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= 0.4 and
= 1
K =
= 0.67
Referring to Pigeauds Curves for K = 0.67 and interpolating
M
1
= 0.082 and M
2
= 0.030
Therefore, Live Load Bending Moment along Short span
M
B
= W (M
1
+ 0.15 x
M
2
)
= 350(0.082 + 0.15 x 0.030)
= 30.30 KN-M
Taking Continuity Factor of 0.8 and Impact Factor as 1.25
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 11
M
B
= 1.25 X 0.8 X 30.30
M
B
= 30.30KN-M
Live Load Bending Moment along Long span
M
L
= W (M
2
+ 0.15 X
M
1
)
= 350 (0.030 + 0.15 X 0.082)
= 14.81 KN-M
Taking Continuity Factor of 0.8 and Impact Factor as 1.25
M
L
= 1.25 X 0.8 X 14.81
M
L
= 14.81 KN-M
Design Moments due to Dead Load and IRC Class AA Tracked vehicle (Live Load)
Dead Load, M
B
= 4.45 KN-M
M
L
= 2.23 KN-M
Live Load, M
B
= 30.30KN-M
3.3.2 Live Load Shear Force due to IRC Class AA Tracked Vehicle
Shear Force is calculated by effective width method, considering the panel to be fixed on all
the four edges. Hence effective size of panel will be 2.1M x 3.44M. For maximum Shear
Force the load will be so placed that its spread up to slab bottom reaches up to the face of the
rib i.e. the load is kept at
= 0.705M .
Dispersion in the direction of span
V = x + 2 (D+H)
= 0.85 + 2 (0.075 + 0.225)
= 1.45M
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 12
Effective width of slab = K x A x [1-
] + b
w
= 1.64
From Table 9 of IRC 21-2000, K for Continuous slab is obtained as K=2.536
Effective width of slab = 2.536 x 0.705 x [1 (0.705/2.1)] + [3.6 + (2 x 0.075)]
= 4.94M
Load per meter width = 350/4.94
= 70.85KN
Shear Force = 70.85 x (2.1 0.705) / 2.1
= 47 KN
Shear Force with Impact = 1.25 x 47 = 58.75KN
4. LOADS DUE TO IRC CLASS AA WHEELED VEHICLE
4.1 Live Load Bending Moment due to IRC Class AA Wheeled Vehicle
Case 1)
Step 1: Find M
1
and M
2
u =
1.05M
v v y = 1.5M
u
B
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 13
Fig 4: Position of wheel load for Class AA wheeled vehicle
v
L
B
L
From Pigeauds Curves by interpolation
k=0.61,
k=0.6, M
1
= 12x10
-2
, M
2
= 5.5x10
-2
k=0.61, M
1
= 12x10
-2
, M
2
= 5.6x10
-2
k=0.707, M
1
= 11.8x10
-2
, M
2
= 6.5x10
-2
M
1
= 0.12x10
-2
M
2
= 0.056x10
-2
Nultiply these by uxvy
N x
N x
Step Finu N anu N
0 N
v N
u
B
v
L
B
L
Fiom Pigeauus Cuives by inteipolation
k
k N x
N x
k N x
N x
k N x
N x
N x
N x
Nultiply these by xyx
N x
N x
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 14
Step Finu N anu N
0
0 N
v N
u
B
v
L
B
L
Fiom Pigeauus Cuives by inteipolation
k
k N x
N x
k N x
N x
k N x
N x
N x
N x
Nultiply these by yux
N x
N x
Step Finu N anu N
0 N
v N
u
B
v
L
B
L
Fiom Pigeauus Cuives by inteipolation
k
k=0.6, M
1
= 16.5x10
-2
, M
2
= 5.5x10
-2
k=0.61, M
1
= 16.7x10
-2
, M
2
= 6.0x10
-2
k=0.707, M
1
= 18x10
-2
, M
2
= 6.0x10
-2
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 15
M
1
= 16.7x10
-2
M
2
= 6.0x10
-2
Multiply these by x(u1+y) = 0.075(0.3+0.45) =0.057
M
1
= 0.96x10
-2
M
2
= 0.035x10
-2
Design M
1
= 0.048+0.00714-0.0312-0.0096
M
1
= 0.01434 KN-M
Design M
2
= 0.0224+0.0032-0.0207-0.0035
M
1
KNN
NB uue to single loau
N N
KNN
M
L
due to single load
N N
KNN
Applying the effect of continuity and Impact
Final M
B
=22x0.8x1.25=22KN-M and M
L
= 5.26 x 1.25 x 0.8 =5.26KN-M
Case 2)
