Chapter 3 Communication Fundamentals Introduction SECTION 3.1 Purposes of Communication Technology SECTION 3.

2 Impacts and Innovations in Communication Technology Chapter 3 Review and Assess Page 39

ESSENTIAL QUESTION How do communication technologies affect your life every day? Communication technology is all the things people make and do to send and receive information. It is the knowledge, tools, machines, and skills that go into communicating. When studying communication technology, you will discover that all areas of communication overlap. That is because advancements in electronics and computers are changing how we send and receive messages and other information. Information comes in many different forms. It reaches its destination in various ways. For example, you often send and receive information in the form of text messages by using a phone. Some companies send messages to you by advertising on television. When we study communication technology, we are exploring the ways people use their knowledge and skills to send and receive messages and other information. Communication technology is always changing as techniques and devices are invented or improved. The invention of the telegraph in the mid-1800s gave people the opportunity to send and receive messages over long distances almost instantly. Today's methods of instant communication are of better quality and more convenient.

Smart Communications These cell phones can organize personal data; send and receive text messages, e-mails, and phone calls; access the Internet; and even take photographs. How have cell phones changed the way we communicate? Photo Credit: William Andrew/Photographer's Choice RF/Getty Images STANDARDS TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY ITEEA STL 4 Students will develop an understanding of the cultural, social, economic, and political effects of technology. ITEEA STL 7 Students will develop an understanding of the influence of technology on history. THE DESIGNED WORLD ITEEA STL 17 Students will develop an understanding of and be able to select and use information and communication technologies. SCIENCE NSES G Students should develop understanding of science as a human endeavor, nature of scientific knowledge, historical perspectives. COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS MATHEMATICS Number and Quantity Quantities Reason quantaitively and use units to solve problems. LANGUAGE ARTS Reading

Craft and Structure Interpret words and phrases as they are used in a text, including determining technical, connotative, and figurative meanings, and analyze how specific word choices shape meaning or tone. Page 40 Reading Guide before You Read What is the purpose of communication technologies? What are some of the recent advancements in communication? In what ways have communication technologies impacted society? Objectives

Evaluate the purposes of communication technology. Describe the elements of electronic communication. Explain the parts and function of a communication system. Describe the four modes of communication.

Main Idea - Main Idea Communication technology is the way that people send and receive information. There are six main purposes of communication and four different modes of communication. These modes may have similar or overlapping purposes. Communication technologies have had multiple effects on society. Reading Strategy 1. Based on the title and section names, use the notebook feature in describe what you expect to learn from this chapter. 2. Write each term in your notebook, leaving space for definitions. 3. As you read Chapter 3, write the definition beside each term. 4. After reading the chapter, write a paragraph describing what you learned. Go online to for downloadable graphic organizers. to

Vocabulary Content Vocabulary transmitter sensors encode transmit communication channel satellite decode receiver identity theft global positioning system (GPS)

Academic Vocabulary

visual auditory tactile source

Chapter 3 Communication Fundamentals Introduction SECTION 3.1 Purpose of Communication Technology SECTION 3.2 Impacts and Innovations in Communication Technology Chapter 3 Review and Asses Page 41 SECTION 3.1 Purposes of Communication Technology CONNECTION Convert Transmission Rates Advancements in technology increase the speed by which information is transmitted. When downloading or uploading information on the Internet, numbers such as 1,313 kbps for a download speed and 621 kbps for an upload speed indicate how fast information is being transmitted. You can convert these rates to have a better understanding of what they mean.

What Is Communication Technology? Communication technology touches most of your life. The main reasons we communicate are to inform, educate, persuade, entertain, manage, and control. Inform Inform People read newspapers, watch television, listen to the radio, and surf the Internet to stay informed about a variety of topics, such as international politics, local sports, weather, and traffic. When you are out with friends, you may use a cell phone to quickly communicate with family members. A tiny computer device with a radio transmitter can be placed under the skin of a person with a serious medical condition. In an emergency, if the person is unable to communicate, the device can inform doctors about the person's medical history. Educate Educate In addition to using textbooks, teachers use video and computer programs to help you learn about many subjects. Scientists rely on other communication devices to explore and learn about nature. For example, some marine scientists use a hydrophone to detect sound waves from whales and sea lions.

This device helps them learn about sea creatures. Geologists use devices called seismometers that measure vibrations within the earth in order to study earthquakes and volcanic activity. (See Figure 3.1) As scientists become better educated about these natural events, they may learn how to predict earthquakes and be able to warn people in the area.

