ASSIGNMENT OF BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS

Proposal On: Working Capital Management And Profitability-Case Of Pakistani Firms

Submitted By: Shaukat Hussain Submitted To: Sir M.Nouman Roll No. 445 BBA 7th Semester Finance (Group 3) Date: 13th May 2012

Working Capital Management And Profitability Case Of Pakistani Firms

INTRODUCTION:
Working capital management is a very important component of corporate finance because it directly affects the liquidity and profitability of the company. It deals with current assets and current liabilities. Working capital management is important due to many reasons. For one thing, the current assets of a typical manufacturing firm accounts for over half of its total assets. For a distribution company, they account for even more. Excessive levels of current assets can easily result in a firms realizing a substandard return on investment. However firms with too few current assets may incur shortages and difficulties in maintaining smooth operations (Horne and Wachowicz, 2000). Efficient working capital management involves planning and controlling current assets and current liabilities in a manner that eliminates the risk of inability to meet due short term obligations on the one hand and avoid excessive investment in these assets on the other hand (Eljelly, 2004). Many surveys have indicated that managers spend considerable time on day-to-day problems that involve working capital decisions. One reason for this is that current assets are short-lived investments that are continually being converted into other asset types (Rao 1989). With regard to current liabilities, the firm is responsible for paying these obligations on a timely basis. Liquidity for the on going firm is not reliant on the liquidation value of its assets, but rather on the operating cash flows generated by those assets (Soenen, 1993). Taken together, decisions on the level of different working capital components become frequent, repetitive, and time consuming. Working Capital Management is a very sensitive area in the field of financial management (Joshi, 1994). It involves the decision of the amount and composition of current assets and the financing of these assets. Current assets include all those assets that in the normal course of business return to the form of cash within a short period of time, ordinarily within a year and such temporary investment as may be readily converted into cash upon need. The Working Capital Management of a firm in part affects its profitability. The ultimate objective of any firm is to maximize the profit. But, preserving liquidity of the firm is an important objective too. The problem is that increasing profits at the cost of liquidity can bring serious problems to the firm. Therefore, there must be a trade off between these two objectives of the firms. One objective should not be at cost of the other because both have their importance. If we do not care about profit, we can not survive for a longer period. On the other hand, if we do not care about liquidity, we may face the problem of insolvency or bankruptcy. For these reasons working capital management should be given proper consideration and will ultimately affect the profitability of the firm.

Firms may have an optimal level of working capital that maximizes their value. Large inventory and a generous trade credit policy may lead to high sales. Larger inventory reduces the risk of a stock-out. Trade credit may stimulate sales because it allows customers to assess product quality before paying (Long, Maltiz and Ravid, 1993, and Deloof and Jegers, 1996). Another component of working capital is accounts payable. Delaying payments to suppliers allows a firm to assess the quality of bought products, and can be an inexpensive and flexible source of financing for the firm. On the other hand, late payment of invoices can be very costly if the firm is offered a discount for early payment. A popular measure of Working Capital Management (WCM) is the cash conversion cycle, i.e. the time lag between the expenditure for the purchases of raw materials and the collection of sales of finished goods. The longer this time lag, the larger the investment in working capital (Deloof 2003). A longer cash conversion cycle might increase profitability because it leads to higher sales. However, corporate profitability might also decrease with the cash conversion cycle, if the costs of higher investment in working capital rise faster than the benefits of holding more inventories and/or granting more trade credit to customers. This discussion of the importance of working capital management, its different components and its effects on profitability leads us to the problem statement which we will be analyzing. The problem statement to be analyzed in this study is: Does Working Capital Management Affect Profitability of Pakistani Firms? To analyze this problem statement, I have developed objectives of our research, which will hopefully contribute towards a very important aspect of financial management known as working capital management. It is almost untouched in Pakistan or very little research has been done in this area.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

The main objectives of this research are To establish a relationship between Working Capital Management and Profitability over a period of six years for 94 Pakistani companies listed on Karachi Stock Exchange. To find out the effects of different components of working capital management on profitability To establish a relationship between the two objectives of liquidity and profitability of the Pakistani firm. To find out the relationship between profitability and size of the Pakistani firm. To find out the relationship between debt used by the Pakistani firm and its profitability . To draw conclusion about relationship of working capital management and profitability of the Pakistani firms.

