FINAL PROJECT REPORT

WECC WIND GENERATOR DEVELOPMENT

Appendix V
MODEL VALIDATION OF
WIND TURBINE GENERATOR



Prepared for CIEE By:

National Renewable Energy Laboratory


















A CIEE Report


- i -

- ii -
Acknowledgments
This work is part of a larger project called WECC Wind Generator Modeling. The support of
the U.S. Department of Energy, the Western Electric Coordinating Council, and the California
EnergyCommissionsPIERProgramaregratefullyacknowledged.
The author expresses his gratitude to the members WECC WGMG and MVWG, General
Electric, and Siemens PTI who have been instrumental in providing technical support and
reviews,and,inparticulartoDr.AbrahamEllisofSandiaNationalLaboratory,whoworkswith
usonthisprojectastheChairofWECCWGMG,andcontinuouslyprovidestechnicalguidance
duringthedevelopmentofthisproject.

iii
iv
Table of Contents

AbstractandKeywords.....................................................................................................................v
ExecutiveSummary............................................................................................................................1
1.0 IntroductionandScope.......................................................................................................4
2.0 Background...........................................................................................................................6
3.0 WindTurbineDynamicModel..........................................................................................8
3.1. Type1InductionGenerator........................................................................................8
3.2. Type 2 Wound Rotor Induction Generator with Adjustable External Rotor
Resistance........................................................................................................................10
3.3. Type3VariableSpeedWindTurbineGeneratorwithDoublyFedInduction
Generator.........................................................................................................................9
3.4. Type 4 Variable Speed Wind Turbine Generator with Full Conversion
PowerConverter............................................................................................................10
4.0 WindPowerPlantRepresentation....................................................................................11
4.1. SingleMachineEquivalentRepresentation...............................................................12
4.2. RepresentationofWindTurbineDynamicModel....................................................13
4.3. RepresentationWindTurbineEquivalentRating.....................................................14
4.4. RepresentationofWindTurbineandWindPlantVoltageController...................14
4.5. Remotevoltagedefinition:............................................................................................17
5.0 WindPowerPlantModelValidation...............................................................................23
5.1. Networkanddisturbancerepresentation...................................................................23
5.2. DatafortheSimulation.................................................................................................24
5.3. Measureddata................................................................................................................24
5.4. Equivalentcircuitofthenetwork................................................................................27
5.5. Dynamicdata..................................................................................................................28
5.6. Eventrepresentation......................................................................................................29
6.0 SimulationResults...............................................................................................................30
6.1. DynamicSimulation......................................................................................................30
6.2. Comparisonofsimulationresponseandmeasurements.........................................31
7.0 Summary..............................................................................................................................33
References...........................................................................................................................................34
Glossary...............................................................................................................................................35
v
List of Figures
Figure1.Fourtypesofwindturbinegeneratormodels.......................................................................8
Figure2.Physicaldiagramofatypicalwindpowerplant................................................................12
Figure3.SinglemachineequivalentpowerflowrepresentationforaWPP..................................13
Figure4.Blockdiagramofconvertercontrolmodelwithdifferentsettings..................................16
Figure5.Simplifiedsinglelinediagramdescribingvoltagecontrolataremotenode.................18
Figure6.Type3WTGpitchcontrol......................................................................................................19
Figure7.Type3WTGturbinemodelwithonemassmodel.............................................................19
Figure8.Pitchangleversuswindspeedinitialization.......................................................................19
Figure9.SimplifiedsinglelinediagramoftheWPPnetwork..........................................................22
Figure10.Phasevoltagewaveformduringfaultevent....................................................................23
Figure 11. Input (voltage and frequency) and output (real and reactive power) of the
dynamicsimulation.........................................................................................................................25
Figure12.SinglemachineequivalentrepresentationforreferenceWPP........................................27
Figure13.BlockdiagramofWECCgenericDFIGmodel..................................................................27
Figure14.TheWPPisrepresentedbyatwoturbinerepresentation...............................................28
Figure15.Thecontrolblockdiagramforthesystembeingvalidated.............................................29
Figure17.ReactivePowerComparison................................................................................................30
Figure18.SimplifieddiagramoffullsystemrepresentationoftheWPP........................................31
Figure19.TerminalvoltageofdifferentWTGsandthevoltageatthePOI....................................31

vi
Abstract and Keywords
For the most part, wind turbine generator (WTG) manufacturers have sponsored the
development of WTG dynamic models. Models developed under this paradigm tend to be
proprietaryandmanufacturerspecific.Themodelsareoftendisclosedunderconfidentialterms
forinterconnectionstudiesanddesignofindividualprojects.However,theuseofproprietary
models to represent installed wind power plants is incompatible with critical grid planning
activitiesthatareconductedbyregionalreliabilityorganizationsasacollaborativeeffortamong
manystakeholders.Inthiscontext,theuseofgenericorsimplifiedmodelsisdesirable.
To address this industry need, the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) has
embarkedonthedevelopmentofgenericpositivesequenceWTGmodelsforlargescalepower
system transient stability analysis. As an integral part of this WECC activity, the National
RenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL)isengagedinthismodelvalidationeffort.
ThedynamicmodelsdevelopedaresometimesreferredtoasgenericWECCmodelsbecause
of the nonproprietary nature of these models. The objective of this report was to provide a
methodology for validating dynamic models of wind turbine generators for power system
studies.Thisreportdiscussestheprocessofmodelvalidationagainstfieldmeasurements.The
procedureisillustratedwithaspecificexample.

Keywords: Dynamic model, power system, renewable energy, variablespeed

generation,weakgrid,windenergy,windfarm,windpowerplant,windturbine,wind
integration,systemsintegration,WECC,windturbinemodel,validation.

1
Executive Summary
Withinthenext35years,itisexpectedthatalargeamountofwindcapacitywillbeaddedto
the power system. The size of individual turbines has increased dramatically from a mere
several hundred kilowatts to multi megawatt turbines. The size of individual wind power
plants has also increased significantly. In the past, a typical wind power plant consisted of
severalturbines.Today,windpowerplantratingscanbeashighas300MWormore.Bysome
projections, as much as 20 GW of additional wind generation capacity may be added in the
WesternElectricityCoordinatingCouncil(WECC)footprintwithinthenext1015years.The
increase in the level of penetration of renewable energy generation in the WECC region, and
California in particular (20% by 2010), poses significant questions concerning the ability of the
powersystemtomaintainreliableoperation.
While the use of induction generators or negative loads to represent wind power plants has
been acceptable in the past (during the era of low wind penetration), the increased use of this
energy source necessitates a more accurate representation of a modern wind turbine.
Misrepresentation of a wind power plant in a dynamic model may lead the transmission
plannerstoerroneousconclusions.
The Wind Generation Modeling Group (WGMG) has initiated and will complete the research
and development of standard wind turbine models of four different types of wind turbines.
These four types of turbines currently hold the largest market share in the North American
region. WECC is interested in providing accurate and validated models of standard wind
turbines that will be made available in their database, including the data sets to be used for
testing the models, and the methods of representing a wind power plant in power system
studies.Thesegoalswillbeaccomplishedthroughthedevelopmentandvalidationofstandard
models, development of an equivalent method for an array of wind generators, and
recommended practices for modeling a wind power plant. The WECC models will be generic
in nature, that is, they do not require nor reveal proprietary data from the turbine
manufacturers.
These improved standard (generic, nonproprietary) dynamic models enable planners,
operators and engineers to design real time controls or Remedial Action Schemes (RAS) that
take into account the capability of modern wind turbines (for example, dynamic, variable,
reactive power compensation, dynamic generation shedding capability, and soft
synchronization with the grid) to avoid threats to reliability associated with the operation of a
significantamountofwindenergysystems.Inaddition,researchersatuniversitiesandnational
laboratories will have access to wind turbine models, and will be able to conduct research
withouttheneedtoprovidefornondisclosureagreementsfromturbinemanufacturers.
With the tasks proposed, planners could more accurately study transmission congestion or
other major grid operating constraints, either from a real time grid operation or transmission
planningperspective.Thesemodelscouldbeusedbytransmissionplannersinexpandingthe
capacity of existing transmission facilities to accommodate wind energy development in a
mannerthatbenefitselectricityconsumers.
2
Failure to address this modeling problem either increases the risk to Californias electricity
supply, grid instabilities and outages or reduced amounts of power that can be imported into
andtransportedwithinCaliforniaandtheregionwithintheWECCfootprint.
WindTurbineModelValidationisoneofthefinalreportsfortheWindGeneratorDevelopment
Project,contractnumber#50002004,workauthorizationnumberMR065,aprojectsponsored
by Western Electric Coordinating Council Wind Generator Modeling Group, California
EnergyCommission,andNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory.