i) Effect of wheel no 2 of both the axles: When
wheel no 2 of both axles are centrally placed with
respect to y axis. The effect of these loads can be
found as a difference of two centrally placed loads on
area (1.5x0.45) and (0.9x0.45)
Step 1: Find M
1
and M
2
v
L
B
L
Fig 4.1: Position of wheel load for Class AA wheeled vehicle
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 16
From Pigeauds Curves by interpolation
k=0.61,
k=0.6, M
1
= 12.8x10
-2
, M
2
= 4.4x10
-2
k=0.61, M
1
= 12.9x10
-2
, M
2
= 4.6x10
-2
k=0.707, M
1
= 13.8x10
-2
, M
2
= 5.9x10
-2
M
1
= 13x10
-2
M
2
= 4.6x10
-2
M
B
due to single load =
M
1
+0.15 M
2
)
=43KN-M
M
L
due to single load =
M
1
+0.15 M
2
)
=20.5KN-M
For larger load,
v
L
B
L
k=0.61,
k=0.6, M
1
= 16.0x10
-2
, M
2
= 7.0x10
-2
k=0.61, M
1
= 16.2x10
-2
, M
2
= 7.4x10
-2
k=0.707, M
1
= 18.0x10
-2
, M
2
= 10.5x10
-2
M
1
= 16.2x10
-2
M
2
= 7.4x10
-2
M
B
due to single load =
M
1
+0.15 M
2
)
=32.5KN-M
M
L
due to single load =
M
1
+0.15 M
2
)
=18.5KN-M
Net Moment M
B1
= 43-32.5=10.5KN-M
M
L1
= 20.5-18.5 = 2KN-M
i) Effect of wheel no.1 of both axles : wheel no1 are not centrally placed on any of the axes
hence their effect will be analysed by treating each load as eccentrically placed.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 17
u1= 0.45M, v1=0.3M, x = 0.375M, y = 0.45M
Step1: Find M
1
and M
2
for u=2(u1+x) = 2(0.45+0.375) = 1.65
v = 2(v1+y) = 2(0.3+0.45) = 1.5
By Interpolation of values for k, u/B and v/L, we get
M
1
= 9.0x10
-2
and M
2
= 4.6x10
-2
Multiply by (u1+x)(v1+y) = 0.62
M
1
= 0.056KN-M and M
2
= 0.03KN-M
Step2: Find M
1
and M
2
for u=2(x) = 2(0.375) = 0.75
v = 2(y) = 2(0.45) = 0.9
By Interpolation of values for k=0.61, u/B=0.36 and v/L=0.26, we get
M
1
= 14.3x10
-2
and M
2
= 9x10
-2
Multiply by xy = 0.17
M
1
= 0.024KN-M and M
2
= 0.02KN-M
Step3: Find M
1
and M
2
for u=2(u1+x) = 2(0.45+0.375) = 1.65
v = 2(y) = 2(0.45) = 0.9
By Interpolation of values for k = 0.61, u/B = 0.8 and v/L = 0.26, we get
M
1
= 14.3x10
-2
and M
2
= 9x10
-2
Multiply by xy = 0.17
M
1
= 0.024KN-M and M
2
= 0.02KN-M
Step4: Find M
1
and M
2
for u=2(x) = 2(0.375) = 0.75
v = 2(v1+y) = 2(0.3+0.45) = 1.5
By Interpolation of values for k = 0.61, u/B = 0.36 and v/L = 0.44, we get
M
1
= 12.5x10
-2
and M
2
= 5.5x10
-2
Multiply by x(v1+y) = 0.28
M
1
= 0.036KN-M and M
2
= 0.015KN-M
Design M
B
= 0.056+0.024-0.037-0.036
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 18
= 0.008KN-M
M
L
= 0.03+0.02-0.026-0.015
= 0.01KN-M
M
B2
due to single load =
M
1
+0.15 M
2
)
=5.28KN-M
M
L2
due to single load =
M
1
+0.15 M
2
)
=6.23KN-M
ii) Effect of wheel no 3 of both axles
u1=0.45, v1= 0.3, x=0.775, y=0.45
Step1: Find M
1
and M
2
for u=2(u1+x) = 2(0.45+0.775) = 2.45M
v = 2(v1+y) = 2(0.3+0.45) = 1.5
By Interpolation of values for k =,0.61 u/B = 1 and v/L = 0.44, we get
M
1
= 7.5x10
-2
and M
2
= 4.0x10
-2
Multiply by (u1+x)(v1+y) = 0.92
M
1
= 0.07KN-M and M
2
= 0.0377KN-M
Step2: Find M
1
and M
2
for u=2(x) = 2(0.775) = 1.55
v = 2(y) = 2(0.45) = 0.9
By Interpolation of values for k =,0.61 u/B = 0.74 and v/L = 0.26, we get
M
1
= 9.9x10
-2
and M
2
= 7.1x10
-2
Multiply by (xy) = 0.348
M
1
= 0.035KN-M and M
2
= 0.025KN-M
Step3: Find M
1
and M
2
for u=2(u1+x) = 2(0.45+0.775) = 2.45
