Timeline - Technological and Environmental transformations: ends at600 BCE - Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies: 600BCE- 600CE

- Regional and Transregional Interactions: 600CE-1450CE - Global Interactions: 1450CE-1750CE - Industiralization and Global Integration: 1750CE-1900CE - Accelarating Global Change and Realignments: 1900CE-Present - The interconnection of the Eastern and Western hemispheres by transoceanic voyages shaped the period of 1450-1750 New Tools - Astrolabe - Used to determine the time of sunrise, sunset, and identify celestial positions - Mariner's Astrolabe (popular in late 15th- early 16th centuries could determine lattitude not longitude) - Caravels - These ships, along with a better understanding of wind and current patterns, made transoceanic trade and travels possible. - Maps - Medival maps were often more allegorical or ecclesiastical than cartographic - the 16th century map represents a vast increase in cartographic detail for the East and Wesr Coasts of the Americas in only 20 years of exploration Trade Routes Around Year 1000 CE - Trans Saharan trade - Through Saharan Desert from Mali - Most commonly salt and gold - Silk Road - Goes through Central Asia to Europe, Middle East and South Asia - Most commonly silk - Indian Ocean trade - Through India, Africa, Asian Islands, East Asia, Middle East - Most Commonly Spices

- Zheng He: Admiral of the Western Seas - Sailed all around the Indian Ocean - Stopped and terminated voyages after the Ming Dynasty in 1433 - All Records were destroyed - Carved a pillar in a Fujian province that contained all his voyages - Mediterranean Trade - Europe, Africa, and Central Asia - Italy was the Central point and the Phoenicians were good traders - Venice and Genoa were enemies - Continuity from 600-1450 - Trade was for 3 Gs: Gold, Glory, God Spanish Inquisition - Find heretics and convert them or kill them - Wanted to make everyone to good Catholics - Sent Missionairies all over the world 15th Century Voyages - Columbus departed from Spain in 1492 - Went to Hispanola (Island of the Dominican Republic and Haiti) - Magellan circumnavigated the earth (died on the voyage at the Phillipines) - Vasco da Gama went to India, Oceania and East Africa from Europe -Spanish were able to defeat the Aztecs and Incas because they had Guns, Horses, Diseases, and Swords - Prince Henry the Navigator led the Portuguese to many expeditions and created a school for navigation - Led to Travel + Trade with West Africa - No major impact in Oceania and Polynesia until 1750 -Spread of Beliefs -Merchantilism -Silver used for Currency -Encomienda System -Plantations -Sugar and tobacco: Cash crops

- Peninsulares: Born in Spain - Creoles: Born in New Spain (with Parents from Spain) - Mestizo: Native American + Spanish - Mulattoes: Spanish + African - Slaves: Native American + African - Zambos: Slaves decendants - Families sponsored artists to paint/draw - Literacy expnded and was accommpanied by the proliferation of popular authors, literary forms, and works of literature in Afro-Eurasia - Shakespeare (England), Sundiatia (Epic Of Mali) Ottoman Empire - Started out as semi-nomadic Turks - 1453 captured Constantinople, ended Byzantine Empire - Added Syria, Egypt, North Africa, to their Empire - Ottomans were a threat to the Hapsburg dynasty (Austria) until 1683 (Battle of Vienna) - Gunpowder made the Ottomans powerful - Janissaries (elite fighting force made up of enslaved Christian boys) - Selected by a system called devshirme - Constantinople renamed Istanbul - Sophisticated City aqueducts, marketplace, religious schools, hospitals, etc - Merchants and Artisans - Government carefully monitered trade - Haghia Sophia turned into a mosque after originally being a Christian church - Famous leader: Suleman the Magnificant (1520-1566) Women in the Ottoman Empire - Patriarchal - Domestic work/ supervise servants - Restricted from leaving their house - Can attend weddings, cemetaries, and public baths - Arranged marriages - Few were literate - Could make a living by owning industries and practice medicine Harem

- Private domain for the Sultan - Concubines and relatives of the Sultan lived there - Women close to the Sultan were powerful - Slave origin, non muslim - Trained in sewing, music, reading the Koran The Mughal (1523-1700) - Founded by Babur in 1526 - First Islamic ruler to use muskets and artillery - Grandson: Akbar the Great - Akbar abolished the jizya- tax on Hindus during pilgramiges - Encouraged intermarriage between the Hindus and Muslims - Established Din-I-Ilani (the religion of god) as a universal religion had elements of Zoroastrianism (divine kingship) and Jainism (respect for all living things) -Shah Jahan: patron of the arts - Blend of Islamic domes, arches, minerets, with Hindu decorations - Built Taj Mahal: tomb for his deceased wife - Aurangzeb tried to rid India of Hindu influences and brought back the jizya Songhay (1464-1591) - Sunni Ali conquered and expanded the Mali Empire - Timbuktu- city of learning (mosques, schools, Islamic univeristies) - Jenne- major trading city - Organized army/ navy - Trans Saharan trade: salt,Textiles and metals in exchange of slaves and gold - Largest empire in African History - Defeated by the Morrocans in 1591