3
1.0 Introduction and Scope

Modernwindturbinegenerators(WTGs)utilizepowerelectronicsandstateoftheartrealand
reactive power controls that allow wind power plants to have much better steadystate and
dynamic performance compared to wind power plants of the past. For reliability and cost
reasons,itisveryimportanttoproperlyrepresentsteadyanddynamiccharacteristicsinlarge
scale positivesequence simulations. For the most part, the development of WTG positive
sequence dynamic models has been sponsored by WTG manufacturers. Simulation models
developedunderthisparadigmtendtobeproprietaryandmanufacturerspecific.
Themodelsareoftendisclosedunderconfidentialtermsforinterconnectionstudiesanddesign
of individual projects. However, the use of proprietary and manufacturerspecific models to
representinstalledwindpowerplantsisincompatiblewithcriticalgridplanningactivitiesthat
are conducted by regional reliability organizations as a collaborative effort among many
stakeholders.Inthiscontext,theuseofgenericorsimplifiedmodelsisdesirable.
Toaddressthisindustryneed,theWindGenerationModelingGroup(WGMG)oftheWestern
Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) has embarked on the development of generic
positivesequence WTG models for largescale power system transient stability analysis. This
effortisbasedonthepremisethatitistechnicallyfeasibletodevelopagenericmodelforeach
of the four basic WTG configurations that are currently in use: 1) squirrelcage induction
generator, 2) woundrotor induction generator with adjustable rotor resistance, 3) doubly fed
asynchronousgenerator(DFAG),alsoknownasdoublyfedinductiongenerator(DFIG),and4)
a fullpower conversion wind turbine generator. Although additional work is required to
achievethestatedgoals,substantialprogresshasbeenmade.AsanintegralpartofthisWCC
WGMGactivity,theNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL)isengagedinanextensive
model validation project aimed at testing the models against field measurements and refining
theWECCgenericmodelsasneeded.
The dynamic model developed by WECC is referred to as a generic WECC model with the
understandingthatthemodeldoesnotcontainproprietary informationspecificto anyturbine
manufacturers. To simulate a particular turbine from a turbine manufacturer, this generic
model requires nonproprietary input data that is available from the WECC database or from
theturbinemanufacturer.
The validation of the dynamic model is intended to examine if the model produces the same
characteristicsoftheactualwindturbine. The bestscenarioisto comparefieldmeasurements
taken during transient events to the response of the dynamic model to the same events
performedbysimulation.However,fielddataisnoteasytoaccess.Thenextbestscenarioisto
use the detailed model (including all the proprietary information) developed by the wind
turbine manufacturers as the baseline turbine. The detailed model is usually validated with
fielddata(insomecases,consideredtobeproprietarybytheturbinemanufacturers).
The scope of this document is focused on the methodology of wind turbine model validation.
Themethodofvalidationcanbeappliedtodifferenttypesofgenerators,however,inthisreport
4
the type 3 wind turbine generator model validation is presented based on data measurements
takenattheNewMexicoWindEnergyCenter.Thisreportisorganizedasfollows:
- Section1IntroductionandScope
o Section1isdevotedtotheintroductionandprojectscope.
- Section2Background
o This section provides historical background and the requirement for a generic
dynamicmodelofawindturbinegenerator.
- Section3WindTurbineDynamicModel
o In this section, the general discussion of wind turbine dynamic model is
presented.Thefourtypesofgenericmodelsarealsodiscussed.Thedetailofthe
model is not presented, but there are many other publications available in the
publicdomaintodescribeeachindividualwindturbines.
- Section4WindPowerPlantRepresentation
o This section describes the wind power plant in the context of modern wind
turbine technology, with a particular emphasis on electrical characteristics. The
difference between a conventional power plant and wind power plant are
described. Singlemachine equivalent representation, representation of the
dynamic model, wind turbine equivalent rating, voltage controller, and pitch
controlarepresentedinthissection.
- Section5WindPowerPlantModelValidation
o The method to represent the network and the disturbance are presented. The
comparisonbetweenthesimulationandmeasurementwillbediscussedindetail.
The measured raw data is processed before it is used in the simulation.
Equivalent circuit, dynamic data, and event representation are described in this
section.
- Section6SimulationResults
o In this section, the comparison between the simulation results and the field
measurements is presented. Both a single turbine representation and the
complete(136turbines)representationarediscussed.
- Section7Summary
o Thissectionsummarizesthemodelvalidationmethodologyforthewindturbine
generator.
5
2.0 Background

Initially,thesizeofwindpowerplantswassmallcomparedtoconventionalpowerplants.The
process of integrating wind power plants into the power system grid was accomplished by
representing the wind power plant as an induction generator or as a negative load. This
representation works fine as long as the size of the wind power plant is relatively small
compared to the short circuit capability at the point of interconnection (POI). However, wind
power development in the mid nineties started to see a phenomenal increase in quantity.
Numerouswindpowerplantswerebuiltoneafteranotherwithinashorttime.Thesizeofthe
windpowerplantstartedtogrowfromsmallsizes(under50MWto600MW).Theimpactof
wind power plants can no longer be ignored. New wind turbine types were developed, and
powerelectronicswereaddedtoimprovethecontrolofthewindturbines.
As a consequence of the large influx of wind energy into the power grid, and the new type of
generators that were introduced to the generation mix, a lot of efforts were geared toward
improving planning tools to help wind energy to integrate into the power system network.
Turbinemanufacturers,utilities,systemoperators(e.g.,ERCOT)developeddynamicmodelsof
wind turbine generators. Many of the manufacturers developed models using their own
software for their turbines. Most of the turbine models available at that time contained
proprietary data and information, and many users had to sign a nondisclosure agreement
(NDA)tousethedynamicmodels.
In June 2005, WECC convened the Wind Generator Modeling Group (WGMG) under the
auspices of the WECC Modeling and Validation Work Group (MVWG) to develop a set of
generic, nonproprietary wind generator models suitable for positivesequence dynamic
simulations. It was envisioned that four standard models are required to represent the basic
types wind turbine generator technologies available in the market: conventional induction
machines,woundrotorinductionmachineswithvariablerotorresistance,doublyfedinduction
machines,andfullconvertermachines.Althoughthestandardmodelsarebeingdevelopedfor
useintheWECC,itisanticipatedthatthemodelswillbeembracedastheindustrystandard.
The WECC Wind Turbine Dynamic Model of four different wind turbine types represents the
wind turbine types with the major market share in the United States. These wind turbine
models were written to work with two major software platforms used by the majority of
utilitiesintheUnitedStates.Themodelissimplifiedtomakeitpossiblethatthemanufacturers
do not have to reveal their proprietary information, yet this model is accurate enough to
simulaterealwindturbines.Theobjectivewastoprovideamodeltothegeneralpublicwithout
theneedfornondisclosureagreementsbetweentheuserandtheturbinemanufacturers.
WGMGhasdefinedthetechnicalrequirementsofstandardmodels.Thereisstrongconsensus
within WGMG and externally that the following functional specifications are reasonable.
AdditionalspecificationsweredevelopedbyWGMGconsensus,asrequired.