v = 2(y) = 2(0.45) = 0.9
By Interpolation of values for k =,0.61 u/B = 1 and v/L = 0.26, we get
M
1
= 6.63x10
-2
and M
2
= 5.3x10
-2
Multiply by y(u1+x) = 0.55
M
1
= 0.0364KN-M and M
2
= 0.63KN-M
Step4: Find M
1
and M
2
for u=2(x) = 2(0.775) = 1.55
v = 2(u1+y) = 2(0.45+0.45) = 1.8
By Interpolation of values for k =,0.61 u/B = 0.74 and v/L = 0.53, we get
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 19
M
1
= 9.0x10
-2
and M
2
= 4.5x10
-2
Multiply by x(v1+y) = 0.58
M
1
= 0.053KN-M and M
2
= 0.0261KN-M
Design M
B
= 0.07+0.035-0.0364-0.053
= 0.0156KN-M
M
L
= 0.0377+0.025-0.03-0.0.261
= 0.0066KN-M
M
B3
due to single load =
M
1
+0.15 M
2
)
=15.36KN-M
M
L3
due to single load =
M
1
+0.15 M
2
)
=8.3KN-M
Final bending Moment for case ii
M
B
= M
B1
+ M
B2
+ M
B3
M
L
= M
L1
+ M
L2
+ M
L3
M
B
= 31.14KN-M M
L
= 16.53KN-M
Case 3: Loads placed as per figure:
i) Effect of wheel 2 of axle 1:
u= 0.45, v = 0.3, u/B= 0.45/2.1, v/L=0.3/3.442 =
0.087
for k = 0.61, by interpolation M
1
= 0.2 and M
2
=
0.15
M
B1
= 14KN-M and M
L1
=11.6KN-M
ii) Effect of wheel 1 of axle 1:
For larger load, u/B=0.8, v/L=0.09, k = 0.61
M
B
= 16.33KN-M
M
L
= 16KN-M
For smaller load, u/B=0.36, v/L=0.09, k = 0.61
Fig 4.3: Position of wheel load for Class AA wheeled vehicle
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 20
M
B
= 11.8KN-M
M
L
= 10.81KN-M
Net Moments,
M
B2
= (16.33-11.8) = 2.27KN-M and M
L2
= (16-10.81) = 2.6KN-M
iii) Effect of wheel load 3 of axle 1:
For larger load,
u/B= 2.45/2.1= 1.2; v/L= 0.3/3.442 = 0.09
For k = 0.61, by interpolation M
1
= 0.085 and M
2
= 0.081
M
B
= M
L
= 33.14KN-M
For smaller load,
u/B= 1.55/2.1= 0.74, v/L=0.3/3.442 = 0.09
For k = 0.61 by interpolation M
1
= 0.108 and M
2
= 0.101
M
B
= 26.35KN-M and M
L
= 25.00KN-M
Net Moments,
M
B3
= (33.14-26.35) = 3.4KN-M and M
L3
= (33.14-25.00) = 4.07 KN-M
iv) Effect of wheel 2 of axle 2:
For larger load, u/B=0.45/2.1= 0.22; v/L= 2.71/3.442 = 0.8;
For k=0.61 by interpolation M
1
= 0.13 and M
2
= 0.0331
M
B
= 76.2KN-M and M
L
= 30.00KN-M
For smaller load, u/B = 0.45/2.1=0.22; v/L = 2.09/3.442 = 0.61
For k=0.61 by interpolation M
1
= 0.13 and M
2
= 0.045
M
B
= 60.00KN-M and M
L
= 28.00KN-M
Net Moments,
M
B4
= (76.2-60) = 3.4KN-M and M
L4
= (30-28.00) = 1.0 KN-M
v) Effect of wheel load 1 of axle 2:
u1= 0.45; v1= 0.30; x = 0.37; y = 1.045
Step1: Find M
1
and M
2
for u=2(u1+x) = 2(0.45+0.775) = 1.64
v = 2(u1+y) = 2(0.3+1.045) = 2.69
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 21
By Interpolation of values for k =,0.61 u/B = 0.8 and v/L = 0.8, we get
M
1
= 7.0x10
-2
and M
2
= 2.67x10
-2
Multiply by (u1+x)(v1+y) = 1.11
M
1
= 0.077KN-M and M
2
= 0.03KN-M
Step2: Find M
1
and M
2
for u=2(x) = 2(0.775) = 0.74
v = 2(y) = 2(1.045) = 2.09
By Interpolation of values for k =,0.61 u/B = 0.35 and v/L = 0.61, we get
M
1
= 12.0x10
-2
and M
2
= 4.5x10
-2
Multiply by xy = 0.39
M
1
= 0.0468KN-M and M
2
= 0.02KN-M
Step3: Find M
1
and M
2
for u = 2(u1+x) = 2(0.45+0.775) = 1.64
v = 2(y) = 2(1.045) = 2.09
By Interpolation of values for k =,0.61 u/B = 0.8 and v/L = 0.61, we get
M
1
= 8.0x10
-2
and M
2
= 3.9x10
-2
Multiply by y(u1+x) = 0.86
M
1
= 0.069KN-M and M
2
= 0.034KN-M
Step4: Find M
1
and M
2
for u=2(x) = 2(0.775) = 0.74
v = 2(v1+y) = 2(0.3+1.045) = 2.69
