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BENDEMEER SECONDARY SCHOOL

Preliminary Examination 2009 Secondary Four Express/ Five Normal Combined Humanities PAPER 2 (ELECTIVE GEOGRAPHY) 2192/2

Date

: 13/8/2009

Duration : 1 hour 30 minutes TOTAL : 50 Marks

ADDITIONAL MATERIALS: Map Extract Of Victoria Falls (Zimbabwe) INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name, class and index number on the writing paper. Answer one question from each section Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided.

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.

This question paper consists of 6 pages, excluding the cover page

Section A (25 marks) Answer one question 1a. (i) Refer to the topographical map, Victoria Falls(Zimbabwe). State the most distinctive physical feature found on this part of the map and describe how this feature may be formed. [5] 78 18 85 18

10

10

78

85

(ii)

Describe the drainage pattern of the area bounded by eastings 69 to 72 and northings 22 to 25. [2]

b.

Figure 1 shows the changes in forest cover in Indonesia from 1990 to 2005. Study it carefully and answer the question that follows.

Figure 1

With reference to Figure 1 and studies that you have made, describe and account for the changes in the forest cover in Kalimantan from 1985 to 2000. [6]

c.

Figure 2 shows the climograph of a Country X.

Figure 2

(i) (ii) d.

Identify the climate in Country X.

[1]

Describe the main characteristics of the climate at Country X. [3]

Forests are a resource to be conserved. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [8]

2a.

Figure 3 shows a Hjulstrom graph which shows the speed at which particles of different sizes would be eroded, transported or deposited.

Figure 3

Using Figure 3, explain how the process of erosion is influenced by size of load and river velocity. [4] b. Figure 4a and 4b shows the cross section of two river channels.

Figure 4a

Figure 4b

(i)

Calculate the wetted perimeter of both channels.

[2]

(ii)

Identify the channel that has greater energy and explain how the size of the wetted perimeter can influence the energy of a river. [3]

c.

Figure 5 shows some coastal features marked A and B .

Figure 5

(i) (ii) d.

Identify features marked A and B. Explain the development of these features along the coast.

[2] [6]

River management measures bring more harm than good. How far do you agree with this statement? [8]

Section B: Answer one question 3a. Figure 6 shows the employment structure of countries A to C.

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary
Figure 6

Compare the employment structure of countries A, B and C and suggest reasons for the differences. b.

[6]

With the use of specific examples, describe how international agreements can help to promote the development of less developed countries. [6] Climate is an important factor why some countries develop faster than others. Discuss with the use of suitable examples how advancements in technology helped countries to overcome the limitations of climate. [5] GNP per capita is the best way to measure a countrys level of development. How far do you agree with this statement? 5

c.

d.

[8]

4a.

Figure 7 shows the world production of rice and the price of rice from 1976 to 2006.

Figure 7

(i)

Describe the trend of the world production and the price of rice. [3] Suggest reasons for the trend of world rice production. [3]

(ii)

(iii)

With the trend shown in Figure 7, explain why starvation and malnutrition still occur in some parts of the world? [6]

b.

Explain how intensification of food production may affect the quality of soil. [5] Foreign aid brings more harm than good to the less developed countries. How far do you agree with the statement?

c.

[8]

Answer Scheme Prelim Exam 2009 Elective Geography 1a. (i) Refer to the topographical map, Victoria Falls(Zimbabwe). State the most distinctive physical feature found on this part of the map in Fig. 1 and describe how this feature may be formed. [5] Fig. 1 78 10 85 10

18

18

78 85 [Award 1 mark for each point] Feature = a gorge. A river flows through an area of resistant rocks on its sides Erosion is more effective vertically than laterally Over time, vertical erosion deepens the channel A narrow, deep, steep sided valley is formed such as Songwe Gorge (grid square 8013)/ Second Gorge/ Third Gorge (grid square 7817)/ Fourth Gorge (grid square 7816)/ Fifth Gorge (grid square 7815), Daoma Gorge (grid square 7812)

Describe the drainage pattern of the area bounded by eastings 69 to 72 and northings 22 to 25. [2] [Award 1 mark for each point] Dendritic Pattern It is flowing in Southeast direction towards the Zambezi river b. Figure 1 shows the changes in forest cover in Indonesia from 1990 to 2005. Study it carefully and answer the question that follows.