6
- The models should be suitable for implementation in positivesequence power system
simulation programs such as PSLF and PSS/E, and should be consistent with existing
models for other rotating machine generators in terms of accuracy, complexity, and
numericalstability.
- The models should be suitable for assessing, on a preliminary basis, voltage ride
through and reactive compensation requirements. As with any other power system
component,additionalstudiesusingamoredetailedsystemrepresentationandhigher
ordermodelsmayberequiredtorefinetheresultsofplanningstudies.
- The generic models should reproduce windturbine generator performance reasonably
well in the range of 0 (DC) to 6 Hz, and in response to electrical disturbances such as
closein and remote electrical system faults, assuming constant wind speed during the
transientstabilitysimulation.
- The models should correctly reflect performance differences with respect to a range of
initial wind speed assumptions (cutin to rated output). However, since traditional
transient stability simulations are concerned with performance over short periods of
time,windspeedcanbeconsideredconstantduringthesimulation.
7

3.0 Wind Turbine Dynamic Model

Dynamicmodelsareveryimportantinmodernpowersystemstudies.Afewpercentofdesign
error could cost millions of dollars and/or compromise reliability. Overly pessimistic models
willslowdownthedevelopmentofwindenergyandcauseunnecessaryadditionalsupporting
infrastructureatpotentiallysignificantcost.Ontheotherhand,overlyoptimisticmodelsmay
producewrongconclusions,resultingininadequateinfrastructurestosupportwindgeneration.
Anyreliabilityissuescancauseservicedisruptionsorblackouts,whichcostmillionsofdollars
tothecustomerswhowereaffected,theutilitiesfornotproducingpower,andtoworkersloss
oftimefornotbeingproductive.Differentaspectsofdynamicsimulationstudiescanbefound
inthereferences[35].
Theuseofwindturbinedynamicmodelsinpowersystemstudiesincludesthefollowing:
- Transmissionplanners,operators,windplantdevelopers,turbinemanufacturers,utility
engineers, researchers, and consultants use dynamic models to study the dynamic
behaviorofpowersystem.
- Tostudytheimpactofthewindturbinegenerator(WTG)onthepowersystemandvice
versa (i.e., to keep voltage and frequency as stable as possible for customers connected
tothegrid).
- To study the impact of expansion, reduction, and outages in areas such as the
transmission line, transformer, switch gear, generator, new wind power plant,
repoweringorresizingwindplants,andadditionalreactivecompensation.
- To study the reliability of a power system during transient events such as loss of line,
loss of load, short circuits, loss ofgeneration, loss of wind,and voltage ride through of
generators,etc.
There are four types of wind turbines that are currently used for wind power plants. In the
future,newwindturbinetypesmaybecomeavailable.Thefourtypesofwindturbinemodels
areshowninFigure1.

3.1. Type 1 Induction Generator

Wind turbine type 1 is one of the oldest technologies used in wind turbine generators. It
consists of an induction generator connected to the rotor blades via a gearbox. This type of
turbine is very rugged and very simple in its construction. The induction generator used in
mostoftheturbinesisusuallytypeAortypeB,operatinginalowsliprangebetween01%.
Manyturbinesusedualspeedinductiongeneratorswheretwosetsofwindingsareusedwithin
the same stator frame. The first set is designed to operate in a low rotational speed
(correspondstolowwindspeedoperation),andthesecondsetisdesignedtooperateinahigh
8
rotationalspeed(correspondstohighwindspeedoperation).Sincethestartupcurrentishigh,
manywindturbinesemployedaphasecontrolledsoftstarttolimitstartupcurrents.Thissoft
startconsistsofbacktobackthyristorsinserieswitheachphaseoftheinductiongenerator.
generator
full power
Plant
Feeders
ac
to
dc
dc
to
ac
gene rator
partial power
Plant
Feeders
ac
to
dc
dc
to
ac
generator
Slip power
as heat loss
Plant
Feeders
PF control
capacitor s
ac
to
dc
gene rator
Plant
Feeders
PF control
capacitor s
Type 1 Type 2
Type 3 Type 4


Figure 1. Four types of wind turbine generator models

The natural characteristic of an induction generator is that it draws reactive power from the
utilitysupply.Thus,thistypeofturbinerequiresreactivepowercompensationimplementedin
theformofswitchedcapacitorsinparallelwitheachphaseofthewinding.Operationwithout
switchedcapacitorscanleadtoexcessivereactivepowerdrawnfromtheutility,thuscreatinga
significantvoltagedropacrossthetransmissionline,andresultsinlowvoltageattheterminals
oftheinductiongenerators.
The size of the capacitors switched in and out is automatically adjusted according to the
operating point of the induction generator. At higher wind speed, the generated power
increasesandtheoperatingslipoftheinductiongeneratorishigherandasaresult,thereactive
powerrequiredisalsolarger.Itiscustomarytokeeptheoperationoftheinductiongenerator
atclosetotheunitypowerfactor.

9
3.2. Type 2 Wound Rotor Induction Generator with Adjustable
External Rotor Resistance.

Wind turbine type 2 is a wound rotor induction generator with adjustable external resistors.
The adjustable external resistor is implemented by a combination of external (three phase)
resistors connected in parallel with power electronics circuit (diodebridge and DC chopper).
Both the resistors and the power electronics circuit are connected to the rotor winding. To
adjusttheeffectivevaluesoftheexternalrotorresistance,thedutyratiooftheDCchopper.
Thewindturbinestartstogeneratewhentherotorspeedisabovesynchronousspeed.Asthe
windspeedincreases,theinputaerodynamicpowerincreases,therotorslipincreases,andthe
electrical output power increases. In this region (P < P rated), the external rotor resistors are
short circuited (duty ratio =1). Once the output power reaches its rated output, the external
rotorresistanceisadjustedtokeeptheoutputoftheturbineconstant.Thisisdonebykeeping
theeffectivetotalrotorresistanceconstantatthevalueofR
2
/slip
rated
.
R
2total
= R
2
+ R
2ext

R
2total
/slip = R
2
/slip
rated

Tokeeptherotorspeedfromrunawayconditionsandtoreducethemechanicalloadsonthe
bladesandtheturbinestructures,theaerodynamicpowerisalsocontrolledbycontrollingthe
pitchangleofthebladesinthehighwindspeedregions.Thebladepitchiscontrolledtokeep
therotorspeedbelowitsmaximumspeed(upto10%slipabovesynchronousspeed).

3.3. Type 3 Variable Speed Wind Turbine Generator with Doubly

Fed Induction Generator

Wind turbine type 3 is a variable speed wind turbine generator employing a wound rotor
inductiongenerator.Itisusuallydesigntooperateat+30%slip.Avariablefrequencypower
converter is connected to the rotor winding. The power converter is acdcac system. The
power converter connected to the rotor winding is a variable frequency threephase power
converter, and the power converter connected to the line is a 60Hz power converter. The
powerconverterisusuallythecurrentregulatedpulsewidthmodulation(CRPWM)type.The
size of the power converter is smaller than the rating of the induction generator because it is
designed only to carry the slippower. Thus, for operation of 30% slips, the size of the power
converterisabout30%oftheratingoftheinductiongenerator.Alargeroperatingsliprangeis
possible,however,largerslipoperationrequiresalargerpowerconverter(addedcost,reduced
efficiency, etc). Below synchronous speed, the rotor power flows from the line to the rotor
winding, and above synchronous speed, the rotor power flows from the rotor winding to the
lines.
10
Thewindturbineisusuallycontrolledtogenerateoptimumaerodynamicpowerforlowwind
speed up to rated wind speed. Above rated wind speed, the pitch controller adjusts the pitch
angletolimittheaerodynamicpower,thus,therotorspeedislimited.