By Interpolation of values for k =,0.61; u/B = 0.35 and v/L = 0.8, we get
M
1
= 10.4x10
-2
and M
2
= 3.3x10
-2
Multiply by x(v1+y) = 0.5
M
1
= 0.052KN-M and M
2
= 0.0165KN-M
Design M
1
= 0.077+0.0468-0.069-0.052 = 0.0028
M
2
= 0.03+0.02-0.034-0.0165 = 0
M
B5
= 0.78KN-M and M
L5
= 0.17 KN-M
vi) Effect of wheel load 3 of axle 2:
u1= 0.45; v1=0.3; x=0.77; y=1.045
Step1: Find M
1
and M
2
for u=2(u1+x) = 2(0.45+0.775) = 2.44
v = 2(v1+y) = 2(0.3+1.045) = 2.69
By Interpolation of values for k =,0.61; u/B = 1 and v/L = 0.8, we get
M
1
= 5.8x10
-2
and M
2
= 2.3x10
-2
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 22
Multiply by (u1+x)(v1+y) = 1.641
M
1
= 1.0KN-M and M
2
= 0.038KN-M
Step2: Find M
1
and M
2
for u=2(x) = 2(0.775) = 1.54
v = 2(y) = 2(1.045) = 2.09
By Interpolation of values for k =,0.61; u/B = 0.74; and v/L = 0.61, we get
M
1
= 8.5x10
-2
and M
2
= 3.0x10
-2
Multiply by (xy) = 0.81
M
1
= 0.07KN-M and M
2
= 0.0243KN-
Step3: Find M
1
and M
2
for u=2(u1+x) = 2(0.45+0.775) = 2.44
v = 2(y) = 2(1.045) = 2.09
By Interpolation of values for k =,0.61; u/B = 1; and v/L = 0.61, we get
M
1
= 6.8x10
-2
and M
2
= 3.8x10
-2
Multiply by y(u1+x) = 1.28
M
1
= 0.09KN-M and M
2
= 0.05KN-M
Step4: Find M
1
and M
2
for u=2(x) = 2(0.775) = 1.54
v = 2(v1+y) = 2(0.3+1.045) = 2.69
By Interpolation of values for k =,0.61; u/B = 0.74; and v/L = 0.78, we get
M
1
= 7.4x10
-2
and M
2
= 3.9x10
-2
Multiply by x(v1+y) = 1.036
M
1
= 0.0767KN-M and M
2
= 0.041KN-M
M
B6
= 1.48KN-M and M
L6
= 0.22KN-M
Final Moments for Case iii
M
B
= M
B1+
MB
B2
+ M
B3
+ M
B4
+ M
B5
+ M
B6
= 14 + 2.27 + 3.4 + 8.1 + 078 + 1.48
= 30.03 KN-M
M
L
= M
L1+
M
L2
+ M
L3
+ M
L4
+ M
L5
+ M
L6
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 23
= 11.6 + 2.6 + 4.07 + 1 + 0.17 + 0.22
= 19.66KN-M
Final Bending Moments, after applying continuity and Impact factor
M
B
= 1.25 x 0.8 x 30 = 30.03KN-M
M
L
= 1.25 x 0.8 x 19.66 = 19.66 KN-M
4.2 Live Load Shear Force due to IRC Class AA Wheeled Vehicle
Fig 4.4: Position of wheel load for Class AA wheeled vehicle
Shear Force is computed by effective width Method. The effective size of the panel is taken
as 2.1Mx3.742M. The load is arranged as shown in figure.
Fig 4.4a: Position of wheel load for Class AA wheeled vehicle
Reactions at A and B can be calculated by using the below equations
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 24
KN
KN
Fig 4.4b: Position of wheel load for Class AA wheeled vehicle
KN
KN
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 25
Fig 4.4c: Position of wheel load for Class AA wheeled vehicle
KN
KN
The values of effective width, reactions and shear force are tabulated below
Load (KN) X(M) e(M)
(KN)
(KN)
(KN)
(KN)
W1=30.52 0.25 0.86 20.29 1.05 23.53 1.22
W2=62.5 0.65 1.319 47.1 15.4 35.71 11.68
W3=62.5 0.45 1.2 53.43 9.1 44.53 7.59
Total 103.77 20.48
e
1
= k x X
1
x{1-(0.25/2.1)} + W W=0.15+(2 x 0.075) = 0.3M
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 26
=2.536 x 0.25x {1-(0.25/2.1)} + 0.3 l/L = 3.442/2.1= 1.64
=0.86M hence k=2.536
e
2
= 2.536 x 0.65x{1-(0.65/2.1)} + 0.3
= 1.438M. However since c/c distance between wheels in the longitudinal direction is >
than 1.2M so take the average i.e. 1.2+1.438/2 =1.319M for each wheel.