(ii)

[Award minimum 2 marks for description and 6 marks for account] Description of data: There is a decrease in forest cover in Kalimantan from 1985 to 2000 of 20%. The rate of loss of forest cover is most significant in East Kalimantan as forest decline from 92% in 1985 to 64% in 2000, a decrease of approximately 28%. Account: Increase in demand for agricultural use: Population increase in Kalimantan due to the resettlement programme to ease overcrowding in islands such as Java and

Sumatra has resulted in many Indonesians to resettle in Kalimantan increased in population added pressure on demand for agricultural land due to increase in agricultural activities. New settlers in Kalimantan clear forests permanently so as to set up their small holdings to grow crops such as rice, vegetables, coffee and cocoa, the profit earned has enticed these new settlers to clear more land so as to extend their farmland. The growth of oil palm plantation has grown over the years as it is relatively cheap to grown oil palm and yet profits earned are high. Between 1998 to 2003, about 100, 000 square kilometers of rainforests were cleared so as to grow oil palm. Growth of settlements: Many Indonesians from rural areas are moving to urban settlements to find more employment opportunities. As population increases, more land has to be set aside for housing. E.g. the growth of Balikpapan due to rapid urbanization has resulted in the expansion of the state into the protected forest adjacent to it. Improved transport network: Transport networks like roads and railway tracks are constructed to link settlements in Kalimantan. For e.g. the trans-kalimantan highway, cuts through the rainforests to improve accessibility between Banjarmasin and Balikpapan. Growth of industries: Rainforest in Kalimantan has been logged intensively due to the increase in demand for natural resources such as wood and minerals, which was worsened by the rapid pace at which wood is processed, so timber companies increase their rate of logging so as to fully utilize their wood processing facilities. The large amount of minerals such as gold, silver and copper are found underneath the Kalimantan rainforest, as a result, the forest are cleared on a large scale which is worsened by the fact that mining companies are given licenses to mine in the Kalimantan rainforest. Forest fires: Fires that are deliberately set by people so as to clear large area of the rainforest for the growing of plantation. Between 1997 to 1998, more than 23 750 kilometres of rainforest in Kalimantan were destroyed due to forest fires.

c.

Figure 2 shows the climograph of a country X.

Figure 2

(i)

Identify the climate in Country X.

[1]

[Award 1 mark for correct identification of climate] Tropical Monsoon Climate Describe the main characteristics of the climate at Country X. [3] [Award 1 mark for each point] Temperature is high between 19 degrees to 28 degrees Celsius There is a distinct dry and wet season Dry between Mar to May and Wet between June to October Rainfall is also high at approximately mm d. Forests are a resource to be conserved. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [8] (ii)

Candidates may include the following materials Values of Forests Maintaining Water Supply - Forests enable water to be collected in a catchment area - Transpiration of forests encourages cloud formation & rain which replenishes water in the river & reservoirs Replenish Oxygen - Forests are the green lungs of Earth and during photosynthesis, trees and plants in the forests take in carbon dioxide in the photosynthesis, the trees and plants in the forests take in carbon dioxide & releases oxygen to the atmosphere - This helps to replenish oxygen and regulate the temperature of the Earth by removing excess carbon dioxide Maintaining nutrients in soil - Dead plant materials on the forest floor allow rapid decomposition to take place provide nutrients which are easily absorbed by the 9

plant roots Preventing Floods - Forests also help prevent floods by reducing the likelihood of river overflowing its banks - Forests help to intercept rainfall so that rain do not splash hard on the forest floor - This prevents soil from dislodging and being deposited into rivers - Rivers can thus hold more water and the incidence of flooding is reduced Protecting Coasts - Mangrove forests protect the coastal areas from storms and strong waves - The 2004 Asia Tsunami has shown how mangrove forests prevented some coastal villages from being destroyed - Roots of the mangroves help to trap waste materials and filter the water before it flows into the sea Habitat for flora and fauna - Forests are natural habitats for many of the worlds flora and fauna - Tropical forests are homes to more than half of the worlds species of flora and fauna Rich Source of Resources - Forests are rich for timber which is used to manufacture furniture and paper - Leaves of the nipah palm in mangrove forests can be used to make thatched roofs to keep out the rain - Fuelwood is widely used in the developing countries as they still gather wood from forests for cooking and heating - Some plants in the forests also have medicinal value Forests provide a habitat for people to live in - Some of these groups of people are hunter-gatherers and are fully dependent on the forests for survival Forests provide people with a place to carry out activities, such as hiking and camping - City dwellers are attracted to the nature and hence a new form of tourism called ecotourism has emerged Others - Forests are places for conducting scientific research - Fieldworks are carried out in forests to research on new medicine and new varieties of crops Why Forests SHOULD NOT be conserved Population growth has resulted in greater demand for more land on which to build houses and to grow crops More land has to be cleared to build houses as well as to grow crops Increase in population in the urban areas have led to more land being cleared for the expansion of towns and cities eg. Balikpapan in Kalimantan Transport network are built to link settlements so as to enhance the

