for fish farming and the current increased demand for fish calls for the locals to establish fish ponds to encourage fish farming. Fish farming will highly reduce the pressure currently on Lake Victoria as source of fish. There is currently experiencing depletion of fish stocks occasioned by increased water pollution from the industries and local population, destruction of fish breeding sites, invasion by the water hyacinth and over fishing including harvesting of under size fish stocks.Despites fish farming enterprise fund programme the stock of fish in the market is lower compared to the demand leading to high cost of the commodity within the local market . This study is therefore geared towards establishing the general acceptance by the locals of the fish farming within Homa-bay district, and if the fish farming project will achieve the objective of having more fish stocks within the local and international markets. 1.4 Main Objective of the study. To investigate the challenges of fish production and marketing faced by fish farmers in Homabay District. 1.4.1 Specific Objectives of the study: The specific objectives of the study include.
1. To identify the challenges faced by aquaculture farmers in the production of fish

in Homabay District.

2. To identify the challenges faced by aquaculture farmers in the marketing of fish

in Homabay District
3. To establish strategies required to improve fish production and marketing by

aquaculture farmers in Homabay District. 1.5 Research questions:

1. What are the challenges faced by aquaculture farmers in the production of fish

in Homabay District?
2. What are the challenges faced by aquaculture farmers in the marketing of fish

in Homabay District
3. What are strategies required to improve fish production and marketing by

aquaculture farmers in Homabay District.

1.6 Scope and limits of the study. The study will be limited to Homa-bay District within Homa-bay County in western Kenya . The study will be focused in Homabay District which lies within the lake region. The study will focus on the challenges faced by fish farmer in the production and marketing of fish in Homabay District.

1.7 Justification of the study With the access to large fresh water mass by locals within Homabay district and availability of large tracks of unutilised land. Fish farming act as an alternative resource to the locals. This is supported by the Governments commitment to establish fish ponds in every constituency through the economic stimulus package in the Vision 2030 objective on poverty reduction. Fish especially Tilapia locally known has Ngege, is a delicacy sourced for globally and its high production through fish farming can highly improve the livelihoods of the Homabay district population.

Despite all this aquaculture famers still experience a lot of challenges, that is why this study seeks to establish the challenges these farmers undergo in fish production and marketing, and then try to come up with intervention measures.

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction A research on socio-economics, life and fish marketing systems of the Ssese islands of Lake Victoria, Uganda found out that fishery is only useful to a population if the people engaged in it benefit. They assessed at the benefits by looking at the methods of fishing, type and number of fish crafts, estimated catch per unit effort and income by examining the marketing systems. From the study it does not capture if the locals would

opt to do fish farming instead of complete engagement in Lake Victoria. (Gichuki J. (2001). Byaruhanga, (2000) established that each fisherman fishes freely without restrictions hence many fishing grounds in Kenya waters are being as a result of open access to the lake coupled with strong demand for fisheries products. Yongo (1991) on rich fisheries and poor fisher folk found out that the communities living along lake Victoria heavily depend on the fisheries as the only source of their disposal (ibid 1991). The study however did not touch on alternative sources of income for the fisher folk. The alternative source of fish that is fish ponds was not captured in his findings. In recent times, the fisheries sub-sector has been faced with a number of problems but the Ministry of fisheries has taken necessary steps to address them in consultation and collaboration with the resource users and other stakeholders, such as researchers, processors and environmentalists. The major problems facing the sub-sector include: Declining fish stocks in the natural water bodies; Conflict between various users of fisheries resources; Cross-border fishing and trade conflict; Fish marketing, especially the EU export market; Fish quality ; Lack of a comprehensive fisheries policy and a Fisheries Master Plan; Low funding levels for the Department and Slow capacity building and staff motivation.