2. Literature Review:
Many researchers have studied working capital from different views and in different environments. The following ones were very interesting and useful for our research: (Eljelly, 2004) elucidated that efficient liquidity management involves planning and controlling current assets and current liabilities in such a manner that eliminates the risk of inability to meet due short-term obligations and avoids excessive investment in these assets. The relation between profitability and liquidity was examined, as measured by current ratio and cash gap (cash conversion cycle) on a sample of joint stock companies in Saudi Arabia using correlation and regression analysis. The study found that the cash conversion cycle was of more importance as a measure of liquidity than the current ratio that affects profitability. The size variable was found to have significant effect on profitability at the industry level. The results were stable and had important implications for liquidity management in various Saudi companies. First, it was clear that there was a negative relationship between profitability and liquidity indicators such as current ratio and cash gap in the Saudi sample examined. Second, the study also revealed that there was great variation among industries with respect to the significant measure of liquidity. (Deloof, 2003) discussed that most firms had a large amount of cash invested in working capital. It can therefore be expected that the way in which working capital is managed will have a significant impact on profitability of those firms. Using correlation and regression tests he found a significant negative relationship between gross operating income and the number of days accounts receivable, inventories and accounts payable of Belgian firms. On basis of these results he suggested that managers could create value for their shareholders by reducing the number of days accounts receivable and inventories to a reasonable minimum. The negative relationship between accounts payable and profitability is consistent with the view that less profitable firms wait longer to pay their bills. (Ghosh and Maji, 2003) in this paper made an attempt to examine the efficiency of working capital management of the Indian cement companies during 1992 1993 to 2001 2002. For measuring the efficiency of working capital management, performance, utilization, and overall efficiency indices were calculated instead of using some common working capital management ratios. Setting industry norms as target-efficiency levels of the individual firms, this paper also tested the speed of achieving that target level of efficiency by an individual firm during the period of study. Findings of the study indicated that the Indian Cement Industry as a whole did not perform remarkably well during this period. (Shin and Soenen, 1998) highlighted that efficient Working Capital Management (WCM) was very important for creating value for the shareholders. The way working capital was managed had a significant impact on both profitability and liquidity. The relationship between the length of Net Trading Cycle, corporate profitability and risk adjusted stock return was examined using correlation and regression analysis, by industry and capital intensity. They found a strong negative relationship between lengths of the firms net trading Cycle and its profitability. In addition, shorter net trade cycles were associated with higher risk adjusted stock returns.

(Smith and Begemann 1997) emphasized that those who promoted working capital theory shared that profitability and liquidity comprised the salient goals of working capital management. The problem arose because the maximization of the firm's returns could seriously threaten its liquidity, and the pursuit of liquidity had a tendency to dilute returns. This article evaluated the association between traditional and alternative working capital measures and return on investment (ROI), specifically in industrial firms listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). The problem under investigation was to establish whether the more recently developed alternative working capital concepts showed improved association with return on investment to that of traditional working capital ratios or not. Results indicated that there were no significant differences amongst the years with respect to the independent variables. The results of their stepwise regression corroborated that total current liabilities divided by funds flow accounted for most of the variability in Return on Investment (ROI). The statistical test results showed that a traditional working capital leverage ratio, current liabilities divided by funds flow, displayed the greatest associations with return on investment. Well-known liquidity concepts such as the current and quick ratios registered insignificant associations whilst only one of the newer working capital concepts, the comprehensive liquidity index, indicated significant associations with return on investment. All the above studies provide us a solid base and give us idea regarding working capital management and its components. They also give us the results and conclusions of those researches already conducted on the same area for different countries and environment from different aspects.

METHODOLOGY:
The purpose of this research is to contribute towards a very important aspect of financial management known as working capital management with reference to Pakistan. Here I will see the relationship between working capital management practices and its affects on profitability of 94 Pakistani firms listed on Karachi stock Exchange for a period of six years from 1999 2004. This section of the article discusses the firms and variables included in the study, the distribution patterns of data and applied statistical techniques in investigating the relationship between working capital management and profitability.

HYPOTHESES TESTING:
Since the objective of this study is to examine the relationship between profitability and working capital management, the study makes a set of testable hypothesis {the Null Hypotheses H0 versus the Alternative ones H1}. HYPOTHESIS 1 The first hypothesis of this study is as follows:

H01 : There is no relationship between efficient working capital management and profitability of Pakistani firms. H11: There is a possible positive relationship between efficient working capital management and profitability of Pakistani firms. Firms more efficient in managing their working capitals are expected to pose high level of profitability and vice versa. HYPOTHESIS 2 The second hypothesis of the study is as follow: H02: There is no relationship between liquidity and profitability of Pakistani firms. H12: There may exist a negative relationship between liquidity of Pakistani firms and profitability. Firms with high level of liquidity are expected to post low level of profitability and vice versa. HYPOTHESIS 3 The Third hypothesis of the study is as follow: H03: There is no relationship between size of Pakistani firms and profitability. H13: There may exist a positive relationship between the firm size and its profitability. This may be due to the ability of large firms to reduce liquidity levels and cash gaps. HYPOTHESIS 4 The Fourth hypothesis of the study is as follow: H04: There is no relationship between debt used by Pakistani firms and profitability. H14: There is a possible negative relationship between debt used by Pakistani firms and profitability. Firms with high level of debt usage are expected to post low level of profitability and vice versa.