10

accessibility of goods and services- Eg. Kalimantan Transkalimantan Expressway which cuts through the forests Being rich in natural resources such as wood and minerals, large tracts of forests have been cleared to support industrial activities- Eg. Kaliimantan issue licenses to industrialists to log and mine Forests is blessed with rich resources such as gold, silver and copper and in some countries, the main economic activity is that of logging and mining A full answer does not need to include all the above points Candidates at each level will show the following characteristics Level 1: (0-3 mark) Only brief description of 2 or 3 reasons why forests are valuable and thus should be conserved OR Only brief description of 2 or 3 reasons why forests should not be protected. Unbalanced viewpoint No place reference or examples, very general eg. in Indonesia Level 2: (4-6 mark) Good description of 2 or 3 reasons with some details why forests are valuable and thus should be conserved Good description of 2 or 3 reasons with some details why forests should not be conserved More balanced viewpoint Some use of specific examples- eg Increase in population in Kalimantan have led to more land being cleared for the expansion of towns and cities Level 3: (7-8 mark) Clear description of 2 or 3 reasons why forests are valuable and thus should be conserved Clear description of 2 or 3 reasons why forests should not be conserved Clear place reference or examples Eg. Increase in population in Kalimantan have led to more land being cleared for the expansion of towns and cities eg. Balikpapan which is the largest city in Kalimantan grows so fast that it expanded into a protected forest which is known as the Sungei Wain Rainforest

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2. a.

Figure 3 shows a Hjulstrom graph which shows the speed at which particles of different sizes would be eroded, transported or deposited.

Figure 3

Using Figure 3, explain how the process of erosion is influenced by size of load and river velocity. [4] [Award 1 mark for each point] Fig. 3 shows a Hjulstrom Curve, which shows the velocity against the size of particles. The larger the particle, the higher the speed needed to erode it. For example, the particle sizes of 50 mm such as gravel, require a speed of about 300mm/sec in order to be eroded. Gravel (5mm) require a speed of about 75mm/sec to be eroded. In contrast, particles of 0.2mm, require a slower speed of about 25mm/sec in order to be eroded. However, we can see that very fine particles, from 0.001 mm to 0.1mm, such as clay and silt, require speed of up to 400mm/sec in order to erode as these particles are highly cohesive.

b.

Figure 4a and 4b shows the cross section of two river channels.

12

Figure 4a

Figure 4b

(i) Calculate the wetted perimeter of both channels. [2] [Award 1 mark for each calculation; mark for candidates who did not show working] Figure 4a Wetted Perimeter = 2+2+3 = 7cm Figure 4b Wetted Perimeter = 1+1+24 = 26cm Explain how wetted perimeter can influence the sizes of particles and the way they are transported in river channels as shown in Figure 4a and Figure 4b. [4] [Award 1 mark for each point; max of 2 marks for explaining how WP influence the size of particles and max 2 marks on how they transport the particles] If the wetted perimeter is small the river has higher velocity as there will be lesser friction between the water and the river channel If the wetted perimeter is large the river has lower velocity since the friction between the water and the channel is greater (i)

c.

Figure 5 shows some coastal features marked A and B .

13

Figure 5

(i) Identify features marked A and B. [Award 1 mark for correct identification] A- Cliff B- Wavecut platform

[2]