2.2 fish Production Fishing pressure in some inland lakes, rivers and the shores of the Indian Ocean has contributed to a decline in fish production. One of the factors responsible for this is destructive fishing technologies, (GOK 2012) Technological advances that improve information and management methods are needed more than advances to increase fishing production. Satellite remote sensing and other information technologies can help provide better information about fish stocks as well 10

as help monitor fishing activity and improve consumer information about the condition and origin of fish products, (Christopher L. et al (2003). But successful management of the worlds fishing operations will depend on the coordination of technology and policy. One example is a vessel monitoring system, which employs satellite tracking to allow onshore tracking of vessel movements, thereby enhancing the enforcement of regulations. Technology is also crucial to avoiding the environmental damage and waste caused by certain fishing practices. Although some types of fishing gear may be banned altogether, others may be modified. By catch reduction devices, or BRDs, are increasingly used in fishing operations to lower the amount of unintended catch (Christopher L. et al (2003). Breeding technology in aquaculture is in its relative infancy. Breeders have significantly raised productivity for a few commercial species such as salmon, trout, and tilapia, but the successful cultivation and breeding of other species such as cod and blue fin tuna would be tremendous boost to high-value aquaculture. Genetic modification and biotechnology also hold tremendous potential to improve the quality and quantity of fish production in aquaculture, although not without significant controversy and risk. Biotechnology has the potential to enhance reproduction and the early developmental success of cultured organisms. The possible environmental effects of genetically modified aquatic organisms are not well understood, however, and concerns exist over possible human health risks. Although intensification of aquaculture can potentially generate high levels of environmental problems, capital intensive production systems often give producers more control over problems like effluent pollution and the spread of disease. Technology may in fact present economies of scale in the control of environmental problems. Intensification can raise the risk of disease, (Christopher L. et al (2003). Management techniques such as rotation of cultured species and lower-density stocking of organisms can partially address this risk, but antibiotics and water control technologies like aerators and water recirculation systems can also mitigate the stress caused by high concentrations of organisms. Technologies based on local knowledge systems and different political and cultural contexts can also help develop aquaculture in underexploited water bodies, such as rice paddies, irrigation canals, reservoirs, and seasonal or perennial ponds in developing countries. Some technologies long employed in traditional aquaculture systems can also be useful in addressing concerns raised by 11

water management, effluent control, disease control, and land use in intensified aquaculture, (Christopher L. et al (2003).

According to Gichuki (2001) the decline in fish production is blamed on increased pollution and lack of oxygen. It was established that the fish die due to lack of oxygen that affects light penetration that eventually makes fish not able to locate its food leading to their death. This affects the production of fish.

2.3 Challenges of Fish Marketing There are various challenges associated to fish marketing. First the development and access to markets of aquaculture products is constrained by poor state of roads, inadequate market information and infrastructure, fish disease and pests. Lack of sanitary standards for aquaculture products. Also, aquaculture products diversification and value addition are not yet fully developed Fishing is an important source of food, employment and foreign exchange particularly for Kenyans living in the Lake Region and coastal area. Aggregate fish landings from inland waters showed significant growth increasing from 25,845 tonnes in 1970 to a peak of 203,454 tonnes in 1999. The production has been declining since 2000 due to over fishing. Lake Victoria is one of the important sources of fish accounting for 93% of national catch. Fish production can be increased by promoting sustainable capture fisheries in Lakes, Rivers and the ocean and encouraging culture fisheries. Conditions necessary for fish farming including integrated fish farming are readily available in Kenya (GOK, 2001).

2.4 Strategies For improved Fish Production and Marketing by Aquaculture farmers. In the case of small scale fisheries, where little or nothing is known, management regulations are based on regulating catch ability based on mesh size, capture size, gear regulations and closed areas/seasons. This leads to the uptake of targeted fish species

12

and size selection which in turn leads to a change in age and size structure of the fishery resulting in younger and smaller individuals as the larger mature fish are taken up from the fishery. He indicated that recent research shows that fishing effort in small-scale fisheries is regulated by fluctuating natural production from highly resilient fish communities. By using a wide range of highly adaptive fishing methods, each of which selects specific sections of a fish community; an overall unselective fishing pattern may arise which harvests all components according to their relative abundance. Such unregulated, non-selective, adaptive fishing patterns appear far more ecosystem conserving than current single species management approaches( Kenya ,Republic of, (2004). According to Dr. Muthiga (2010) the opportunities for management of aquaculture is very crucial for production and marketing of fish in the East African region. She demonstrated how anthropogenic pressures including overfishing and climate change threaten region resources.. She showed that in coral reef areas the top-down national management was most effective in no-take closures while gear management worked best when implemented at the local level with communities. She shared findings from work done in the WIO region that show that communities are able to transform and adapt social-ecological systems that enable them to reduce dependence on natural resources. The level at which scientific information is generated in studies of the coastal and marine environment in Kenya was also elaborated in the presentation byshowingpublication trends indifferent fields. Gaps in microbiological studies and natural products were noted as well as in critical habitats such as sea grasses.

