FAULT STUDY

Instructed by :- Ms. Chenuka Perera

Name : D.M.A.Wijerathne
Index No : 080544R
Field : Electrical
Group : G-14
Date of sub : 20-03-2012


OBSERVATION SHEET

Experiment : Fault Study
Name : D.M.A.Wijerathne
Index No : 080544R
Field : Electrical Engineering
Year : Level 4

1) Single line to earth fault

Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero Sequence
Fault voltage ( V ) 38.72 -10.5 -28.41
Fault current ( mA ) 11.5 11.5 11.5


2) Line to line fault

Positive Sequence Negative Sequence
Fault voltage ( V ) 24.08 24.08
Fault current ( mA ) 27 -27


3) Double line to earth fault

Positive Sequence Negative Sequence Zero Sequence
Fault voltage ( V ) 20.21 20.21 20.21
Fault current ( mA ) 31 -23 -8







Calculations
i. Practical Calculations :

All data is in pu according to following bases,
Voltage base = 132 kV
Power base = 40 MVA




F































Figure 1 Simplified Power System







X= 0.08

X= 0.09

X
1
= 0.06
X
2
= 0.04
X
0
= 0.01

X
P
= 0.048
X
T
= 0.055
X
S
= 0.051

Z = 0.002 + j0.005
X
0
= 0.02

Z = 0.017 + j0.04
X
0
= 0.15

Z = 0.19 + j0.44
X
0
= 2.0

Z = 0.156 + j0.341
X
0
= 1.1

Z = 0.347 + j0.8
X
0
= 2.5

Z = 0.057 + j0.13
X
0
= 0.45

Z = 0.058 + j0.102
X
0
= 0.4

X
1
= 0.3
X
2
= 0.2
X
0
= 0.05

X= 0.1

POLPITIYA
ANURADHAPURA
KOLONNAWA BOLAWATTA




LAXAPANA
X = 0.02



Resistive part is neglected in the impedance since the reactive part is very much higher than
resistive part.
Positive Sequence Network












F




































Figure 2

0.06

0.005


0.04

0.44

0.341

0.8


0.13


0.102


0.1

0.02

0.3

N
1


N
1


POLPITIYA
ANURADHAPURA
KOLONNAWA BOLAWATTA
LAXAPANA


0.09

0.055


0.051


0.048


0.08







Negative Sequence Network











F


































Figure 3




N
2


N
2


0.04

0.005


0.04

0.44

0.341

0.8


0.13


0.102


0.1

0.02

0.2

POLPITIYA
ANURADHAPURA
KOLONNAWA BOLAWATTA
LAXAPANA
0.09


0.051


0.055


0.048


0.08




Zero Sequence Network














F




































Figure 3

0.45


0.1

0.05

BOLAWATTA
0.08


N
0


Refference

LAXAPANA
0.02

KOLONNAWA
2.0

0.4


0.02


0.15

1.1

2.5


POLPITIYA
0.01

ANURADHAPURA
0.051


0.055


0.048


0.09





In the DC network analyzer 50V DC supply was used instead of 132kV supply and resistances
are multiplied by a factor of 4000. So the results have to be transformed to actual values.

actual current in the network = Current from the observations
(

4000 50
) 3 (132 40MVA
V
kV


= Current from the observations 13.996kA

Actual voltage in the network = Voltage from the observations
(

3 50
132
V
kV

= Voltage from the observations 2.64/ 3


Single Line to Earth Fault (L-G)