(ii) Explain the development of these features along the coast. [6] [Award 1 mark for each point; max up to 6 marks] The waves repeatedly pound against the rocky coast. Waves erode part of the coast exposed to high tide and low tide to form a notch. Over time, a sea cave may be formed The overhanging part of the cave/notch may collapse over time to form a cliff Due to constant erosion, cliff retreats inland Overtime, the shore platform develops at the base of the cliff, which is exposed during low tides River management measures bring more harm than good. How far do you agree with this statement? [8] Candidates may include the following materials Re-alignment - straightening of the river channel This method removes meanders and reduces the length of the river channel in order to increase the speed of the river This allows water to flow away from the area quickly and wash away the sediments which have accumulated on the river bed, thus minimising localised flooding This deepens the channel, thus allowing it to hold more water, thus reducing the occurrence of floods It is thus effective as it improves the flow of water Methods may prevent existing problems but move them elsewhere due to increased speed of river flooding downstream especially if channelisation is not carried out there Re-sectioning - widening and deepening of the river channel It increases the waters ability to hold more water, thus reducing the chances of floods It also increases the amount of surface runoff from the surrounding areas into the river because more surface runoff can now enter the river without causing it to flood At times, the river may be smoothened by replacing the soil with cement so that there is less friction and the speed of the river will increase thus allowing water to flow away from the area more quickly Bank Protection - is to protect floods and prevent soil erosion along the river banks One way of bank protection is to build artificial levees or dykes which are walls of sand, stone and concrete that are built along the banks that often overflow its banks d.

14

 These allow the river to hold more water, thus reducing chances of f flooding If concrete is used, it is more long-lasting but expensive. In China dykes have been built since ancient times but the could not hold the floods due to continual build up, making the rivers shallower. Planting of vegetation slows flow into rivers but may take land needed for other purposes such as farming A full answer does not need to include all the above points Candidates at each level will show the following characteristics Level 1 (0 3 marks) Vaque description of one method No supported effectiveness or use of simple statements , e.g. it worked, it was much better Very general or inaccurate examples Level 2 (4 6 marks) Brief description of how each of the methods work Brief statements of effectiveness, some points are explained it stopped flooding taking place , floods occur less often Relevant examples but lack detail, e.g. in China Level 3 (7 - 8marks) Detailed description of how at least two methods work Clear statements of degree of effectiveness, most points are explained clearly e.g. It stopped flooding downstream but it stopped cargo boats using the river Specific examples are given, e.g. USA has now implemented a no nett loss ini wetlands policy which aims to discourage channelisation

3a.

Figure 6 shows the employment structure of countries A to C.

15

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary
Figure 6

Compare the employment structure of countries A, B and C and suggest reasons for the differences. [6] [Award 1 mark for each point; to score max marks, candidates must quote figures] Country A has 80% of its citizens working in the primary industry, 10% in the secondary industry and 10% in the tertiary industry Country is thus the least developed country of the 3 as almost all of its workforce are in the primary industries which generally do not require highly-skilled labour This thus adds very little to the countrys GDP due to the low-value addedness of the industries Country B has 40% of its citizens working in the primary industry, 20% in the secondary industry and 40% in the tertiary industry Country B has slightly more than half of its workforce in the secondary and tertiary industry while other half is in the primary industry. Thus Country B is less developed than Country C Primary industries are generally low value added and do not earn high income. Country C has 20% of its citizens working in the primary industry, 40% in the secondary and 40% working in the tertiary industry 16

 Country C is the most developed as most of its workforce are in the secondary and tertiary industry which earns higher income, produce higher value-added products and services and adds more to the countries GDP Generally, workers in the secondary and tertiary industries are more highly skilled, higher educated and more productive b. With the use of specific examples, describe how international agreements can help to promote the development of less developed countries. [6] [Award 1 mark for each point; full marks to be awarded ONLY if Examples are given] UNMDG It addresses issues such as poverty, hunger, disease and lack of shelter and promotes gender equality, education and environment sustainability Some of the strategies to help them out of their poverty is to train them so that they are equipped with the necessary skills to look for jobs Other strategies include improving the basic social services for the poor, education campaigns to raise awareness of the dire situation of poverty in the country Strategies also include pressuring the government to increase jobs and increase income for the poor Since the establishment of UNMDG, the number of poverty and extreme hunger in Vietnam has been greatly reduced The proportion of poor in Vietnam has decreased from 58.1% in 1993 to 24.1% in 2004 percentage of primary school enrolment has increased from 72% in 1999 to 84% in 2004 in Southeast Asia OR UNCLOS The convention not only allows coastal states to exercise sovereignty over their territorial seas It also allows country to set up Exclusive Economic Zones(EEZ) where they have the right to conduct marine research, harvest natural resource and carry out economic activities within 200 nautical miles of their shores More importantly, it assures land-locked countries of their right to access the sea through territory of coastal neighbouring states Agreement on the EEZ has proven beneficial to the coastal LEDCs countries Eg. Peru depends on fishing industry and when the larger fishing boats from the DCs compete with poor fishermen from Peru, the more expensive and advance equipment in the larger boats enable them to spot fish underwater easily Through these laws, the LEDCs and land-locked countries have an opportunity to use ocean resources and transportation routes for development purposes

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c.