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CHAPTER THREE 3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Area of study Homabay district falls within Homabay County in Western Kenya. Homabay boarders Rachuonyo South to the East, Rongo District on the south, Ndhiwa and Mbita districts to the west. Homabay district has two divisions namely Rangwe and Asego. The district has has a population of 194,408 people living on an area of 458.5 square Km. the main languages spoken are Dholuo, Kiswahili and English, however Homabay town is cosmopolitan with a mix of several ethnic communities and people from different races. The topography is undulating with seasonal streams meandering through the plain lands and rounded hills towards Lake Victoria. The major economic activities in the area include fishing, fish trade, subsistence agriculture, and livestock keeping.(Central Bureau of Statistics, Homa bay)

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Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, Homabay Distric 3.2 Population of study There are 3188 farmers owning 4382 pounds in the western Kenya region. This represents a total area of about 60 hectares of pond water surface. Their fish farming experience ranges from 134 years. Majority of the fish ponds or farms are individualowned, though a few are owned by Women Groups, Youth Groups, Self Help Groups or Institutions. The average pond size is 170 m2. Table 1 indicates the number of active farmers and ponds on data base LBDA (2004). Table 1 - Number of Active Farmers and Ponds on Data Base NO. OF NO. OF TOTAL AVERAGE FARMERS PONDS AREA POND m2 POND SIZE (m2) 310 241 336 372 58291 43620 174 160

DISTRICT VIHIGA SIAYA

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NYAMIRA MIGORI KISUMU BUNGOMA BUSIA

387 344 245 403 216

469 579 430 554 311 197 439 695 4382

61841 43336 65759 91990 54580 33815 71429 82492 607153

135 157 252 166 175 173 163 119

HOMA BAY 146 KAKAMEGA 330 KISII TOTALS 566 3188

Source: LBDA Fish Farming Data Base (2004). The study population are the aquaculture farmers involved in fish industry. aquaculture farmers selected from the sampling frame in Table 3.1 below. 3.3 Sample and Sampling Procedure Stratified simple random sampling technique will be used in this study to get a sample of 106 aquaculture farmers from a population of 146 aquaculture farmers in Homabay District. Respondents who will not be reached for any reason will be replaced in their respective locations to maintain the sample size. 3.4 Table 1: Sample Frame/Size Table 3.1:Table for determining sample size from a given population. (Source: Krejcie, ROBERT V., Morgan, Daryle W., Determining sample size for Research Activities) N 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 S 10 14 19 24 28 32 36 40 N 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 180 S 80 86 92 97 103 108 113 118 N 280 290 300 320 340 360 380 400 S 162 165 169 175 181 186 181 196 N 800 850 900 950 1000 1100 1200 1300 S 260 265 269 274 278 285 291 297 N 2800 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 6000 7000 S 338 341 246 351 351 357 361 364 The

sampling frame is 146 aquaculture farmers in Homabay district. The sample size is 106

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50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

44 48 52 56 59 63 66 70 73 76

190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 270

123 127 132 136 140 144 148 152 155 159

420 440 460 480 500 550 600 650 700 750

201 205 210 214 217 225 234 242 248 256

1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2200 2400 2600

302 306 310 313 317 320 322 327 331 335

8000 9000 10000 15000 20000 30000 40000 50000 75000 100000

367 368 373 375 377 379 380 381 382 384

NOTE: N is population size; S is sample size 3.5 Data collection procedures The study will be based on two types of data, which are Primary data and Secondary data. Primary data will be sought using several methods focusing on the study objectives. These will include the use of questionnaires, key informants ,interview and observation. Interviews will be conducted with cross section of key informants in the Ministry of Fisheries at the district level. Through observation it will be possible to note the general feeling of the locals towards fish farming and possible circumstances that may have led to the challenges. Secondary data will include information from academics journals, periodicals, seminar papers, newspaper reports of KMFRI, LVFO and books. A review of literature on fish production and marketing relevant to the study will be done. 3.7 Data analysis procedure Data will be coded accordingly and the coded responses then transferred in summary sheets and tabulated: they will be tallied to establish absolute frequencies which will be converted to percentage frequencies. Basic descriptive statistics such as mean, mode and the median will be employed to analyse the data, according to the nature of responses.