Figure 3.1 Earthquakes: This geologist is analyzing seismographs, which show the movement of Earth's crust. The data could help a geologist predict an earthquake. Why would it be important for scientists to be able to predict earthquakes? Photo Credit: NIGEL TREBLIN/AFP/Getty Images Connection Green reSource Written Communication There are many different types of communication and communication technologies that are used all over the world. Communicating the correct information quickly and efficiently allows for projects to be completed on time with little resource and energy waste. Page 42 Persuade Persuade Advertising is an example of using communication to persuade. You can probably remember seeing a commercial that made you think you wanted a certain product. Billboards along the highway may influence you to take a certain exit in order to refuel your car or satisfy your thirst. Brochures sent in the mail try to persuade voters to choose a political candidate. Entertain Entertain Perhaps you play computer games for entertainment or you listen to an MP3 player to hear music. You may also watch television to relax and be entertained.

The telephone can be entertaining when you have fun talking with friends. Do you like to read? Digital books, magazines, and comics can all be forms of entertainment. Manage Manage Communication devices help people manage information. Computers process data quickly and store vast amounts of information. Scientists and engineers use computers to track data they learn about the human body. Doctors manage patient records in the same way. Law enforcement officers use data banks to manage details about crimes. (See Figure 3.2)

Figure 3.2 Managing Crime Data Law enforcement personnel can keep vast amounts of information in computer data banks. The computer helps them pull relevant data together quickly. Why is it important to have efficient and organized data available when trying to solve a crime? Photo Credit: Thinkstock/PunchStock Control Control Communication technology plays an important role in controlling machines and tools. Traffic signals are a common example. Computers and sensors send messages to traffic signals. Sensors are devices that detect (sense) such things as light or movement. They control when the light changes from red to green and back to red again. In turn, the traffic signals send a message to drivers, thus controlling the flow of traffic. Communication is also used to control where drivers go. Signs warn of one-way streets and lanes that are closed.

Page 43 Check It Out! Recall the purposes of communication technology. Choose one and explain its importance to you. The Communication System Like all technological systems, a communication system consists of inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback. They work together to achieve the goal of sending and receiving information or messages. (See Figure 3.3)

A Communication System For Making Books Figure 3.3 Communication System - The parts of a communication system are inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback. When they work properly, the intended communication will happen. How would this communication system look different if a movie were being made instead of a book?

Inputs are the seven resources that provide support or supplies. People, information, materials, tools and machines, energy, capital, and time are all inputs. Processes are all the things done to or with the inputs in order to achieve the desired result. Printing a book is an example of a process. Outputs include all the things that result from the inputs and processes. Communication outputs come in many forms. Designed to stimulate our senses, they may be visual (what we see), auditory (what we hear), or tactile (what we can touch). Images, words, symbols, sounds, and music are all typically desirable outputs. Static, noise, or blurred images are undesirable outputs. Feedback also occurs in a communication system. When you place an order online, you often get an automated message confirming the order was received.

To learn more about the evolution of communication technology, go online to view the Chapter 3 Learn More! activity. Page 44 Elements of Electronic Communication

to

Elements of Electronic Communication Many technological communication systems send and store information electronically. Like all communication systems, electronic communication systems consist of a source, encoder, transmitter, decoder, storage, retrieval, and destination. (See Figure 3.4.)

Figure 3.4 Communication Channel Information from the sender (source) must be encoded, transmitted, and decoded. It may also be stored and retrieved. What are some ways that you receive television signals in your home? Photo Credits: (l) Photodisc/Getty Images, (c) David and Les Jacobs/Blend Images/Getty Images, (tr) The McGraw-Hill Companies, (br) Floresco Productions/OJO Images/Getty Images All messages and information originate from a source, which is often one or more people. That message is then encoded, or changed into a signal, and transmitted (sent) via a communication channel. A communication channel is the path over which the message must travel to get from the sender to the receiver. This might include telephone cables or satellites that send signals around the world. Before the information is received at its destination, it must be decoded, or changed back into a form that the receiver can understand. The same information may then be stored and later retrieved. For example, much information is stored in digital equipment using DVDs, computer chips, or memory devices. This information is later retrieved from the device when needed. Modes of Communication

Modes of Communication Most messages and information travel in four basic modes: from human to human, human to machine, machine to human, and machine to machine. Many communication systems involve all of them. Connect Career Center Acoustics in Restaurants Think about the last time you went to a restaurant. Have you ever wondered why sometimes some restaurants are loud and some are soft regardless of the number of patrons? An acoustical engineer is responsible for making sure you hear the sounds you want to hear, and reducing the unwanted noise. Page 45 When you speak with your friend on a cell phone, you are practicing human-to-human communication. When you punched in your friend's phone number, you were using the humanto-machine mode. When your friend's phone rang, it was machine-to-human communication. Machine-to-machine communication occurred at many points in between. There was a large communication network in place that relayed those signals from one point to another via computers, cell phone towers, and other devices. (See Figure 3.5.)