(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

a2
a1
a0
2
2
c
b
a
I
I
I
1
1
1 1 1

I
I
I



(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

11.5mA
11.5mA
11.5mA
1
1
1 1 1

I
I
I
2
2
c
b
a

Actual values ;
I
f
= I
a
= 311.5

I
a
= 482.87A

A 0 I
87 . 482 10 )) 5 . 11 ( ) 5 . 11 ( 5 . 11 ( I
b
3 2
b
=
+ + =



A 0 I
87 . 482 10 )) 5 . 11 ( ) 5 . 11 ( 5 . 11 ( I
b
3 2
c
=
+ + =






E
f

Z
1

Z
2
Z
0

I
a1
I
a2
I
a0

V
a1

V
a2

V
a0


Supply
side
a
b
c
I
a
U
a
I
b
U
a
I
c
U
a
V
a
Ua
V
b
U
V
c
U
a
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

a2
a1
a0
2
2
c
b
a
V
V
V
1
1
1 1 1

V
V
V


(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

10.5V -
38.72V
28.41V -
1
1
1 1 1

V
V
V
2
2
c
b
a

Actual values
0.29kV kV 3 2.64/ 10.5) 38.72 28.41 ( V
a
= + =
kV 93 . 134 91.77 V
V 3 / 64 . 2 ) 120 5 . 10 240 8.72 3 41 . 28 ( V
V 3 / 64 . 2 )) 5 . 10 ( ) 72 . 38 ( 41 . 28 ( V
0
b
0 0
b
2
b
Z =
Z Z + =
+ + =

kV 93 . 134 77 . 91 V
V 3 2.64/ ) 240 10.5 120 38.72 41 . 28 ( V
V 3 / 64 . 2 )) 5 . 10 ( ) 72 . 38 ( 28.41 ( V
0
c
0 0
c
2
Z =
Z Z + =
+ + =
c


Line to Line Fault (L-L)











Actual values ;
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

a2
a1
a0
2
2
c
b
a
I
I
I
1
1
1 1 1

I
I
I

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

27mA -
27mA
0
1
1
1 1 1

I
I
I
2
2
c
b
a

0A I
) 27 27 0 ( I
a
a
=
+ =



Supply
side
a
b
c
I
a
U
a
I
b
U
a
I
c
U
a
V
a
Ua
V
b
U
V
c
U
a
V
a0

Z
0

I
a0

V
a2

I
a2

Z
1

I
a1

V
a1

Z
2

E
f

V
a2

V
a1

kA 90 - 6531 . 0 I
13.966 10 ) 120 27 240 27 ( I
996 . 3 1 10 )) 27 ( ) 27 ( 0 ( I
0
b
3 0 0
b
3 2
b
Z =
Z Z =
+ + =

kA 90 6531 . 0 I
13.966 10 ) 240 27 120 27 ( I
13.966 10 )) 27 ( ) 27 ( 0 ( I
0
c
3 0 0
c
3 2
c
Z =
Z Z =
+ + =

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

a2
a1
a0
2
2
c
b
a
V
V
V
1
1
1 1 1

V
V
V

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

24.08V
24.08V
0
1
1
1 1 1

V
V
V
2
2
c
b
a

73.4kV V
kV 3 2.640/ 24.08) (24.08 V
a
a
=
+ =

kV 180 36.7 V
3 2.640/ ) 120 24.08 240 (24.08 V
3 2.640/ 24.08)) ( 24.08) ( (0 V
0
b
0 0
b
2
b
Z =
Z + Z =
+ + =
kV
kV

kV 180 36.7 V
3 2.64/ ) 240 24.08 120 (24.08 V
3 2.64/ 24.08)) ( 24.08) ( (0 V
0
c
0 0
c
2
c
Z =
Z + Z =
+ + =


Double Line to Earth Fault (L-L-G)


















Supply
side
a
b
c
I
a
U
a
I
b
U
a
I
c
U
a
V
a
Ua
V
b
U
V
c
U
a
V
a0

E
f

Z
1

I
a1

Z
2

I
a2

I
a0

Z
0

Actual values ;
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

a2
a1
a0
2
2
c
b
a
I
I
I
1
1
1 1 1

I
I
I

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

23mA -
31mA
8mA -
1
1
1 1 1

I
I
I
2
2
c
b
a


0A I
23) - 31 -8 ( I
a
a
=
+ =


kA 104.39 - 674 . 0 I
13.966 10 ) 120 23 240 31 8 ( I
996 . 3 1 10 )) 23 ( ) 31 ( 8 - ( I
0
b
3 0 0
b
3 2
b
Z =
Z Z + =
+ + =

kA 104.39 674 . 0 I
13.966 10 ) 240 23 120 31 8 ( I
13.966 10 )) 23 ( ) 31 ( 8 - ( I
0
c
3 0 0
c
3 2
c
Z =
Z Z + =
+ + =

