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0.8
response spectra 0
power - dB 60
200 50 400
40 600
30 800
90 100
10
20
30
40 50 60 time - milliseconds
70
80
1000
20
1200
10
1400
10 15 frequency - Bark
20
25
(t) = L{a(t)},
direct path early reflections
(t) = L{b(t)}
0.6
0.4
superposition, linearity
0.2
10
20
30
40 50 60 time - milliseconds
L{a(t )} = (t )
Reflected source signals are sensitive to the details of the environment geometry and materials. Reverberation is roughly linear and time-invariant, and thus characterized by its impulse response.
Music 318, Winter 2007, Impulse Response Measurement 2
measurement noise
n(t) r(t)
s(t) h(t)
test sequence LTI system measured response
n(t) r(t)
s (t) s (t)
k k k k
(t)
s(t) h(t)
test sequence LTI system measured response
Repeat measurement, average results MLS, Golay (t) = 1 r (t) sk (t) = (t), k = 1,2,K h k
k
Smear impulse over time allpass chirp, sine sweep (t) = 1 s(t) r(t) s(t) = a(t), a(t) a(t) = (t) h
Music 318, Winter 2007, Impulse Response Measurement 4
1.5
0.5
1 time - seconds
1.5
(t) =
( )d
5
[0,T]
( )d
d v(t) = 2 dt [ [
0
0,
T]
measurement noise
n(t) r(t)
h(t)
Impulse response estimate h(t) = (t) r(t) = [ (t) s(t)] h(t) + (t) n(t) = h(t) + (t) n(t) Expected value (zero-mean noise assumed) E{h (t)} = h(t) + (t) E{n(t)} = h(t) SNR gain (sweep, noise uncorrelated) d ( ) 1 / 2 dt
Music 318, Winter 2007, Impulse Response Measurement
LTI system
measured response
15 frequency - kHz
s(t)
10
() speaker
g(t) room
r(t)
0 0.2
0.4
0.6
1.2
1.4
1.6
((
)sin
t 0 k
( )d ,
(t) = k (t)
10
(t) =
, 0 e e t
1 = log T
0 T
frequency - kHz
10
(t) = k =
0
(t + 1 log k)
10
-1
= (t + 1 log k)
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 time - seconds 1.2 1.4 1.6
0.2
10
10 -1
0.5
1 time - seconds
1.5
Processing using the sweep inverse produces a series of time-shifted responses, one for each harmonic present. The "linear" response is the impulse response; the remaining responses are used to estimate THD.
10
s(t)
g(t) room
()
r(t)
mic preamp
preamp nonlinearity
10 0 10
-1
0.5
1 time - seconds
1.5
Power nonlinearities generate even/odd harmonic series, depending on the sense of p; e.g., for p odd, cos
p
t=2
( p 1 ) / 2
1 p
k =0
p k
cos( p 2k) t
The time-separated "linear" response may not be the desired system linear portion.
Music 318, Winter 2007, Impulse Response Measurement 11
s(t)
-0.5 0.5
1500
0 10 frequency - kHz
1000
r(t)
amplitude
-0.5
1500
200
800
1000
h(t)
10
15
20 time - milliseconds
25
30
35
40
12
s(t)
frequency - kHz
0 500 1000 sine sweep response, r(t) 1500
amplitude
-0.5 1
0 10
1000
r(t)
amplitude
frequency - kHz
500
1500
2000
0.04
amplitude
h(t)
100
200
300
400
600
700
800
900
1000
13
10
20
30
40 50 60 time - milliseconds
70
80
90
100
The impulse response of a reverberant environment will often have a direct path, followed by a few early reflections and the late-field reverberation.
Music 318, Winter 2007, Impulse Response Measurement 14
-0.5
20
40
60
140
160
180
200
echo density profile, 20-msec. frames. 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 time - msec. 140 160 180 200
Echo density can be measured along an impulse response by comparing the percentage of taps lying outside the local standard deviation to that expected for Gaussian noise.
Music 318, Winter 2007, Impulse Response Measurement 15
100
200
300
600
700
800
900
echo density profile, 20-msec. frames. 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 time - msec. 600 700 800 900
16
1000
20
1200
10
1400
10 15 frequency - Bark
20
25
17
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80 -1 10
10 frequency - kHz
10
18
200
400
1000
1200
1400
19
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
200
400
1000
1200
1400
20
10
10
10
10
-1
10
-1
10 frequency - kHz
10
21
power - dB 60
10 1
50
10
-1
10
-1
10 frequency - kHz
10
10 15 frequency - Bark
20
25
22