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3.8 Data presentation The results will be presented using text tables, graphs and photographs. The conclusions and recommendations will be made based on the results of the study.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abila R.O (2002). A socio Economic analysis of fisheries cooperatives of lake Victoria (Kenya). PhD. Thesis. University of Hull Abila R.O and Jensen E.G (1997). From local to global markets: the fish processing and exporting industry on Kenyan part of Lake Victoria. Centre for the development and environment, university of Oslo, Oslo

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Abila R.O and Jensen E.G (1997). The fish exporting and fishmeal Industries of Lake Victoria. Structures. Strategies and socio economic impacts in Kenya Antony M. (1998). Socio- economic impacts of water hyacinth 1 Lake Victoria. A research dissertation. Egerton university. Unpublished Christopher L. et al (2003). The Future of Fish. Issues and trends to 2020. International food policy research institute 2033 K Street, NW Washington, dc 20006-1002 USA Food and agriculture organisation, (2000). Fisheries Resources Management. Fisheries technical paper 347, pp83. Arusha, Tanzania. Food and agriculture organisation, (2002). Anti- hunger program reducing hunger through agricultural and rural development and wider access to food. First draft. Rome,. PP. 11. Gichuki J.(2001). Species inventory and local uses of plants and fishes of lower SonduMirui wetland of lake Victoria, Kenya. Hydrobiologia 458:99106. pp99 GOK 2012. Ministry of Fisheries Development. Developed by University of Nairobi, ICT Cente IUCN socio economics of lake Victoria fisheries report No. 1. IUCN- EARO. Nairobi Jan Douwe Manderstone,(1997). Income and diversity and family systems modelling of family households in lombo, Indonesia. Royal institute, Netherlands. Joint integrated assistance programme.(2002). Kenya fish sub-sector. Diagnostic report of joint integrated assistance programme to selected least developed and other African countries, ITC, UNCTAD, WTO Kenya ,Republic of,(2003). Economic Recovery Strategy (ERS) Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development. Government Printers - Nairobi Kenya ,Republic of,(2004). Strategy of Revitalizing Agriculture. Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development. Pp8. Government printers Nairobi

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Kenya ,Republic of,(2007). Kenya Vision 2030. A Globally Competitive and Propesrous Nation. Government Printers Nairobi. Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization,(2006 ).BMU Fisheries Co-management . Lake Victoria fisheris Organisation.Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation Secretariat Publications. Lake Victoria Organisation ,(2007).Frame Survey.Population of Fisheries Resource Users in Lake Victoria.Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation Secretariat Publication Manomaitis L. 2012. Global Aquaculture Alliance. Southeast Asian Regional Office 541 Orchard Road#11-03 Liat Towers Singapore 238881 Yongo (1991) on rich fisheries and poor fisher folk

WORK SCHEDULE

YEAR 2012 2012 2012 2012

MONTH January Feb March April

SCHEDULE Sharpening the focus and research design Review of related literature Submision of first draft of proposal Revision of proposal and presentation 20

2012 2012 2012

May June July

Field work Data analysis Writing and project

typing

of

2012

August

Submission, of final project.

Defence,

Correction and submission

BUDGET ACTIVITY/ITEM 1.TRAVELING Fuel Fare 2.ACCOMODATION Break fast Lunch Supper Bed 100 100 100 300 15 days 15 days 15 days 15 days 1500 1500 1500 4500 9000 100 100 60 litres 15pp*5 days 6000 7500 14500 UNIT COST(ksh) QUATITY AMOUNT(ksh) TOTAL

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3 SECRETERIAL Enumerators cost Proposal typing/printing Proposal photocopy Questionnaire photocopy/typing Proposal binding Project typing Project photocopy 4.STATIONARY Field note book Document Holder Envelopes Foolscaps(ruled) Foolscaps(plain) Pens/pencils 5.COMPUTER/PHONE Airtime Data processing SUB TOTAL Contingency 10% GRAND TOTAL QUESTIONAIRE INSTRICTION: TICK WHERE APPROPRIATE QUESTIONAIRE NO. DECLARATION: The information obtained will be used only for academic purposes. SECTION A: PERSONAL DETAILS 1. What is your? a. Name (optional)Location . b. Sex male female 1 2 200 per card 60 per hr 15 days 100 hrs 3000.00 6000.00 9000.00 86560 8656 95216 300/head/day 30 per page 4 per page 30 per page 50 per booklet 30 per page 4 per page 100 per book 60 50 10 400 500 13 15ppl*5day 30 pages 10*30pages 150*30page 10 copies 50 pages 10*50pages 10 copies 20 20 150 1 ream 1 ream 20 22500 900 1200 1800 500 1500 2000 1000 1200 1000 1500 400 500 260 5860 48200