Climate is an important factor why some countries develop faster than others. Discuss with the use of suitable examples how advancements in technology helped countries to overcome the limitations of climate.[5] Climatic conditions can be overcome by technology such as high-tech farming (eg. Hydroponics and aeroponics) High-tech farming is beneficial for countries such as Singapore with land scarcity. Greenhouse can be built which regulate temperature and amount of water for irrigation. Chemical fertilizers can be used to make up for lack of natural nutrients in poor fertile soil. Netherlands, which is flat and low-lying land is also a flood prone country However, the government started on the Zuider Zee project to manage the flooding in the country They reclaim land from the sea and help to reduce the incidence of flooding It has been used for farming as well as building of settlements and helped Netherlands overcome potential problems of floods GNP per capita is the best way to measure a countrys level of development. How far do you agree with this statement?

d.

[8]

Candidates may include the following materials Gross National Product Per Capita tell us the average income earned by each person in a country This is a good indicator as it takes into account the economic well being of a country It is indicative that if GNP per capita is high, its people are likely to possess high skills and qualifications to allow them to work in either secondary or tertiary industries This then mean that the people will have higher standard of living as they are able to afford to purchase basic necessities in life Generally, higher GNP Per Capita means more developed countries However, GNP per capita may not be a good indicator as GNP per capita alone does not measure the standard of living or quality of life in a country Some countries may have low GNP per capita but they enjoy high standard of living and quality of life Eg. Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan- enjoy high standard of living and good quality of life but it is classified by the world Bank as one of the poorest countries due to its low GNP per capita Besides GNP per capita only measure the wealth of the citizens. It may not be accurate as a measurement of a countrys development as it does not show the distribution of wealth within the country There may just be a few wealthy people who contribute to the high GNP Majority of the citizens may be very poor despite the high GNP per capita 18

It is also inaccurate as some countries may not have good accounting system to keep tab on their wealth It does not take into account the local cost of living. For example, a wooden pencil might cost 10 cents in one country and $1.50 in another It does not take into account the informal economic activities that are not registered with the government (eg. Tuition and street hawking) Other indicators such as HDI can also to measure level of countrys development This looks at three aspects of a countrys development- adult literacy, life expectancy and standard of living- thus it is more comprehensive compared to GNP per capita Health factors such as life expectancy, infant mortality can also be used

A full answer does not need to include all the above points Candidates at each level will show the following characteristics Level 1 ( 0 3 marks) Brief explanation of measure only No indication of success of measure as an indicator Brief statement of effectiveness OR ineffectiveness One sided viewpoint without explanation eg. I agree that it is the best indicator No examples given Level 2 ( 4 6 marks) Some details of measure Simple indication of success measures the economic well being Brief descriptions of effectiveness and ineffectiveness, Specific examples given eg. Bhutan have low GNP per capita but high standard of living Brief description of other indicators Level 3 ( 7- 8 marks) Some explanation of two other indicators Details of measures, eg. Answer will have some depth over a number of points At least one specific example of a named indicator Clear indication of how such indicators can be used to measure a countrys level of development

4a.

Figure 7 shows the world production of rice and the price of rice from 1976 to 2006.

19

Figure 7

Describe the trend of the world production and the price of rice. [3] [Award 1 mark for each point; to score max marks, candidates must quote figures] Between 1976-1982, increases in world production of rice is met by decrease in price of rice From 1982, as world rice production increases from 400 million tonnes in 1982 to 620 million tonnes in 2006, production, price of rice largely dropped from US$ 400 per ton in 1982 to US$280 in 2006 World production of rice increased rapidly whilst the price of rice dropped steadily (ii) Suggest reasons for the trend of world rice production. [3] [Award 1 mark for each point] Rapid population has resulted in the increase in world rice production to meet the demands Technological advances such as Green Revolution may have resulted in an increase in yields Rice production may have dropped especially from 1981- 1982, 20012003 due to bad harvests

(i)