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

a2
a1
a0
2
2
c
b
a
V
V
V
1
1
1 1 1

V
V
V

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

20.21V
20.21V
20.21V
1
1
1 1 1

V
V
V
2
2
c
b
a

92.41kV V
kV 3 2.64/ 20.21) 20.21 (20.21 V
a
a
=
+ + =

kV 0 V
3 / 64 . 2 ) 120 21 . 20 240 20.21 20.21 ( V
3 / 64 . 2 )) 21 . 20 ( ) 21 . 20 ( 21 . 20 ( V
b
0 0
b
2
b
=
Z + Z + =
+ + =

kV 0 V
3 / 64 . 2 ) 240 21 . 20 120 20.21 21 . 20 ( V
3 / 64 . 2 )) 21 . 20 ( ) 21 . 20 ( 21 . 20 ( V
c
0 0
c
2
c
=
Z + Z + =
+ + =







ii. Theoretical Calculations :

Single Line to Earth Fault (L-G)










V
a
= 0 (fault impedance is zero)
I
b
=I
c
= 0 (load currents are negligible compared to fault current)


3
I
I I I
0 I
0 I
I
1
1
1 1 1

3
1
I
I
I
a
a2 a1 a0
c
b
a
2
2
a2
a1
a0
= = =
(
(
(

=
=
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

0 2 1
f
a f
a 2 a
a 1 a
a 0 a
2
1
0
f
2 a
1 a
0 a
Z Z Z
E 3
I I
3 I I
3 I I
3 I I
Z 0 0
0 Z 0
0 0 Z
0
E
0
V
V
V
+ +
= =
(
(
(

=
=
=
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

Since Z
1
= 0.238pu , Z
2
= 0.2225pu,

= 0.6083 pu , E
f
= 1 pu

Fault Current

0 2 1
f
f
Z Z Z
E 3
) pu ( I
+ +
=

base
I ) pu (
f
I ) actual (
f
I =

kA
kV
MVA
I
base
base
base
175 . 0
3 132
40
3
=

=
kA 175 . 0
) 6083 . 0 2225 . 0 (0.238
1 3
(actual) I
f

+ +

=


163.69A
3
491.07
I I I
491.07A
I
a
(actual) I
a2 a1 a0
f
= = = =
= =






E
f

Z
1

Z
2
Z
0

I
a1
I
a2
I
a0

V
a1

V
a2

V
a0


Supply
side
a
b
c
I
a
U
a
I
b
U
a
I
c
U
a
V
a
Ua
V
b
U
V
c
U
a
Fault Voltages from the diagram


15.86kV 10 163.67 6 . 435 0.2225 I Z V
kV 59.24 10 163.69 6 . 435 0.238 3 / 132 I Z E V
kV 373 . 3 4 10 163.69 6 . 435 0.6083 I Z V
6 . 435
40MVA
(132kV)
Z
3 -
a2 2 a2
3 -
a1 1 f a1
3 -
a0 0 a0
2
base
= = =
= = =
= = =
O = =



(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

a2
a1
a0
2
2
c
b
a
V
V
V
1
1
1 1 1
V
V
V


0V V V V V
a2 a1 a0 a
= + + =


kV 135.01 - 91.98 V
120 15.86 240 59.24 43.37 V
86 . 15 24 . 59 43.37 V
V V V V
0
b
0 0
b
2
b
a2 a1
2
a0 b
Z =
Z Z + =
+ + =
+ + =



kV .01 35 1 91.98 V
240 15.86 120 59.23 7 3 . 43 V
86 . 15 23 . 59 43.37 V
V V V V
0
c
0 0
c
2
c
a2
2
a1 a0 c
Z =
Z Z + =
+ + =
+ + =



