University Of Karachi BINGHAM FLOW OVER A CIRCULAR TUBE

Syed Saad Ahmed B-0933040 B.E 3rd Year Chemical Engineering

Submitted To: Sir Ahsan Ghani

BINGHAM FLOW OVER A CIRCULAR TUBE 2012

BINGHAM FLOW IN A CIRCULAR TUBE
A fluid that is nearly described by the Bingham model is flowing through a vertical tube as the result of a pressure gradient and/or gravitational acceleration. The radius and length of a tube are R and L, respectively. It is desired to obtain a relation between the volume of the flow Q and the combined pressure and gravity forces acting on the fluid. Solution: Consider a steady leminar flow of a fluid of constant density in a very long tube of length L and radius R. we select our system a cylindrical shell of thickness and the length L, then various combination to the momentum balance in the z direction are: Rate of momentum in across cylindrical surface at r: Rate of momentum out across cylindrical surface at r+ r: Rate of momentum in across annular surface z=0: Rate of momentum out across annular surface z=L: Gravity force acting on cylinder: Pressure force acting on annular surface at z=0: Pressure force acting on annular surface at z=L: Putting all the values in the momentum balance equation,
( ( ( ) ) ( )| )|

)|

( )

)|

)|

)|

} (

{ )|

)| ( )| (

)| )(

*(

) +

)|

)|

)(

Dividing both sides by (2Lr):

Prepared By: Syed Saad Ahmed | B.E Chemical Engineering

BINGHAM FLOW OVER A CIRCULAR TUBE 2012

{( )| ( )| } {( ) }

Taking limit r approaches to zero:

{( )| ( )| } {( { ( ) ( } ) ) }

Where,

represents the combined effect of static pressure and gravitational force, and

Upon integration:
( ) ( )

. equation (i)

Taking boundary condition 1: At r=0, rZ=0,

Putting in equation (i),

( )

For the non Newtonian fluid or bingham flow the velocity gradient is zero when the momentum flux is less than the value Hence once expect a plug flow region In the central part of the tube, outside the plug flow region the momentum flux ad the velocity gradient are related accordingly,
( ( ( ) ) )

Prepared By: Syed Saad Ahmed | B.E Chemical Engineering

BINGHAM FLOW OVER A CIRCULAR TUBE 2012

Integraing,
. / ( ) equation (ii)

Taking boundary condition 2: At Vz=0, r=R,

( )

Putting in equation (ii),

( ( ) ) ( ( ) )

After integration,
. / [ . / ] 0 1 r>ro

Hence ro is the radius of the plug flow region, defined by,

( )

Putting In above,
( ( ( ( ( ) [ ) ) . [( [ ) / ] . . [ ) 0 ( ) 0 /] . . 1 / ] / ] 1

/ ) /

The volume rate of the flow can be calculated from,

Prepared By: Syed Saad Ahmed | B.E Chemical Engineering

BINGHAM FLOW OVER A CIRCULAR TUBE 2012

Integrating by parts,

[*

[*

* ,

The quantity because

is zero (0) at both limit and the integral the lower limit may be replaced by ro for r<ro
* +

Since,
( )

Putting in above,
[( ) ]

Integrating, 5

Prepared By: Syed Saad Ahmed | B.E Chemical Engineering

BINGHAM FLOW OVER A CIRCULAR TUBE 2012

( ( ), )* + * + , -

Putting ro=

*(

)+

*(

*(

*(

*(

Since the

is the rate of momentum flux at the wall,

( )

Putting in above,
( ) * ( ) ( )+

( )

( ) ]

This equation is known as Bingham Reiner Equation, when the Newtonian model. 6

is zero than this model reduces to

Prepared By: Syed Saad Ahmed | B.E Chemical Engineering