3.4. Type 4 Variable Speed Wind Turbine Generator with Full

Conversion Power Converter

Windturbinetype4isavariablespeedwindturbinegenerator.Theoutputofthegeneratoris
passedthroughthepowerconvertertothegrid.Thus,theratingofthepowerconverteristhe
sameastheratingoftheelectricmachineused.Theelectricmachineusedcanbeaninduction
machine, wound field synchronous generator, or permanent magnet synchronous generator.
Thepowerconvertercompletelyseparatesthegeneratorfromthegrid.Thegeneratorgenerates
poweratdifferentrotorspeeds.Itisdirectlyconvertedbythepowerconvertertoathreephase
60Hz alternating currents. The same type of power converter is used for the type 4 wind
turbine generator. It is able to control the real and reactive power independently. It is
controlledtooptimizetheoperationoftheturbinebycontrollingtherealpower,andtoprovide
aconstantpowerfactororconstantreactivepower,orvoltagecontrolatthelineside.


11
4.0 Wind Power Plant Representation

A conventional power plant consists of a single generator or multiple large (e.g., 100 MW)
synchronous generators. The prime mover driving conventional generators is steam, often
requiringcombustionofnonrenewablefuelaffectedbycost,politics,andpollutionrestrictions.
Theconventionalgeneratoriscontrollableanditsoutputisadjustableuptothemaximumlimit
and down to the minimum limit of the generator. The output power is generally scheduled
generation based on load forecasting, influenced by human operation based on optimum
operation (scheduled operation). It is located relatively close to the load center. The
synchronous generator operates in a fixed speed no slip, and the magnetic flux is controlled
viaexciterwinding.Fluxandrotorrotatesynchronously.
Incomparison,awindpowerplantconsistsofmany(hundreds)ofwindturbinesofsmallsizes
(1 MW 5 MW each). The prime mover (wind turbine) is driven by wind renewable (free,
natural, pollution free). The wind power plant has limited controllability. In general it is
desirabletogenerateasmuchenergyascanbeharvested,however,itispossibleforcurtailment
of the output power. Generation output is often not predictable, although modern wind
forecasting has gained a better degree of accuracy over the years. Wind power plant output
dependsonwindvariabilitybasedonwindforecasting,influencedmorebynature(wind)than
humans, and the generation philosophy is based on maximizing energy production
(unscheduledoperation).Thewindpowerplantisoftenlocatedatrichwindresourcesitesand
maybefarfromtheloadcenter.Therearedifferenttypesofgeneratorsusedforwindturbines.
Currently,therearefourdifferenttypesofgeneratorscommonlyused(i.e.,fixedspeed,variable
slip,variablespeed,fullconverter).Thus,thesearenonsynchronousgenerators.Sometypesof
wind turbine generators (i.e., type 3 & 4) are variable speed and are based on flux oriented
controllers (FOC), and are controlled by a power converter. Thus, the rotational speed of the
rotordoesnothavetorotatesynchronouslywiththemagneticflux.
Inthissection,thewindpowerplantrepresentationwillbediscussed.Fordynamicsimulation,
themajorcomponentsofawindpowerplantmustbeproperlyrepresented.Ifthewindpower
plantcollectorsystemdataisavailable,anequivalentofallwindturbinesanditscorresponding
collectorsystemshouldbederived.Amethodofwindpowerplantequivalencingcanbefound
indocuments[12].
Atypicalmodernwindpowerplantconsistsofhundredsofturbinesofthesametypes.Awind
turbine generator is usually rated at low three phase voltage output (480 600 V). A pad
mountedtransformerattheturbinestepsupthevoltagetomediumvoltage(12kV34.5kV).
Several turbines are connected in a daisy chain to form a group. Several of these groups are
connectedtoalargerfeeder.Severalofthesefeedersareconnectedtothesubstationwherethe
substation transformer steps up the voltage to the desired transmission level (e.g., 230 kV). A
verylargewindpowerplantconsistsofseveralsubstationswiththesizesof50MVAorhigher
forsubstationtransformers.Thesesubstationsareconnectedtoaninterconnectiontransmission
12
line to a larger substation where the voltage is stepped up to a higher voltage level (e.g., 500
kV).AnexampleofawindpowerplantlayoutisshowninFigure2.
Withinawindpowerplant,therearealotofdiversitiesinthelinefeederandthewindspeedat
eachturbine.Thelineimpedanceinthelinefeederconnectingeachwindturbinetothepointof
interconnection differs from each other. The wind speed experienced by one turbine can be
significantly different from another turbine located at another part of the wind power plant.
The diversity of wind power plants is a good attribute in many ways. For example, the
interactionbetweenthewindpowerplantandthegridisdeterminedbythecollectivebehavior
of the wind power plant. In contrast, a conventional power plant interacts with the grid as a
single large generator. During disturbances, a conventional power plant may be disconnected
fromthegridanditmayleadtoacascadingeffect.Ontheotherhand,awindpowerplantmay
loose a small percentage of total generation, depending on the location of each wind turbine
withrespecttothefaultorigin.

Figure 2. Physical diagram of a typical wind power plant.

4.1. Single-Machine Equivalent Representation

The Wind Generator Modeling Group recommends the use of the singlemachine equivalent
modelshowninFigure3torepresentwindpowerplants(WPPs)inWECCbasecases[7].This
representationisrecommendedfortransientstabilitysimulations.
AllthecomponentsshowninFigure3arerepresentedinpowerflowcalculations.Thedynamic
simulationmayberepresentedbythefollowingcomponentsofthewindpowerplant:
- Theequivalentgenerator(type1,type2,type3ortype4)
POI or
connection
to the grid Collector System
Station
Feeders and Laterals (overhead
and/or underground)
Individual WTGs
Interconnection
Transmission Line
13
- Theplantlevelreactivecompensation(switchedshuntcapacitors,SVC,STATCOM)

W
Pad-mounted
Transformer
Equivalent
Wind Turbine
Generator
Equivalent
PF Correction
Shunt Capacitors
Collector
System
Equivalent
Interconnection
Transmission
Line
-
Plant-level
Reactive
Compensation
POI or Connection
to the Transmission
System
Station
Transformer(s)
1 2 3 4 5

Figure 3. Single-machine equivalent power flow representation for a WPP.

4.2. Representation of Wind Turbine Dynamic Model

The wind turbine dynamic must be represented by the correct wind turbine model available
fromtheWECCdatabase.Adetaileddescriptionofthetype3windturbinegenericmodelcan
befoundinreference[6].WECC,withcollaborationwithwindturbinemanufacturers,attempt
to provide input parameter data to many turbines representing turbines installed or future
turbines to be installed within the WECC footprint. There are several ways to get the input
parametersfordifferentturbinesinplacewithintheWECCdatabase:
- TheinputparameteroftheWECCGenericModelistunedtomatchthemanufacturers
field test data. If the field test data is considered proprietary, this process is best
conductedbythewindturbinemanufacturer.
- TheinputparameteroftheWECCGenericModelistunedtomatchthemanufacturers
the output of the complete/detail, manufacturers specific dynamic model. If access to
the field data is not available, the generic model can be tuned to match the
complete/detailmodel.
- The input parameter of the WECC Generic Model is tuned to match both the
manufacturers field test data and the output of the complete/detail, manufacturers
specificdynamicmodel.
Sincetuningtheinputparametertothegenericmodeltakessomeeffort,WECChastorelyon
the cooperation and the contribution of the wind turbine manufacturers to provide the tuned
parametersand/ortheaccesstothecompletedetailedmodels.Theinputparameterdatafrom
theturbinemanufacturersisgivenforageneric100MVAWPPandatypicalcontrolleradopted
by most of the WPPs. However, each WPP has its own control requirements and certain
parametersorflagsoftheoriginaltypicaldatafromthemanufacturermayhavetobeadjusted
orchangedtoreflecttheWPPrepresented.