Line to Line Fault (L-L)













I
a
= 0 (load currents are negligible compared to fault current)
V
b
= V
c

I
b
= - I
c

Z
1
= 0.238pu , Z
2
= 0.2225pu,

= 0.6083 pu , E
f
= 1 pu



Supply
side
a
b
c
I
a
U
a
I
b
U
a
I
c
U
a
V
a
Ua
V
b
U
V
c
U
a
V
a0

Z
0

I
a0

V
a2

I
a2

Z
1

I
a1

V
a1

Z
2

E
f

0A I
0.379kA I I
0.379kA
435.6 0.2225) (0.238
kV 3 132/ 1
Z Z
E
I
a0
a1 a2
2 1
f
a1
=
= =
=
+

=
+
=


0V V
36.73kV 435.6 0.2225 379 . 0 Z I V V
a0
2 a2 a2 a1
=
= = = =



kV 180 36.73 V
kV 180 36.73 V
kV 120 36.73 240 36.73 V
36.73kV 36.73 0 V
V V V V
73.46kV V
73 . 36 36.73 0 V
V V V V
0
c
0
b
0 0
b
2
b
a2 a1
2
a0 b
a
a
a2 a1 a0 a
Z =
Z =
Z + Z =
+ + =
+ + =
=
+ + =
+ + =



A 90 - 656.45 I
A 120 379 240 379 I
379A 379 0 I
I I I I
0
b
0 0
b
2
b
a2 a1
2
a0 b
Z =
Z Z =
+ + =
+ + =



A 90 45 . 656 I
I I
0
c
b c
Z =
=



Double Line to Earth Fault (L-L-G)













I
a
= 0 (load currents are negligible compared to fault current)
V
b
= V
c
= 0
Z
1
= 0.238pu , Z
2
= 0.2225pu,

= Z
3
= 0.6083 pu , E
f
= 1 pu

Supply
side
a
b
c
I
a
U
a
I
b
U
a
I
c
U
a
V
a
Ua
V
b
U
V
c
U
a
V
a0

E
f

Z
1

I
a1

Z
2

I
a2

I
a0

Z
0

V
a2

V
a1


Fault current from the diagram

0.117kA
435.6 0.6083
436) . 0 435.6 0.238 3 / 132 (1
Z
) I Z (E
I
0.32kA
435.6 0.2225
436) . 0 435.6 0.238 3 / 132 (1
Z
) I Z (E
I
0.436kA
435.6 6083) 0.2225//0. (0.238
kV 3 132/ 1
//Z Z Z
E
I
0
a1 1 f
a0
2
a1 1 f
a2
0 2 1
f
a1
=

=

=
=

=

=
=
+

=
+
=


93kV 436) . 0 435.6 0.238 3 / 132 (1 3 ) I Z (E 3 V 3 V
a1 1 f a1 a
= = = =

A 0 I
320 436 117 I
a
a
=
+ =



kA 104.99 - 0.678 I
120 320 240 436 117 I
320 436 117 I
I I I I
0
b
0 0
b
2
b
a2 a1
2
a0 b
Z =
Z Z + =
+ + =
+ + =



kA 99 . 104 678 . 0 I
240 320 120 436 117 I
320 436 117 I
I I I I
0
c
0 0
c
2
c
a2
2
a1 a0 c
Z =
Z Z + =
+ + =
+ + =




























Results

Single Line to Earth Fault (L-G)
Theoretical Practical
Fault
currents
I
a
491.07 A

482.87 A
I
b
0 0
I
c
0 0
Fault
voltages
V
a
0 kV 0.29 -
V
b

kV .01 35 1 91.98
0
Z kV 93 . 134 91.77
0
Z
V
c

kV .01 35 1 91.98
0
Z kV 93 . 134 91.77
0
Z
Line to Line Fault (L-L)
Theoretical Practical
Fault
currents
I
a
0 0
I
b