20

With the trend shown in Figure 7, explain why starvation and malnutrition still occur in some parts of the world? [6] [Award 1 mark for each point max 2 marks for each factor] Affordability o People in the MEDCs have more purchasing power than people in the LEDCs thus they have more money to spend on goods and services o Conversely, many people in he LDCs generally earn less and thus have lower purchasing power and many even have difficulty meeting the basic nutrition needs Availability of transport facilities o Poor transport network will limit peoples access to food supply and this is especially so in the rural areas in LDCs o In some of these areas, travelling is made impossible by the terrain of the area such as mountains thus people generally have poorer access to food Availability of food outlet o If there are very few food outlets selling food, access to food may be badly affected o For eg, food is easily accessibly in the DCs with the presence of many supermarkets, food chains etc o There are fewer shops selling food and the variety of food in such shops in the rural areas in the LDCs are of limited o Thus people living in such areas have limited access to food

(iii)

b.

Explain how intensification of food production may affect the quality of soil. [5] [Award 1 mark for each point] Increased use of irrigation May lead to salinisation which is the result of accumulation of salt in the upper layers of the soil to the extent where plant growth is affected The excessive amounts of irrigation water required to cultivate high yield crops, combined with an inadequate drainage system, raises the level of the groundwater and brings salt particles closer to the surface Sometimes, water may collect on the surface of the soil, unable to drain away or infiltrate into the saturated layers below Salt-affected soil naturally affects plant growth as salt reduces the ability of plants to absorb water through their roots May also lead to waterlogging when too much water is used in the fields, causing the soil to become saturated with water As a result, air and nutrients that the crops need cannot reach the roots of the crops causing them to wither and die as the soil quality becomes poor

21

(d)

Foreign aid brings more harm than good to the less developed countries. How far do you agree with the statement?

[8]

Candidates may include the following information: Impact of foreign aid on recipient countries - positive and negative Examples of the type of aid - Financial or technical assistance at low or no interest. Such aid is offered by governments from richer countries e.g. G8 nations such as USA, UK, Italy, Germany, etc, international organisations e.g. United Nations (UN), World Food Programme (WFP), World Bank (WB), Asian Development Bank (ADB) It is beneficial to the less developed countries as it bring about national development - alleviation of poverty and the increase in the wealth of a country through economic and social development, which in turn results in a higher standard of living for its citizens Foreign aid can therefore over time help improve the standard of living and the quality of life Such foreign aid can target problems in the country by offering policies to improve water supply World bank has provided aid to 25 villages in Indonesia under the Kecamatan Development programme which aims at providing reliable clean piped water for irrigation to increase the amount of crops. Not only did the economy improve but their health also improved, increasing their productivity. Health programmes, infrastructure, e.g. hospitals/doctors or projects, e.g. immunisation Projects e.g. Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge Project in Bangladesh is one such example, where the Asian Development Bank lend millions of dollars aimed at building a bridge to connect Bangladeshs less developed northwestern region with its more developed eastern region. This bridge not only eased traffic congestion but encouraged economic growth by increasing accessibility between the agricultural areas in the northwest with the commercial centres of Dhaka and port Chittagong. This makes it easier for farmers to transport their produce to the markets for sale. Hence their standard of living and quality of life improved. However, such aid comes with strings attached Most of the loans are not interest-free Some projects are supported while others are not Besides there may be an over-reliance on foreign aid and a failure to use the aid properly. LDCs are often obliged to buy products and services manufactured in the donor countries The aid may not reach the people who need it, most aid could end up in the hands of corrupt government officials or be invested in military equipments

22

In 2003, the per capita income of Ethiopia was only US$94 despite having received over US$1 billion in aid between 1982 and 1985. The reason for this was the government spent about 90 percent of it on military development.

A full answer does not need to include all the above points. Candidates at each level will show the following characteristics: Level 1 (0-3m) Impact made are unclear. May be left to reader to determine why aid would affect recipient countries No assessment of level/type of impact or simple, unsupported statement, e.g. It worked, or They are getting better Level 2 (4-6m) One or more clear attempts described. One-sided view only positive or negative impact of aid given Some indication as to why these measures would increase development. Some assessment, but not clearly linked to level of development, e.g. This means that there are now more hospitals in the country. Examples, if given, are general and do not illustrate points. Reference to general example like Africa received a large amount Give general reason to the misuse of aid

Level 3 (7-8m) Very clear and specific details Balanced view of aid both help recipients but also retards development
Reference to specific example like Ethiopia has received more than US$1 Billion

23