Figure 3.5 Cell Phone Communication This cell phone automatically relays the phone signal to a transmitting tower. Where does the signal go from there? Photo Credit: (l) Picture Net/CORBIS, (r) Thomas Northcut/Photodisc/Getty Images 3.1 Check Your Understanding Perform the following tasks. 1. Analyze the major reasons for using communication technologies. What is an example of when these reasons overlap? 2. Evaluate the importance of each stage of a communication system. What effect does each stage have on the overall success of the process? 3. Apply You are in charge of a communication channel for a news radio station. Explain the path the radio signal takes to move from an interviewer's microphone to a person listening to the interview on the radio. Extend Develop Communication Skills

Listening Have a classmate summarize the communication system that would advertise his or her favorite television show. Give your classmate feedback on his or her system. Did he or she miss any important steps? Chapter 3 Communication Fundamentals Introduction SECTION 3.1 Purpose of Communication Technology SECTION 3.2 Impacts and Innovations in Communication Technology Chapter 3 Review and Assess Page 46 SECTION 3.2 Impacts and Innovations in Communication Technology Impacts and Effects of Communication Technology Communication technologies have many positive and negative impacts and effects on us and on our world. For example, news from overseas affects how people feel about political leaders. As a result, those leaders may make policy changes. This is a political impact. Social, economic, and environmental impacts can also have an important effect. Disposing of old electronic equipment is an environmental issue. Disposing of these devices improperly can put hazardous materials, such as lead and mercury, into the waste stream. (See Figure 3.6.) Some businesses have come into being to recycle these devices.

Figure 3.6

Recycled Electronics Electronic equipment can be recycled. This removes some hazardous materials from the waste stream. What are some other ways that you can reuse old electronic equipment? Photo Credit: Johner Royalty-Free/Getty Images Many people like the convenience of cell phones and portable music players. Yet, these devices may contribute to serious accidents on roadways when drivers are distracted. This drives up insurance costs. More cell phone towers may be erected to improve signals, but the structures can affect the beauty of the environment. Communication devices affect personal privacy. Everyone benefits from the wealth of information on the Internet. Unfortunately, the Internet has provided new opportunities for thieves, too. Identity theft, for example, is obtaining someone's personal information and using it to steal. New law enforcement methods have had to be developed to stop and find the criminals. Page 47 Computer viruses are also a concern. A computer virus is a program that is created to cause harm to computer systems. It is called a virus because it is easily replicated and spread from computer to computer. Viruses can cause systems to fail, data to be lost, and time and money to be wasted on fixing the problems. Check It Out! Recall three negative impacts of communication technology. Choose one and explain how you would solve the problem. Innovations in Communication Technology Communication technologies are constantly changing. Engineers strive to develop new and better ways of sending, receiving, storing, and retrieving information. They consider all the human factors that may be involved. If you have done research on the Internet, you know that you cannot always easily find what you want. Computer and software engineers in the leading information technology industries are working on this problem. They are trying to figure out how to make it easier to find and use information on the Internet.

Human Sound Reception Did you know that you have your own built-in communication devices? Your ears don't depend on fiber optics or electronics, but like electronic communication devices, they use mechanisms that are very complex and efficient.

Sound is transferred through the air by sound wavesmotions of the particles of air. When a wave reaches your ear, it causes the ear drum to vibrate, which starts the reactions that carry information to your brain. Your brain uses the properties of sound to help you locate objects, even if your eyes are closed. Page 48 Have you used a global positioning system (GPS) device? Using signals from satellites, these navigation devices can help you find your location anywhere on Earth. GPS technology is also being used to track shipments of products from place to place. It is possible for a shipper to locate the exact position of a truck carrying the merchandise from one minute to the next. Does your computer use a wireless Internet connection? Until recently, wireless hookups were available only at certain coffeehouses and other public places. Now, however, entire communities are making wireless computing available for all residents. The Internet itself is changing. Blogs, message boards, and social networking have made it more personal. People with similar interests are finding more ways to connect. Satellite radio is another innovation. The radio signal is sent to an orbiting satellite, which can then broadcast it over much greater distances than with ordinary radio. Do you use text messaging? It has replaced many audio phone calls on cell phones. When the message is short and requires no conversation, text messaging saves time.

Digital books have captivated the marketplace. Many booksellers sell more e-books than printed books. The reading devices have grown smallerabout the size of a paperback bookand they can hold hundreds of books at a time. (See Figure 3.7.) One day you may no longer need that heavy backpack. All your books could be carried in one hand on a tablet computer or e-book reader.