e
3
= 2.536 x 0.45x {1-0.45/2.1)}+0.3
= 1.2M
Taking into account Impact factor, Design Shear = 1.25 x 103.77
= 130KN
Final Shear Forces due to
Dead Load = 7.45KN
Live Load = 130KN
Total = 137.45KN, say 138KN
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 27
5. LOADS DUE TO IRC CLASS A VEHICLE
5.1 Live Load Bending Moment due to IRC Class A Loading:
u = 0.65M; v = 0.4M
i) Effect of wheel load 1 of axle 1:
u = 0.65M; v = 0.4M; u/B=0.65/2.1= 0.31;
v/L=0.4/3.442 = 0.12
By interpolation, For k = 0.61; M
1
= 0.175KN-M;
M
2
=0.15KN-M
M
B1
= 11.26KN-M and M
L1
= 10.05KN-M
Fig 5: Position of wheel load for Class Avehicle
ii) Effect of load 1 of axle2:
For the bigger load, u=0.65 and v=2.8; u/B=0.31; v/L=0.82
By interpolation, For k = 0.61; M
1
= 0.105KN-M; M
2
= 0.032KN-M
M
B
= 44KN-M and M
L
= 19.45KN-M
For smaller load, u= 0.65 and v=2; u/B 0.31; v/L = 0.58
By interpolation, For k = 0.61; u/B = 0.31; v/L = 0.58
M
B
= 37.55KN-M and M
L
= 18.73KN-M
Net Moments,
M
B
= ( 44 - 37.55) = 3.225KN-M and M
L
= (19.53-18.73) = 0.4KN-M
5.2 Shear Force for Class A Loading
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 28
Fig 5: Position of wheel load for Shear force for Class A vehicle
Dispersion in the direction of span = 0.5 + 2 x (0.3) = 1.1M
X= 0.55; k=2.536; W=0.25+(2 x 0.075) = 0.4M
e = 2.536 x 0.55 x {1- (0.55/2.1)}
= 1.43M > 1.2M, Hence e = (1.2+1.43)/2 = 1.315M
= 45.54KN
= 11.5KN
Sheai Foice taking intoImpact factoi x
= 51.84KN
5.3 Final Moments:
Live load Moments due all Class of loads
1. Class AA Tracked, M
B
= 30.30KN-M and M
L
=14.81KN-M
2. Class AA Wheeled Vehicle
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 29
a. Case i Moments, M
B
= 22.00KN-M and M
L
= 5.26KN-M
b. Case ii Moments, M
B
= 31.14KN-M and M
L
= 16.53KN-M
c. Case iii Moments, M
B
= 22.00KN-M and M
L
= 19.66KN-M
3. Class A Loading, M
B
= 3.225KN-M and M
L
= 0.4KN-M
Hence take M
B
= 31.14KN-M and M
L
= 19.66KN-M for design. Since the moment due to
IRC Class AA Wheeled Vehicle is severe adopt it for design. Hence
M
B
, Dead Load = 4.45KN-M
Live Load = 31.14KN-M
Total = 36.00KN-M
5.4 Final Shear Force
Dead Load = 7.45KN
Live Load = 130KN
Total = 138KN
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 30
CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OF DECK SLAB
Grade of concrete = M30
Grade of Steel = Fe415
N mm
N mm
, Modular ratio, M = 10
4.1 Constants:
4.2 Check for depth (M
B
):
u
NN
u
Provide 225MM overall depth using 40MM
u
NN
Aiea of steel iequiieu
N
ju
NN
along N
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 31
iea of steel iequiieu
N
ju
NN
along N
Hence provide 16MM diameter bars at 150MM c/c
Hence provide 12MM diameter bars at 150MM c/c
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 32
CHAPTER 5
LONGITUDINAL GIRDER AND CROSS GIRDER DESIGN
5.1 Reaction Factor Bending Moment in Longitudinal Girders by
Courbonss Method
5.1.1 Class AA Tracked Vehicle
Fig 5: Position of Class AA Tracked Vehicle for obtaining reaction factors
Minimum Clearance Distance: 1.2 + 0.85/2 = 1.625M
e P
w
Foi outei giiuei x m foi innei giiuei x
Theiefoie
W anu
W
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 33
5.1.2 Class A Loading
Fig 5.1: Position of Class A Vehicle for obtaining reaction factors
Minimum Clearance Distance: 0.15 + 0.25 = 0.4M
Foi outei giiuei x m foi innei giiuei x
Theiefoie
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 34
Theiefoie
Impact factoi
5.2 Maximum Live load bending Moment for Class A Loading
For reaction factors we considered the moment or shifting of loads in transverse
direction. For finding the maximum B.M., however we have to consider the movement
of the loads along the span. For maximum B.M. at a given section: The maximum B.M.
at any section of a simply supported beam due to a given system of point loads crossing
the beam occurs when the average loading on the portion left is equal to the average
loading to the right of it, when section divides the load in the same ratio as it divides the
span. To get the maximum B.M. at a given section, one of the wheel loads should be
placed at the section. We shall try these rules for both Class A loading as well as Class
AA Tracked loading.
5.2.1 Class A Loading:
5.2.2 Maximum Live Load Bending moment at the mid span i.e. L/2: The below
figure shows the Influence Line Diagram.