A 90 - 45 . 656
0
Z A 90 - 1 . 653
0
Z
I
c

A 90 45 . 656
0
Z A 90 1 . 653
0
Z
Fault
voltages
V
a
73.46kV 73.4kV
V
b

kV 80 1 36.73
0
Z kV 180 36.7
0
Z
V
c

kV 80 1 36.73
0
Z kV 180 36.7
0
Z
Double Line to Earth Fault (L-L-G)
Theoretical Practical
Fault
currents
I
a
0 0
I
b

A 104.99 - 678
0
Z A 104.39 - 674
0
Z
I
c

A 104.99 678
0
Z A 104.39 674
0
Z
Fault
voltages
V
a
93kV 92.41kV
V
b
0 0
V
c
0 0




- THEORY

1. Importance of Fault Study

The fault study of a power system is required in order to provide information for the selection of
switch gear ,setting of relays and stability of system operation.A power system is not static but
changes during operation(switching on or off of generators and transmission lines) and during
planning(addition of generators and transmission lines).

2. Analogue methods of studying the fault flow

Symmetrical components method and Bus impedance or admittance method commonly
used in fault flow studies.
Symmetrical components method can only be used to study asymmetric faults by
decomposing the phase components in to a sequence of symmetric components. Bus
impedance or admittance method can be used for the purpose of analyzing both
symmetrical and asymmetrical faults with the use of bus bar impedances of the system.

3. DC Network Analyzer
DC Network Analyzer is a simulation equipment used to model and study symmetrical and
asymmetric faults by using positive,Negative and zero sequence components. sequential
networks can be connected independently and the sequential components can be read with
means of metering equipments. It has variable resistances,an Ammeter and an Ohmmeter and
also variable power supplies ansd altenators ,transformers with bus bars,transmission line
sections and load sections.As real systems have small impedances ,we use multiplication
factors to have measurable and usable impedance values.DC suppies used as generators.

4. Importance of using Sequence Components
Analysing balanced system is much more easier than analysing a unbalanced system.So,an
unbalanced 3 phase system can be devided in to three symmetrical sequences.They are
positive,Negative and Zero sequences. The removal of the complexity of the values makes it
easier to perform the matrix calculation.


5. Relationships between the sequence impedance for generators, transformers and
transmission lines



Generator
The generator has a inherent direction of rotation ,and the sequence considered may
either have the same direction(no relative motion) or the opposite direction(relative
motion at twice the speed). Thus the rotational emf developed for the positive
sequence and the negative sequence would also be different. Thus the generator has
different values for positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence.

Transformer
Transformer being passive and stationary,do not have an inherent direction. Thus it
always has the same positive sequence and negative sequence impedance and even
zero sequence impedances. However, the zero sequence paths across the windings of a
transformer depend on the winding connection and even grounding impedance.

Transmission Lines
The conductors of the transmission lines too,being passive and stationary,do not have
inherent direction. Thus, they always have the same positive sequence and negative
sequence impedances.However,as the zero sequence path also involves the earth wire
and or the earth return path. Therefore zero sequence impedance is higher in value.

- DISCUSSION

1. Assumptions made in Fault Study

The following assumtions are usually made in fault analysis in three phase transmission
lines
All sources are balanced and equal in magnitude and phase.
Sources represented by the Thevenins voltage prior to fault at the fault point.
Large systems may be represented by infinite bus-bars.
Transformers are on nominal tap position.
Resistances are negligible compared to reactance.
Transmission lines are assumed fully transposed and all three phase have same Z.
Loads currents are negligible compared to the fault currents.
Line charging currents can be completely neglected.

2. Reasons for the deviations in practical values and theoretical values.
Due to the additional resistance of connectors,connecting points and wires.
Errors of the measuring equipment and human errors.


3. Practical problems encountered during the experiment and steps taken to overcome
them.

There were so many wires in the three sequence networks hence it becomes complex.
Therefore we numbered bus bars according to the three sequence networks and noted
all the connecting points in a paper.
Connectivity of the conductors.So we check each and every wire to make sure it wont
be a problem.