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c. Age. d. Marital status: e. If married which type of marriage? Monogamous Polygamous None f. Level of education: None Primary Secondary College University g. Income per month: <Kshs 1,000 Kshs 1,001 3,000 Kshs3,001 5,000 Kshs 5000 10,000 >Kshs. 10,000 1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

SECTION B: FISH PRODUCTION 2. Which species of fish do you deal in? ... 3. What is the average daily fish production per unit in your locality? (Practically done/weigh) 4. How do you describe the above fish production in your beach? Very high High Moderate Low Very low 1 2 3 4 5

5. What are the dominant sizes of fish by species in your locality? Can I sample and measure I. Nile perch II. Tilapia III. omena

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Below 1kg 1 -5 kg 6 10 kg 11 20 kg Above 20 kg

1 2 3 4 5

6. Which material (inputs) do you need top venture in fishing activities? .. 7. How many of each input is needed to comfortably do the fishing? . 8. What is the cost of each input required to venture in fishing activity? .. 9. What size of fishing gears do you prefer inorder to catch more fish today? 10. What type of boats do you use to carry out fishing activities? . 11. What is the mode of population in your boats? . 12. How do you rank the general fishing production in terms of gears used? Materials Monofilaments <5 Gillnets >5 Beach Seines Hooks Others (specify) 1. V. High 2. High 3. Moderate 4. Low 5. V. Low

13. Comment on the fish production in terms of size Size < 1 kg 1 -5 kg 1. V. High 2. High 3. Moderate 4. Low 5. V. Low

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6 -10 kg 11 -20 kg >20 kg

SECTION C: MARKETING 14. How can you group yourself in fish industry?

Fisher Trader Fish processor Equipment dealer Fish farmer Others(specify)

1 2 3 4 5 6

15. To whom do you sell the fish and fish products (the chain the product follows to the market)? To consumers Direct to processors Local traders Commission agents(middlemen) Others (specify) 1 2 3 4 5

16. How long does it take for Nile Tilapia fingerlings to mature for harvesting? 17. Do you have a ready market for the fish? . 18. What is the locals rate of uptake of fish from fish ponds as compared to once from the lake?

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19. Which means transport is commonly used by the traders of fish?

Road Water Railway Air Others(specify)

1 2 3 4 5

20. How do describe the above mode of transport to your area of operation? Good Fair Bad 1 2 3

21. Are there instances when you miss the buyers (market)? Yes No 1 2

22. If yes what causes the buyers failure? Bad roads Price fluctuation Robberies Companies decisions Others(specify) 1 2 3 4 5

23. Do you have the ability as a fisherman to bargain for the better prices of fish? Yes No 1 2

24. if yes, how do you manage this? I. II.

25. And if no, who decides on the fish price? 26

Fish processors BMU Market forces (demand and supply) Purchasing agents Others(specify)

1 2 3 4 5

26. Describe the fish price in your locality as compared to other items you need and use? e.g beef, chicken, sugar e.t.c. Very High High Moderate Low Very Low 1 2 3 4 5

SECTION E: FOR KEY INFORMANTS: 27. What are the dominant species of fish produced in this region? 28. How many fishers are in your region? 29. How many fishing boats are in your region? .. 30. What are the common fishing gears for each species of fish in your region? .. 31. How has the introduction of fish ponds affected fish production in this region? . 32. What is the approximate number of fish ponds in this region? ..

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33. What are the duties of BMU officials? I. . II. . III. .. IV. V. 34. What are the sources of finance to the fishing business? I. .. II. .. III. IV. . V. .. 35. What are the challenges faced by fishing industry in this region? . 36. Are the fisher fork/traders trained for the work they perform? Yes No 1 2

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29