Fig 5.2a: ILD for BM at L/2
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 35
Benuing Noment BN incluuing Impact Factoi anu eaction factoi foi
0utei giiuei KN N
Innei giiuei KN N
5.1.2 Maximum Live load bending Moment at 3L/8: The below figure shows the Influence
Line diagram
Fig b ILB foi BN at L
Loau No Loau value 0iuinate Noment
W kN
KNN
W kN
KNN
W kN
KNN
W kN KNN
W kN
KNN
W kN
KNN
Total KNN
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 36
Bending Moment, BM, including Impact Factor and Reaction factor for
0utei giiuei KN N
Innei giiuei KN N
5.1.3 Maximum Live load bending Moment at L/8: The below figure shows the Influence
Line diagram
Load No. Load Value Ordinate Moment
W1 27kN
m
46KN-M
W2 27KN
64.53KN-M
W3 114KN
501KN-M
W4 114KN
456KN-M
W5 68KN
159KN-M
W6 68KN
82KN-M
W7 68KN
5KN-M
=1314KN-M
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 37
Fig 5.2c: ILD for BM at L/8
Bending Moment, BM, including Impact Factor and Reaction factor for
0utei giiuei KN N
Innei giiuei KN N
5.2 Absolute Maximum Bending Moment
Absolute B.M. occurs at under that heavier wheel load which is nearer to the C.G. of the load
system that can possibly be accommodated on the span of 18.71M. The placement should be
Load No. Load Value Ordinate Moment
W3 114KN
234.00KN-M
W4 114KN
217.00KN-M
W5 68KN
138.00KN-M
W6 68KN
67.32 KN-M
W7 68KN
42.00KN-M
W8 68KN
16.40KN-M
TOTAL 715.00KN-M
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 38
such that the centre of span is mid-way between the wheel load and the C.G. of the load
system. This position is shown below.
X = 6.42M , C.G of Load = 6.42-(1.1+3.2+1.2) = 0.92M from fourth load
Load No. Load Value Ordinate Moment
W1 27kN
N
48.20KN-M
W2 27KN
N
64.00KN-M
W3 114KN
N
461KN-M
W4 114KN
N
533KN-M
W5 68KN
N
150KN-M
W6 68KN
N
52KN-M
Total
=1308.2KN-
M
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 39
Bending Moment, BM, including Impact Factor and Reaction factor for
0utei giiuei KN-M
Innei giiuei KN-M
5.3 CLASS AA-TRACKED VEHICLE
5.3.1 Bending Moment at centre of the span
Fig 5.3a: ILD for BM at L/2
Bending Moment, BM, including Impact Factor and Reaction factor for
0utei giiuei KN-M
Innei giiuei KN-M
5.3.2 Bending Moment at 3L/8 of the span
Fig 5.2b: ILD for BM at 3L/8
Load No. Load Value Ordinate Moment
W 700KN
N
2954KN-M
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 40
Bending Moment, BM, including Impact Factor and Reaction factor for
0utei giiuei KN-M
Innei giiuei KN-M
5.3.3 Bending Moment at L/4 of the span
Fig 5.2c: ILD for BM at L/4
Bending Moment, BM, including Impact Factor and Reaction factor for
0utei giiuei KN-M
Innei giiuei KN-M
Load No. Load Value Ordinate Moment
W 700KN
N
2786KN-M
Load No. Load Value Ordinate Moment
W 700KN
N
2866KN-M
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 41
5.3.4 Bending Moment at L/8 of the span
Fig 5.2d: ILD for BM at L/8
Bending Moment, BM, including Impact Factor and Reaction factor for
0utei giiuei KN-M
Innei giiuei KN-M
5.3 Live Load Shear Force
Shear Force will be Maximum due to Class AA Tracked vehicle. For Maximum shear
force at the ends of the girder, the load will be placed between the support and the first
intermediate girder and shear force will be found by the reaction factors derived below. For
intermediate section, same reaction factors will be used as derived for bending Moment.
5.3.1 Shear at the end of girder
Since the length of the track is 3.6M Maximum shear will occur when the C.G. of load is
1.8M away from support A of the girder. The load will be confined between the end and the
first stiffener. Along width of the bridge, the track will be so placed that it maintains a
maximum clearance of 1.2M. Hence distance of C.G. of load from kerb = 1.2+0.425 =
1.625M
Load No. Load Value Ordinate Moment
W 700KN
N
1298KN-M
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 42
Fig 5.3: Class AA tracked Wheel load position for Live loaf shear force
P
P P
P
P
P
P P
Reactions at end of each Longitudinal Girder due to transfer of these loads at 1.8M from left support
R
A' =
0.374P R
D' =
0.347P
R
B' =
0.535P R
E' =
0.495P.
R
C' =
0.093P R
F' =
0.087P.
The load R
D,
R
E
, R
F
should be transferred to the cross girders as per Courbons Theory
W P P P
W P
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 43
W
2
=
P
These reactions
and
act as point loads on outer girder and inner girders at their 1/5
th
points of total span.