14
4.3. Representation Wind Turbine Equivalent Rating

WPPsizemustbeincorporatedintothedynamicmodelfortype3andtype4.Thesizeofthe
WPPisusedtocalculatetheperunitvaluesfortheWPPunderinvestigation.

For type 1 and type 2:
TheWPPsizeisderivedfromtheinformationprovidedbythepowerflow(i.e.Pmax).

For type 3:
Thewindpowerplantsizeisusedinthefollowingsubmodules:
- WT3G:Generator/ConverterModelfortheWT3GenericWindModel
wt3g[<n>]{<name><kv>}<id>}:#<rl>{mva=<value>}
o Example:
wt3g5BUS50.5751:#9mva=33.3/
o Where:
mva= RatedMVA
- WT3E:ConverterControlModel
wt3e[<n>]{<name><kv>}<id>!!!!![<mon_i>]{<namei><kvi>}
[<mon_j>]{<namej><kvj>}<ck><sec>:[mwcap=<value>]
o Example:
wt3e5BUS50.57513BUS334.511:#9mwcap=33.3/
o Where:
mwcap=RatedMWcapability

4.4. Representation of Wind Turbine and Wind Plant Voltage

Controller

For type 1 and type 2:
Thewindturbinereactivepoweriscompensatedbyacapacitor.Itisrepresentedbythepower
flowdataasashuntcapacitor(seeWECCPowerFlowGuidefordetail).
Note,thatfortype1andtype2WTG,theQgenissetconstantbysettingQmax=Qmin,thus,the
voltageisnotcontrollablebythegenerator.

15
For type 3 and type 4:
Thewindturbinevoltagecontrollerisusedinthefollowingsubmodules.Theblockdiagrams
areshowninFigure4.
- WT3E:ConverterControlModel
Thefollowingflagshaveinfluenceinreactivepowercontrollability.
varflgandvltflg

[a]ReactivePowerControl


[b]PowerFactorControl


[c]PlantLevelReactiveCompensation

16

[d]PlantLevelReactiveCompensationIncludingTerminalVoltageControl
Figure 4. Block diagram of converter control model with different settings

Example:
wt3e5BUS5.57513BUS334.511:#9mwcap=33.3/
varflg1.0vltflg1.0
Where:
varflg 0constantQcontrol;Qrefisderivedfromtheinitialreactivepower
Qgensetinthepowerflowdata.
1useWindplantreactivepowercontrolemulator;theregulatedbuswillbecontrolled.
Intheexampleabove,theregulatedbusvoltageisbus3:
V
bus3
= V
reg-bus3

- IfXc(compensatingreactanceforvoltagecontrol)=0toget
Vc=Vrfq
- If X
c
(compensating reactance for voltage control) > 0 to get
V
c
= |V
rfq
jX
c
I
reg
|
where (V
c
= voltage at the regulated bus voltage and V
rfq
= V
reg
specified
inthepowerflowdata,Xcisanimpedancetobeusedtocreateavirtual
measurementofvoltagewithinabranchfromregbustotobus,
circuitIDckt,specified,andIregisthecurrentflowinginthisbranch
fromregbustotobusspecified).



17
Example:
wt3e5BUS5.57513BUS334.512BUS223011:#9mwcap=33.3/
Intheexampleabove,theregulatedbusvoltageisbus3:
V
busX
= |V
reg-bus3
j X
c
I
reg_3-2
|

WhereVbusXisavoltageatabusawayfromtheregulatedbus3in
thedirectiontobus2.Thus,itispossibletocontrolthevoltageat
avirtualbusXinthemiddleofthetransformer.Thedistance
fromtheregulatedbus3,dependsonthesizeofimpedanceXc.
1constantpowerfactorcontrol;inthiscaseQgenwillbe
controlledtokeepPF=PFAref
vltflg 1useclosedloopterminalvoltagecontrol.
0noterminalvoltagecontrol
Theclosedloopvoltagecontrol(vltflg)isafastcontrollerto
restoretheterminalvoltageduringtransient.Thevltflgshouldbe
setto1onlyiftheterminalvoltageofthegeneratorneedstobe
controlledtoasetvalueofVref.Otherwise,ifaremotebus
voltageistoberegulated,vltflgcanbesetto0.
F
n
Fraction of WTG in wind plant that are on-line.
1.0=100%ofthetotalWTGisinoperation
0.8=80%ofthetotalWTGisinoperationand20%isoffline
(maintenance,decommission,etc)

4.5. Remote voltage definition:

Figure5showsasimplifieddiagramofawindpowerplantwithremovevoltagecontrol
capability.
X
C
= compensating reactance for voltage control (in p.u.)
V
C
= voltage at a remote point
V
C
= V
f
jX
C
I
ft
V
f
= voltage at bus
from
I
ft
= current flowing from bus
from
to bus
to
V
rfq
= V
C
computed from the load flow solution at initial condition.

18
W
Wind Turbine
Generator
Equivalent
3 4 5
Line 1 (1)
Line 2 (2)
I
21_2
V
C
V
C

I
43
V
C

1 2
WW
Wind Turbine
Generator
Equivalent
3 4 5
Line 1 (1)
Line 2 (2)
I
21_2
V
C
V
C

I
43
V
C

1 2

Figure 5. Simplified single line diagram describing voltage control at a remote node

Examples:
wt3e 5 "BUS5" 0.575 "1 " 1 : #9 mwcap=33.3 / monitored bus is not defined; Thus
terminal voltage (bus 5) is controlled.

wt3e 5 "BUS5" 0.575 "1 " 4 "BUS4" 34.5 "1 " 1 : #9 mwcap=33.3 /
Thus bus 4 (V
C
) will be controlled

wt3e 5 "BUS5" 0.575 "1 " 4 "BUS4" 34.5 3 "BUS3" 34.5 1 " 1 : #9
mwcap=33.3 /
Thus remote node (V
C

) on branch 4-3 is controlled. V

C

= V
4
jX
C
I
43
X
C
<

X
43

wt3e 5 "BUS5" 0.575 "1 " 2 "BUS2" 138 1 "BUS1" 138 2 " 1 : #9 mwcap=33.3 /
Thus remote node (V
C

) on branch 2-1 is controlled. V

C

= V
2
jX
C
I
21
X
C
< X
21

- Turbine model (WT3T module) and pitch model (WT3P module)

TheblockdiagramstodescribethepitchcontrolfunctionareshowninFigures6,7,and8.
Generalinputsetting:
- Initializethebladepitchwhenthewindspeed V
w
> 1.0 p.u.
- Unlesswespecifythatthewindspeed V
w
> 1.0 p.u.Theinitial(prefault)pitchangle=
0.

19

Figure 6. Type 3 WTG pitch control

Figure 7. Type 3 WTG turbine model with one-mass model


Figure 8. Pitch angle versus wind speed initialization

20
Example:
Example:
wt3t5BUS5.5751:#9/vw0.44/
Where:
vw Initialwindspeed(vw)isusedonlyifWTGisatratedpoweroutputand
ifvwisgreaterthanratedwindspeed(tocomputetheinitialpitchangle).
Otherwise,thisvalueisignored,thepitchangleissettoitsoptimum
value(0degreeinmostcases),andwindspeedisinitializedtogiveinitial
generatorpoweroutput(specifiedinpowerflowdataasPgen).