Figure 3.7 Electronic Book Readers This reader can hold hundreds of books, but is itself not much larger than a paperback book. What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of using e-books? Photo Credit: EMMANUEL DUNAND/AFP/Getty Images Communication is one of today's fastest-moving technologies. By the time you finish this course, new products and processes will already be on the horizon. 3.2 Check Your Understanding Perform the following tasks. 1. Describe three positive and three negative impacts of communication technology. Explain how communication technology has benefited you personally. 2. Apply You are put in charge of online security at a bank. What are some ways that you can help customers keep their online identities secure? Name three ways to accomplish your task and describe how you would communicate your ideas to your customers. 3. Evaluate the importance of each of the following examples of communication technology to society: Internet, GPS, social networking, satellite radio, digital books. Explain your reasoning. Extend

Develop Communication Skills Writing Write a letter to your school superintendent explaining the benefits of using electronic textbooks instead of paper textbooks. Chapter 3 Communication Fundamentals Introduction SECTION 3.1 Purpose of Communication Technology SECTION 3.2 Impacts and Innovations in Communication Technology Chapter 3 Review and Assess Page 49 CHAPTER 3 Think Like an Engineer Engineering Design Process: Design a Point-of-Purchase Display Design Brief What affects your decision about which shoes to buy at the mall? Have you ever stopped in a grocery store to pick up one item and walked out with several? Your decisions may have been influenced by point-of-purchase (POP) displays. These special displays, placed where you will be most likely to respond to them favorably, come in many shapes, sizes, and forms. They may involve eye-catching graphics, creative sounds and rhythms, interesting electronic features, mechanical movements, or unique textures. However, they all communicate successfully. POP displays are effective tools for getting attention and influencing decisions. 1. Identify a Problem or Opportunity 1. Identify a Problem or Opportunity As part of a design team, you must create and build a tabletop POP display to solicit donations for a favorite charity, nonprofit group, or student organization. Write a statement that describes the problem, such as how to collect money for your chosen charity, group, or organization. 2. Define the Project Constraints 2. Define the Project Constraints Constraints for your POP display include: the size of the finished display must not exceed two cubic feet, your display cannot weigh more than 10 pounds, and you cannot use more than one electrical outlet. If additional materials are purchased for your display, your team must discuss and document costs with your teacher. 3. Research and Brainstorming 1. Discuss possible solutions with your team. It may help to visit a mall or grocery store with the goal of identifying clever POP displays and effective techniques. Ask: What are some ways to entice people to donate? What type of visual, auditory, or tactile means can be employed in the POP display? Is the display meant to inform, persuade, or entertain?

2. Brainstorm ways of testing your ideas. For example, how can the POP display be designed to catch people's attention without working outside of the project constraints? Come up with no more than three ways to test the effectiveness of the POP display design. 3. Do a preliminary evaluation of the design ideas for the POP display. 4. Development and Prototyping 1. Propose designs and choose among alternative solutions for the POP display. Choose the design that will be the most effective with your classmates. 2. Implement your proposed solution. Decide on the process you will use for making the POP display. Gather any tools or materials you may need. 3. Make a drawing of your POP display. Build a model of your display (if necessary). 5. Testing, Analysis, and Optimization 1. Analyze your chosen solution and its consequences. Ask: Does your design work as intended? Will it attract casual consumers in a store? 2. Refine your design. Based on your evaluation, change the design of your POP display if needed. 3. After any changes or improvements to the POP display, build your final version. 6. Evaluation and Presentation 6. Evaluation and Presentation Present your finished POP display to the class. Demonstrate how the display works. Emphasize the reasons behind the display's communication techniques. Present your problem statement, design notes, and final POP display to your teacher. If possible, get permission to test your solution in an appropriate location.

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Go to the Activity Center to review chapter vocabulary. Main Ideas

Communication technology is all the things that people make and do to send and receive information. There are six main reasons we communicate which include informing, educating, persuading, entertaining, managing, and controlling. There are four modes of communication, and they often overlap. Communication technologies have influenced the world politically, socially, economically, and environmentally.

Understanding Concepts 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Why do all areas of communication technology overlap? Describe the purposes of communication technology. What is the goal of a communication system? Summarize the elements of electronic communication. What are the four modes of communication?

Thinking Critically 1. Describe How might the growing ease of communication over long distances change nuclear families? 2. Explain What might be a negative impact of using the device in the photo? 3. Apply How can you personally combat identity theft? 4. Predict Besides not having a heavy backpack, what changes might occur if you used a digital book for all your classes?

Photo Credit: Stockbyte/Getty Images Problem Solving 1. Communication Information can often be misunderstood. Whisper a message about technology to a classmate. Have that student repeat the message to someone else until the whole class has heard the whispered message. How has the message changed from the initial sender to the final receiver? How can this process be changed to solve this problem of miscommunication? 2. Impacts of Technology Communication technologies have many positive and negative social impacts. Choose an impact, either positive or negative, and explain how the piece of communication technology could be redesigned to either expand or minimize its impact. Ch 3 Review