Bence sheai at A R
A' +
B R
B' +
But P KN
Bence Sheai Foice at outei giiuei KN
Bence Sheai Foice at innei giiuei KN
5.4 Shear Force Intermediate Points: Shear at other points will be found on the basis
of the same reaction coefficients as found for B.M. Thus for Class AA Tracked loading,
reaction coefficient for outer girder = 0.5536W and for inner girder = 0.3333W
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 44
5.4.1 Shear Force at Mid span:
Fig 5.4a: ILD for SF at L/2
Sheai Foice at Niu span
Sheai Foice at outei giiuei KN
Sheai Foice at innei giiuei KN
5.4.2 Shear Force at 3/8th span:
Fig 5.4b: ILD for SF at 3/8
Sheai Foice at th span
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 45
Sheai Foice at outei giiuei KN
Sheai Foice at innei giiuei KN
5.4.3 Shear Force at 1/4th span:
Fig 5.4c: ILD for SF at 1/4
th
span
Sheai Foice at th span
Sheai Foice at outei giiuei KN
Sheai Foice at innei giiuei KN
5.4 Dead Load Bending Moment and Shear Force in Girder:
5.5.1 Live Load from Cantilever
i Class AA Loauing The minimum uistance of Class AA loauing fiom the keib is
to be N Since the available cleai length of cantilevei is only N class
AA loauing will not come on the cantilevei poition
ii Class A Loauing
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 46
Fig 5.4: Position of Class A loading for max BM
Bistance of Cu of wheel fiom the euge of Cantilevei suppoit
N
Bispeiseu wiuth of loau N
Loau on Cantilevei
Effective Wiuth of Cantilevei e W
Wheie x uistance of Cu of uispeiseu loau in cantilevei poition
W wiuth of concentiation aiea of loau peipenuiculai to span
B thicKNess of Weaiing Coat
N
Impact Factoi
Bence Benuing Noment uue to Live loau
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 47
Beau Loau anu Beau loau benuing Noment
Component BLN iunKN Cu fiom euge
of cantileveiN
NomentKNN
Crash Barrier KN
Wearing Coat KN
Slab KN
Total KN KNN
Design Bending Moment = 25 + 33.7 = 58.7KN-M
Design Shear Force = 21.18 + 77 = 98.18KN
Check for depth (M
B
):
u
NN
u
Provide 200MM overall depth using 40MM
u
NN
Aiea of steel iequiieu
N
ju
NN
NN
Hence provide 16MM diameter bars at 100MM c/c
5.5 Dead Load Bending Moment and Shear Force in Girders
Fig 5.5: Position of loads for Max BM and SF in Girders
Beau loau fiom each Cantilevei slab
Beau loau fiom Slab anu weaiing coat
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 48
KNNN
Total Beau loau fiom ueck
KNNN
Assuming this loau to be equally shaieu by giiueis
KNNN
Let the uepth of iib N
Weight of iib KN
Total 0BL on giiueis KNN
Let uepth of cioss giiueis N
Weight of iib of cioss giiueis KNN
Length iib of cioss giiueis N
Assuming weight of cioss giiuei to be equally shaieu by all the thiee longituuinal
giiueis point loau on each giiuei KN
eaction
KN
Benuing Noment
Bending Moment at Mid Span
KNN
Bending Moment at Quarter Span
KNN
Shear Force
Sheai Foice at suppoit
KN
Sheai Foice at quaitei span
KN
Sheai Foice at
th
span
KN
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 49
Sheai Foice at Niu span
KN
5.6 Design of Outer Girder
1. Total Bending Moment at centre of span = KN N
2. Total Bending Moment at quarter span = KN N
3. Total Shear at support = KN
4. Total Shear at span = KN
5. Total Shear at 3/8 span = KN
6. Total Shear at Mid span = KN
For beams, M30 concrete will be used and the Outer girder will be designed as T-beam
having a depth of rib = 1.725M
Total depth = 1.725 + 0.225 = 1.95M
Let us assume an effective depth = 1.725-0.120 = 1.605M
A
NN
Provide 12 bars of 32MM diameter, having total A
NN
and
Provide 4bars of 25MM diameter, having total A
NN
Arrange these bars in 4 layers with spacing between bars equal to largest diameter bar used
i.e.32MM
Clear cover = 40MM
Height of C.G of bars from bottom of bars = (40+12+32X2)
= 148MM
d= 1725-148=1577MM <1605MM, hence ok
5.7 Check for stresses
1. Depth of Neutral Axis: Flange width will be the least of the following
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 50
a. 12d
s
+ b
r
= 12 x 225 + 400 = 3100MM
b. c/c spacing = 2500MM
c. Span/3 = 18.71/3 = 6236.66MM
Hence Flange width = B=2500MM
2. Let depth of Neutral axis be N lying in web
B d
s
n = 361MM
Ciitical Neutial axis uepth n
NN
Actual Neutral axis falls above the critical neutral axis therefore, the stress in the steel
reaches the Maximum value first hence
NN
Corresponding stress in the concrete at the outer fibre is given by
c
N
n
u n
NNN
Similarly,
c
n
c
c
= 0.38 NNN
NN
Levei aiN a u y NN
KN N
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 51
Area of steel required
Aiea of steel iequiieu
No. of 32MM diameter bars = 10443/305 = 12.9 bais
Check for local bond stress as per IRC code
Assume effective depth = 1950 - 60 = 1890MM
iequiieu
No of NN bais
Hence atleast 4 bars are to be taken straight
Check for shear
1. NoNinal Sheai stiess at suppoit
KNNN
, hence shear
reinforcement is necessary.
2. Nominal Sheai stiess at suppoit
NNN
, hence shear
reinforcement is not necessary.
3. Nominal Sheai stiess at suppoit
NNN
= (9.455+7)=8.23M
Let us bend up 2 bars at a time at a spacing of 0.707a i.e. = 0.707x0.9x1605=1021.26MM
Bend 2 bars at a time, spacing = 1020MM
If 5 bars are bent up, effective distance = 5 x 1.020 = 5.1M from support
Shear taken up by 4bent bars of 32MM = 4 x 805 x 200 x Sin(45)
= 455KN
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 52
Net remaining shear at support for which shear reinforcement has to be provided
= 605-450=150KN
Spacing S
NN
Hence provide 10MM diameter at 180MM c/c at support i.e. up to 4.08M. After 4.08M only
2 bars will be effective.