DATA SET & SAMPLE:

The data used in this study was acquired from Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE), internet and web sites of different firms. Data of firms listed on the KSE for the most recent six years formed the basis of our calculations. The period covered by the study extends to six years starting from 1999 to 2004. The reason for restricting to this period was that the latest data for investigation was available for this period. The sample is based on financial statements of the 94 Pakistani firms, listed on KSE including firms from different sectors of our economy. Because of the specific nature of their activities, firms in financial sector, banking and finance, insurance, leasing, modarabas, business services, renting and other services are excluded from the sample. Finally, the firms with data of the number of days accounts receivable, number of days inventories, number of days accounts payable and operating income are included in sample.

VARIABLES:
All the variables stated below have been used to test the hypotheses of my study. They include dependent, independent and some control variables: 1. NET OPERATING PROFITABILITY (NOP): which is a measure of Profitability of the firm is used as dependant variable. It is defined as Operating Income plus depreciation, and divided by total assets minus financial assets. 2. AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD (ACP): used as proxy for the Collection Policy is an independent variable. It is calculated by dividing account receivable by sales and multiplying the result by 365 (number of days in a year). 3. INVENTORY TURNOVER IN DAYS (ITID): used as proxy for the Inventory Policy is also an independent variable. It is calculated by dividing inventory by cost of goods sold and multiplying with 365 days. 4. AVERAGE PAYMENT PERIOD (APP): used as proxy for the Payment Policy is also an independent variable. It is calculated by dividing accounts payable by purchases and multiplying the result by 365. 5. THE CASH CONVERSION CYCLE (CCC):used as a comprehensive measure of working capital management is another independent variable, and is measured by adding Average Collection Period with Inventory Turnover in Days and deducting Average Payment Period. 6. CURRENT RATIO (CR): which is a traditional measure of liquidity is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities. In addition , Size (Natural logarithm of Sales (LOS)), Debt Ratio (DR) used as proxy for Leverage and is calculated by dividing Total Debt by Total Assets, and ratio of financial assets to total assets (FATA) are included as control variables.

MODEL SPECIFICATIONS:
The general form of model, used in this study is:
N O Pit= 0 + nall i Xit +

NOPit : Net Operating Profitability of firm i at time t; i = 1, 2, , 94 firms.

0 i Xit

: The intercept of equation : Coefficients of X it variables : The different independent variables for working capital Management of firm i at time t

: Time = 1, 2,,6 years. : The error term

Specifically, when we convert the above general least squares model into our specified variables it becomes: NOPit = 0 + 1 (ACP it) + 2(ITID it) + 3(APP it) + 4(CCC it) + 5 (CR it) + 6(DR it) + 7(LOS it) + 8(FATA it) + Where: NOP : Net Operating Profitability ACP : Average Collection Period ITID : Inventory Turnover in Days APP : Average Payment Period CCC : Cash Conversion Cycle CR DR : Current Ratio : Debt Ratio

LOS : Natural logarithm of Sales FATA: Financial Assets to Total Assets : The error term.

REFERENCES:
Deloof, M and Jegers, M. 1996. Trade credit, product Quality, and Intra Group Trade: Some European Evidence, Financial Management, Vol 25 No 3 pp. 33-43 Deloof, M. 2003. Does Working Capital Management Affects Profitability of Belgian Firms?, Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Vol 30 No 3 & 4 pp. 573 - 587 Eljelly, A. 2004. Liquidity-Profitability Tradeoff: An empirical Investigation in an Emerging Market, International Journal of Commerce & Management, Vol 14 No 2 pp. 48 - 61 Ghosh, S. K. and Maji, S. G. 2003. Working Capital Management Efficiency: A study on the Indian Cement Industry, The Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India Joshi, P. V. 1995. Working Capital Management under Inflation, 1st Ed. Anmol Publishers, pp. 20 - 93

Long, Michael. S, Malitz. Lleen. B, and Ravid, S. Abraham, (1993) Trade Credit, Quality Guarantees, and Product Marketability Financial Management, pp. 117 - 127 Rao, R. K. S. 1989. Fundamentals of Financial Management, 3rd Ed. Macmillan publishers, pp 550-644 Ricci, C. and Vito, N. D. 2000. International Working Capital Practices in the UK, European Financial Management, Vol 6 No 1 pp. 69-84 Richard, V. D. and Laughlin, E. J. 1980. A Cash Conversion Cycle Approach to Liquidity Analysis, Financial Management, Vol 9 No 1 pp. 32-38 Shin, H.H and Soenen, L. 1998. Efficiency of Working Capital Management and Corporate Profitability, Financial Practice and Education, Vol 8 No 2, pp 37-45 Smith, M. Beaumont, Begemann, E. 1997 Measuring Association between Working Capital and Return on Investment, South African Journal of Business Management, Vol 28 No 1 Soenen, L. A. 1993. Cash conversion cycle and corporate profitability, Journal of Cash Management, Vol 13 No 4 pp. 53-58 Van Horne, J. C. & Wachowicz, J. M. 2000. Fundamentals of Financial Management, 11th Ed. Prentice Hall Inc.