Real power input setting:
Thewindplantoperationmayhavedifferentoutputlevels
- Inthedynamic:
- IfPgen=60MWinloadflowsolutionandMWCAP=100MWinthedynamic,itmeans
thatthewindspeedislessthanratedwindspeed,theturbinespeedsetpointwillbe
initializedaccordingly(~1.12p.u.)andVwshouldbesettoVw<1.0p.u.,andtheblade
pitchisadjustedtoitsoptimum(u=0degree)
- IfPgen=100MWinloadflowsolutionandMWCAP=100MWinthedynamic,itmeans
thatthewindspeedisatorhigherthanratedwindspeedtheturbinespeedsetpoint
willbeinitializedaccordingly(1.2p.u).Thepitchanglesettingwillbeasfollows(wt3t
module):
- IfVw=1.5p.u.thewindspeedishigherthanratedwindspeedandthebladepitchmust
beadjustedattheinitialcondition.
- IfVw=0.7p.u.thisinformationisignoredandthebladepitchisadjustedtoitsoptimum
(u=0degree).

Pitch model (WT3P module)

Example of WT3P: Pitch Control Model

wt3p5BUS5.5751:#9pset1.0/

Where:
- pset Psetshouldnormallybe1.0unlessitiscontrolledbyaseparateactivepower
controlmodel,e.g.toprovidegoverningresponse.Itmustalwaysbegreaterthanor
equaltotheinitialpoweroutputoftheWTG.
21
- Potentially,thissettingcanbeusedtocurtailthemaximumoutputofthewindturbine,
sothatundernormalsituationsthebladepitchissettoproduceP <P
rated
.Thus,for
example,whenpset=0.8,theoutputofthewindturbineisscaledbacktogenerate0.8
p.u.atratedwindspeedbyadjustingpitchangle.
- Duringafaultevent,thepitchmechanismhassomeheadroomtoadjustitspitchangle
toresumetotheprefaultcondition.
22
5.0 Wind Power Plant Model Validation

The goal of this validation effort is to match the output of the dynamic model against actual
measurements captured at the transmission station, where disturbance recordings can be
obtained relatively easily. The disturbance used asan example in this report consists of a line
togroundfaultinthevicinityofthetransmissionstation,whichresultedinavoltagetransient
large enough to excite a significant dynamic response from the wind power plant, within the
design response capability of the generic model (up to about 5 Hz). Data before the fault
occurred is required to establish the predisturbance power flow conditions that are used to
initialize the model. The disturbance record should extend several seconds after the
contingency, consistent with the time frame of interest of positivesequence transient stability
analysis.

5.1. Network and disturbance representation

Itcanbedifficulttorepresentapowersystemnetworktoproperlysimulatearemotefault.In
addition,thenatureofthefaultinmostcasesisdifficulttocharacterize.Fortunately,thereisa
simpler method that uses data captured at the point of interconnection to drive a dynamic
simulation. During the dynamic simulation, the measured positivesequence voltage and
frequency boundary conditions can be imposed at the transmission station (specifically at the
POI). This technique is achieved with the aid of a modified classical generator model
(GENCLS)capableofholdingterminalvoltageandfrequencyasspecifiedinaninputfile.This
systemgeneratorisconnectedatnodeAinFigure9,andmustbedefinedastheslackbusin
the simulation. A direct comparison between the simulated and measured real and reactive
poweratthePOIcanprovidesomeevidenceofmodelperformance.Itshouldbekeptinmind
that some aspects of the model may not be exercised by the disturbance. Therefore, validation
requires multiple tests across different system conditions and different wind power plants of
thesametypeofgenerators.
Compare P&Q measured to
P&Q simulated
WW
Wind Turbine
Generator
Equivalent
Input V and f
A C B
System
Generator
Regulated
Bus

Figure 9. Simplified single-line diagram of the WPP network

23
5.2. Data for the Simulation
Toperformthevalidation,itisimportantthatwesimulatethesystemtobeasaccurateas
possible.ThesimulationshouldrepresenttheactualWPPandtheactualeventswetriedto
simulate.Thereareseveraltypesofdatarequired.
- Measureddata(voltage,currents,andreal/reactivepowerifany)
- Equivalentcircuitofthenetwork
- Dynamicdata
- Sequenceofevents

5.3. Measured data

Thedatawasmeasuredatthehighsideofthesubstationtransformer(nodeAinFigure9).All
thethreephasevoltagesandcurrentsaremeasuredathighsamplingrates(about5kHz).The
record is triggered by the transient events during faults at the transmission lines or in power
system network surrounding the wind power plant. In general, the fault is removed from the
powersystemnetworkwithin49cycles,dependingontherelayprotectionsetup.Thedata
isrecordedbeforethefaultoccurs,duringthefault,andafterthefault.Itisimportanttonote
thatthemodelshouldcapturetheentiresequenceofevents.Afivesecondrecordorlongeris
desirabletogetagoodrepresentationofwhatactuallyhappens.
Inthissection,anexampleofdatapreparationispresented.Aspointedoutearlier,disturbance
datawasmeasuredatthePOI.Awindowofobservationissetupbyusingadatafaultrecorder
thatwillcapturetheentirefaultevent(afewsecondsbefore,during,andafterthefaultevent).
Thedatarecordedarethethreephasevoltageandcurrentsatasamplingrateof3486Hz.

a)Sinusoidalrepresentation b)Magnitudeandphaseanglerepresentation
Figure 10. Phase-voltage wave form during fault event
0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
Time (s)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
s

(
A
)

-

M
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Time (s)
V
q
d

p
.
u
.

0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
P
h
a
s
e

A
n
g
l
e

o
f

V
q
d

(
D
e
g
.
)
24

An example of the perphase voltage waveform is shown in Figure 10a. The time series of the
voltage presented in Figure 10a is shown in a stationary reference frame. To integrate this
information in a positivesequence simulation, we need to have the positivesequence
magnitude of the voltage, frequency, as well as the real and reactive power magnitude as a
function of time. Most station instrumentation software tools have the capability to make the
conversion easily. However, the procedure is not difficult. First, we convert the voltages and
currents from a, b, c representation into a dq axis representation in a stationary reference
frame.Theequationusedtoperformthistransformationispresentedinequation[1].
[1]

Fromastationaryreferenceframe,weconvertthesevariablesintoitsrepresentationin
synchronousreferenceframebyusingequation[2].
[2]

[3]

ThetracesshowninFigure10barethevoltagephasorquantities(magnitudeandphaseangle)
obtainedfromthemeasuredperphasevoltageandcurrentwaveformdatarecordedatnodeA
inFigure9.
Inthiscase,thevariablefcanbesubstitutedwithvforvoltageoriforcurrent.Thesubscripts
represents the stationary reference frame and the subscript e represents the synchronous
reference frame. Under normal conditions, the quantities in the synchronous reference frame
will show constant values in the d and q axis. Finally, we can convert the voltage or current
intoitsphasorformasshowninequation(3).Thus,weconvertthevoltagesandcurrentsfrom
athreephasea,b,andcrepresentationintoitsmagnitudeandphaseangle(inphasorform)to
follow the progression of the fault and to show how the voltage phasor changes during the
fault.Themethodsdescribedinthissectioncanbefoundinmoredetailinreference[8].
2 1 1
3 3 3
1 1
0
3 3
1 1 1
3 3 3
qs
as
ds bs
os cs
f
f
f f
f f
(

(
(
( (
(
( (
=
(
( (
(
( (


(
(

cos( ) sin( ) 1
sin( ) cos( ) 1
0 0 1
qe qs
e o e o
de e o e o ds
oe os
f f
t t
f t t f
f f
e u e u
e u e u
( ( + + (
( (
(
= + +
( (
(
( (
(


2 2
1
atan
qde qe de qde
de
qde
qe
V V V
V
V
u
u

= + Z
| |
=
|
|
\ .
25
Thefrequencychangeateachstepcanbederivedfromthephaseanglechangesineachtime
stepbyusingequation4:
|4| Af (t) = Au
qde
/ (2t At)

Instantaneousrealandreactivepowercanbecomputedfromthemeasuredvoltagesand
currentswiththefollowingequations:

[5]

Thelowercaseindicatesthatthesequantitiesareinstantaneousvalues.