At quarter span, iemaining sheai
Spacing of two legged stirrups, 10MM diameter
Hence provide 2L-10MM diameter bars at 200MM c/c from 4.08M to 5.1M
Beyond 5.1M no bent up bars are available. Therefore, shear at 3/8 span
i.e.,
Therefore spacing of 10MM diameter bars 2L
Therefore provide 2L 10MM diameter bars at 150MM c/c
From 7.02M to 8.02M Provide 2L 10MM diameter at 180MM c/c
For remaining distance provide 22L 10MM diameter at 300MM c/c
Summary:
Provide 10MM 2L diameter at 180MM c/c from support upto 4.08M
Provide 10MM 2L diameter at 200MM c/c from 4.08M to 5.1M
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 53
Provide 10MM 2L diameter at 180MM c/c from 5.1M to 7.02M
Provide 10MM 2L diameter at 180MM c/c from 7.02M to 8.02M
Provide 10MM 2L diameter at 180MM c/c for remaining length.
5.8 Design of Inner Girder
Adopt,
Use 12 bars of 32MM diameter
Check for bond stress as per IRC
Shear at support Let effective depth be 1665MM
Sheai
No of NN uiametei bais iequiieu
However take 6 bars straight up to support.
Check for Shear
at suppoit
N NN
at centie
N NN
at
span
N NN
Hence provide 10MM-2L bars at 180MM c/c from support up to from
support after 4.08M
At quarter span,
Therefore, provide 2L-10MM diameter at 300 c/c from 4.08 to 5.1M.
Therefore, shear at 3/8 span=223KN.
Therefore, provide 2L-10MM diameter at 200 c/c up to 7.02.
From 7.02 to 8.02, 2L-10MM diameter at 300 c/c
For remaining 2L-10MM diameter at 300 c/c
Support to 4.8M10MM-2L diameter at 180MM c/c
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 55
4.8M to 5.1M10MM-2L diameter at 300MM c/c
5.1M to 7.02M10MM-2L diameter at 200MM c/c
7.02 to 8.02 and remaining10MM-2L diameter at 300MM c/c
5.9Design of cross-girder
Fig 5.9a: Load distribution on each girder Fig 5.9b: DL on Cross girder
i) Dead load
Cross girder are placed at 3.742M c/c
Dimension
Weight of rib
Dead weight from slab and wearing coat
Dead load on each cross girder
Assuming this to be uniformly distributed, dead load per meter run of girder
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 56
Therefore, Total weight = 9.18+8.84 = 18.02 KNN
Assuming cross girders to be rigid, reaction on each longitudinal girder =
KN
i) Live Load: Maximum bending Moment and shear force due to Class AA-
Tracked Loading
Fig 5.9c: LL on the span
KN
Assuming cross girders to be rigid, reaction on each longitudinal girder =
KN
Maximum bending Moment under the wheel load
Fig 5.9d: Max LL Cross girder
N
KN N
Taking Impact factor = 1.1x245 =270KN-M
Dead Load bending Moment from 4.75M of support
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 57
= 26.12KN-M
Total Bending Moment = LL BM +DL BM
KN N
Live Loau Sheai
KN
Section Design:
Total depth = 1500MM, Effective Depth = 1440MM
A
NN
Hence provide 3nos of 25MM Diameter bars, Pioviue A
NN
Sheai Besign
Nominal Sheai
NNN
ok
But
= 0.34
hence provide shear reinforcement.
NN
Pioviue L NN uiametei bais at NN CC both at inteimeuiate anu enus
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 58
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
The analysis and design of Deck slab and T-Beam of a Bridge has been carried out manually
as per IRC guidelines and the following results have been noted.
1. Live Load due to Class AA Wheeled Vehicle produces the severest effect.
2. Shear Force due to Class AA Wheeled Vehicle is very high.
3. Bending Moment in the Inner girder is lesser than the Outer girder hence lesser
reinforcement in inner girder when compared to outer girder.
4. The design of the deck slab and T- beam has been manually done keeping in view the
above results.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB AND T-BEAM OF BRIDGE
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGG; UVCE Page 59
REFERENCES
1) Indian Road congress, IRC: 6-2000, Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for
Road Bridges Section: II, Loads and Stresses, 4
th
revision.
2) Indian Road congress, IRC: 21-2000, Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for
Road Bridges Section: III, cement concrete (plain and reinforced), 3
rd
revision.
3) Dr. D. Johnson Victor, Essentials of Bridge Engineering, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.
4) Dr. N. Krishna Raju, Design of Bridges ,Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd
5) Mr. T.R. Jagadeesh and M.A. Jayaram, Design of Bridge Structures, Prentice Hall of
India Pvt. Ltd.
6) RCC Designs(Reinforced Concrete Structures) by Dr. B.C.Punmia, Ashok Kumar Jain,
Arun Kumar Jain, Tenth Edition, Laxmi Publications.