V and f
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Time (s)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
p
.
u
.
)
0.95
0.99
1.03
1.07
1.11
1.15
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
p
.
u
.
)
V
f

a)PerunitvoltageandfrequencyatthePOI
Real and Reactive Power
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time (s)
R
e
a
l

P
o
w
e
r

(
M
W
)
-50
-10
30
70
110
150
R
e
a
c
t
i
v
e

P
o
w
e
r

(
M
V
A
R
)
P-measured (MW)
Q-measured (MVAR)
115 MW
- 23
MVAR
9%
reduction
MW
Real and Reactive Power
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time (s)
R
e
a
l

P
o
w
e
r

(
M
W
)
-50
-10
30
70
110
150
R
e
a
c
t
i
v
e

P
o
w
e
r

(
M
V
A
R
)
P-measured (MW)
Q-measured (MVAR)
115 MW
- 23
MVAR
9%
reduction
MW

b)RealandreactivepowermeasuredatthePOI
Figure 11. Input (voltage and frequency) and output (real and reactive power) of the dynamic
simulation
( )
( )
qe de de qe
de de qe qe
i v i v
2
3
q
i v i v
2
3
p
=
+ =
26
The traces presented in Figure 11a show the voltage phasor magnitude and frequency as time
varies. Both the voltage magnitude and the frequency are passed through a low pass filter to
remove the higher frequency component, and the resulting voltage and frequency are used as
theinputtotheGENCLSmodel.Note,thatduringthefault,thevoltagedipsto0.73p.u.
Figure 11b shows the measured real and reactive power. It can be seen that, prior to the
disturbance, the wind power plant was operating at an output level of 115 MW, about 56% of
rated output (ignoring losses). It can also be seen that the WPP output goes down by
approximately9%afterthedisturbance.Sincewindspeedcanbeassumedtobeconstantover
the time frame of this event (a fewseconds), this reduction is an indication that some turbines
tripped as a result of the fault. With respect to reactive power, it is noted that there is a
significantresponseduringthefault.

5.4. Equivalent circuit of the network

The power system network data can be obtained from the actual equipment installed (i.e., the
substation transformer, the pad mounted transformer, and the underground and overhead
wire).Usually,thecollectorsystemisacomplexcircuitinterconnectinghundredsofturbinesto
thePOI.Generally,thecollectorsystemscheduleisprovidedusinganExcelfileconsistingthe
resistance, capacitance, and inductance of the feeders within the WPP. A method of
equivalencingshouldbeusedtofindtheequivalentoftheWPP.Thismethodcanbefoundin
reference[1]andwillnotberepeatedhere.
Although the method described here is generic in nature, a specific WPP will be used as an
illustration.ThereferenceWPPhasanameplateratingof204MWandconsistsof1361.5MW
DFIG WTGs. It is connected the transmission system operated by Public Service Company of
New Mexico (PNM), at 345 kV. There are a total of eight 34.5kV feeders, two of them are
overhead and the rest are underground. The collector system station is adjacent to the
transmissionstation.TheWPPisequippedwithavoltageregulatorthatcontrolsvoltageatthe
transmissionstation,relyingonthereactivecapabilityoftheWTGsonly.Thereisnoadditional
reactivecompensationwithintheWPP.
The singlemachine equivalent representation of the reference WPP is shown in Figure 12. All
impedances are in a 100MVA base. The derivation of equivalent impedances is explained in
more detail in [1]. The station transformer was modeled explicitly. Node A represents the
transmission station or POI. Node B is the generator terminal. Note C represents the 34.5kV
collectorsystemstation.
It is important to understand that the impedance between the terminals of each WTG and the
transmission station is different; therefore, the terminal behavior of each WTG during a major
systemdisturbancewoulddiffer.Duringamajordisturbance,itispossibleforaportionofthe
WTGs to experience voltages beyond control or protection limits. It is not possible to capture
27
these differences with the singlemachine equivalent representation. The equivalent WTG is
meanttorepresenttheaggregateterminalbehavioroftheaverageWTGintheWPP.

W
Pad-mounted
Transformer
Equivalent
Wind Turbine
Generator
Equivalent
Collector
System
Equivalent
Station
Transformer
B
WTG
Terminals
A
Transmission
Station
Req = 0.0135
Xes = j0.0497
Beq = j0.1004
C
R = 0.0027
X = j0.0245
R = 0.014
X = j0.0828

Figure 12. Single-machine equivalent representation for reference WPP

5.5. Dynamic data

In this case, we are interested in checking the performance of the WECC generic DFIG model
[6]. This model has been implemented as standard library models in two positivesequence
simulation programs commonly used in the United States. A highlevel block diagram of the
model is shown in Figure 13. Since the goal is to illustrate the model validation process, the
specificmodelstructureandparametersarenotofprimaryinteresttoreport.Sincetheturbine
used in this particular WPP is the GE 1.5 variablespeed wind turbine generator, the default
model parameters corresponding to GE 1.5 wind turbine dynamic model were used.
Additionalinformationaboutthemodelcanbefoundin[6]and[7].


Figure 13. Block diagram of WECC generic DFIG model

28
5.6. Event representation

Aswasdiscussedintheprevioussection,theWPPmaysurvivebetterthanaconventionalWPP
duringtransientevents.ThisisduetothefactthattherearemanyturbinesinalargeWPP.The
diversity within a WPP causes the terminal characteristics at each turbine to be significantly
differentfromeachother.Previousinvestigationindicatesthatinmostofthefaultevents,only
asmallpercentageoftheturbinesweredisconnectedfromthegrid.
Considerthefigure11showingtherealandreactivepowergeneratedbyawindpowerplant.
Intheprefaultcondition,theWPPgenerates115MWofrealpoweranditabsorbs23MVARof
reactivepower.Whilethereactivepowerdoesnotchangesignificantlyduringthefault,thereis
anoticeablereductionoftherealpowerbyapproximately9%duetotherelayprotectionsatthe
turbinethatdisconnectsomeoftheturbinesduringthefault.Thissequenceofeventsmustalso
be represented in validating the turbine model. The simplified equivalent circuit of the event
representationisshowninFigure14.
B
A C
System
Generator
B
A C
System
Generator

Figure 14. The WPP is represented by a two turbine representation

29
6.0 Simulation Results

ToaccountfortheportionoftheWPPthatmayhavetrippedasaresultofthedisturbance,two
generators at node B were used to represent the equivalent generator, as shown in Figure 14.
ThiseventrepresentationallowsfortrippingofpartoftheWPPduringthesimulation.
In power flow, node A is the slack bus, and the scheduled voltage is set to the measured pre
faultvoltage(i.e.,1.0325p.u.).Theoutputpoweroftheequivalentgeneratorswasadjustedto
match the total output power measured at the POI (i.e., 115 MW) as shown in the prefault
event.TheequivalentgeneratorsaresetuptocontrolvoltageatnodeC.Thescheduledvoltage
atnodeCisadjusteduntilthereactiveflowmatchesthemeasuredflow(i.e.,23MVAR).Once
thepowerflowissetupandinitialized,thedynamictransientcanbesimulated.

6.1. Dynamic Simulation

ThereactivepowercontrolmoduleoftheWECCgenericDFAGdynamicmodel(Figure15)has
the capability that allows for simulation of reactive control modes. As stated before, the WPP
we are using as an example operates in voltage control mode; therefore, VARFLG is set to 1.
Other control modes available are the power factor control mode and reactive power control
mode.ThevswitchVLTFLGissetto1,indicatingthatthefastcontrollooptocontroltheWTG
terminalvoltageisactivated.ThecontrolblockdiagramcanbeshowninFigure15.
E
q-cmd
E
q-cmd

Figure 15. The control block diagram for the system being validated

30
Note that a WECC generic model is required for each of the equivalent wind power plant
generators represented at node B. As explained before, a GENCLS model was used for the
system generator, with instructions to hold the voltage and frequency in accordance with the
disturbancemeasurements.
A 4second dynamic simulation was conducted with the system setup explained above. The
smaller equivalent generator was taken off line during the fault to simulate the observed
tripping. The timing at which these turbines trip off line is not recorded, thus, the tripping
timingwasestimatedtobeatt=0.99seconds.

6.2. Comparison of simulation response and measurements

Figures16and17comparethesimulatedrealandreactivepowerresponsetothemeasuredreal
andreactivepowerresponseatthenodeA.
Overall,thesimulationresultsfollowthemeasureddataclosely,especiallythereactivepower.
The simulated response does not reproduce the observed higher frequency perturbations
duringthefault;however,thesedetailsareoflesserimportanceinthistypeofsimulation.The
genericdynamicmodelsarenotdesignedtobeaccurateatthatlevelofdetail.
WealsosimulatedtheWPPindetail,withall136turbinesandcollectorsystembranches.The
diagram shown in Figure 18 shows the simplified diagram full system representation. The
boundary conditions at the POI were the same as before. The purpose of this exercise was to
seethediverseterminalcharacteristicsduetocollectorsystemeffectsresultedinanysignificant
differences with respect to the simplified system representation. The exercise also served to
validatethecollectorsystemequivalentparameters.Theresultsofthatsimulationareshownin
figures16and17.Notethattherewerenosignificantdifferencesinthisparticulardisturbance.

Reactive Power Comparison

-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time (s)
R
e
a
c
t
i
v
e

P
o
w
e
r

(
M
V
A
R
)
Q-sim-1wtg (MVAR)
Q-measured (MVAR)
Q-sim-136WTG

Figure 16. Real Power Comparison Figure 17. Reactive Power Comparison

Real Power Comparison
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time (s)
R
e
a
l

P
o
w
e
r

(
M
W
)
P-sim-1wtg (MW)
P-measured (MW)
P-sim-136WTG
31

Interconnection
Transmission
Line
POI or Connection to
the Transmission
System
Station
Transformer
(s) 136 WTGs were
represented
9% WTGs were
dropped of line
during the fault.
Complete Representation (136 turbines)
Interconnection
Transmission
Line
POI or Connection to
the Transmission
System
Station
Transformer
(s) 136 WTGs were
represented
9% WTGs were
dropped of line
during the fault.
Complete Representation (136 turbines)

Figure 18. Simplified diagram of full system representation of the WPP

In a single turbine representation, individual turbine output and terminal characteristic is not
apparent.Thus,thesingleturbinerepresentationgeneratedoutputandterminalcharacteristic
of an average turbine within the WPP. For the full system representation, each individual
turbineisrepresentedandtheoutputandterminalcharacteristicsisaccessibleforplotting.
As shown in Figure 19, the terminal voltage at several turbines are plotted on the same graph
withthevoltageatthePOI.Thedeepestvoltagedipoccursattheterminalofturbinenumber1,
the closest to the POI. While turbine number 136 (farther away from the POI) has a shallow
voltagedip.Thus,assumingtherelayprotectionateachindividualturbineissettothesame
settingsamong136turbinesintheWPP,theturbinesdisconnectedfromthegridduringafault
willdependontheseverityofthefaultandthelocationoftheturbinewithintheWPP.
V
t
at POI
V
t
at 10836
V
t
at 10800
V
t
at 10701
V
t
at POI
V
t
at 10836
V
t
at 10800
V
t
at 10701

Figure 19. Terminal voltage of different WTGs and the voltage at the POI
32

7.0 Summary

This report presents the methods to validate positivesequence wind dynamic models. This
techniquewasappliedtotheWECCgenericmodelasanexample.
The validation method described in this report is applicable for all the four types of wind
turbinegenerators.
The results of the simulations demonstrated that a generic model of DFIGs provides an
adequaterepresentationoftheactualwindturbinesunderfaultconditions.
Inthereport,thesimulationisalsoperformedwithall136turbineconnectedonline.Forboth
the full system representation and the two turbine representation, it shows that the output of
realandreactivepoweratthepointofinterconnectionmatchesthemeasuredfielddata.Thus,
modelingtheWPPwithanequivalentrepresentationpreservesthebasicresponseoftheWPP.





33
References
[1] E.Muljadi,C.P.Butterfield,A.Ellis,J.Mechenbier,J.Hocheimer,R.Young,N.Miller,R.
Delmerico,R.Zavadil,J.C.Smith,EquivalencingtheCollectorSystemofaLargeWind
PowerPlant,presentedattheIEEEPowerEngineeringSociety,AnnualConference,
Montreal,Quebec,June1216,2006.
[2] E.Muljadi,B.Parsons,ComparingSingleandMultipleTurbineRepresentationsina
WindFarmSimulation,presentedattheEuropeanWindEnergyConference(EWEC
2006),Athens,Greece,February27March2,2006.
[3] N.W.Miller,J.J.SanchezGasca,W.W.Price,andR.W.Delmerico,Dynamicmodeling
ofGE1.5and3.6MWwindturbinegeneratorsforstabilitysimulations,inProc.2003
IEEEPowerEngineeringSocietyGeneralMeeting,pp.19771983,June2003
[4] J.O.G.Tande,E.Muljadi,O.Carlson,J.Pierik,A.Estanqueiro,P.Srensen,M.
OMalley,A.Mullane,O.AnayaLara,andB.Lemstrom.Dynamicmodelsofwindfarms
forpowersystemstudiesstatusbyIEAWindR&DAnnex21,EuropeanWindEnergy
Conference&Exhibition(EWEC),London,U.K.,Nov.2225,2004.
[5] T.PetruandT.Thiringer,Modelingofwindturbinesforpowersystemstudies,IEEE
TransactionsonPowerSystems,Volume17,Issue4,Nov.2002,pp.11321139.
[6] GenericType3WindTurbineGeneratorModelforGridStudies,Version1.1,
preparedbyWECCWindGeneratorModelingGroup,September14,2006
[7] WECCWindPowerPlantPowerFlowModelingGuide,preparedbyWECCWind
GeneratorModelingGroup,November2007
[8] P.C.Krause,AnalysisofElectricMachinery,McGrawHillCo.NY,19862

34
Glossary
Thefollowingacronymsareusedinthisreport:
CEC CaliforniaEnergyCommission
CRPWM CurrentRegulatedPulseWidthModulation
DFAG DoublyFedAsynchronousGenerator
DFIG DoublyFedInductionGenerator
DOE DepartmentofEnergy
ERCOT ElectricReliabilityCouncilofTexas
FERC FederalElectricRegulatoryCommission
FOC FluxOrientedController
FPL FloridaPowerandLight
FSR FullSystemRepresentation
IEC InternationalElectrotechnicalCommission
IEEE InstituteofElectricalandElectronicEngineers
LVRT LowVoltageRideThrough
NMEC NewMexicoEnergyCenter
NDA NonDisclosureAgreement
NEC NationalElectricalCode
NERC NorthAmericanElectricReliabilityCouncil
NREL NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory
PFC PowerFactorCorrection
PIER PublicInterestEnergyResearch
PNM PublicServiceofNewMexico
POI PointofInterconnection
PSLF PositiveSequenceLoadFlow
PSSE PowerSystemSimulatorforEngineers
RAS RemedialActionScheme
35
SVC Static VAr Compensator
TSR TipSpeedRadio
VAr VoltAmpereReactive
WECC WesternElectricityCoordinatingCouncil
WGMG WindGeneratorModelingGroup
WTG WindTurbineGenerator
WF WindFarm
WPP WindPowerPlant