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awakening, just as any other town in India, the times were distressed, and so were the people, in the fight for freedom, many old walled cities crumbled to ruins, one of them being Ghaziabad, situated near the Capital and old walled city.
In 1740, the vizier Ghazi-ud-din, who served as the minister of the Moghul Emperor
Ahmadshah and Alamgir Ilnd, established the place and called it Ghaziuddinnagar after himself. He then proceeded to build a spacious structure and that consisted of 120 rooms of masonry with arches that point up. According to records, this city that the vizier established was constructed within the boundary of four giant doors named Dasna Gate, Sihani Gate, Delhi Gate, and Shahi gate.
Circa 1857:In 1857 to 1858, the city was the scene of fighting during the Indian
Mutiny, when Indian soldiers in the Bengal Army that was under the British East India Company mutinied but soon turned into a widespread uprising against British rule in India. The Hindon River, in particular, was the site of several skirmishes between Indian troops and British soldiers in 1857.The entire district witnessed scenes of public war.
Location:
22 kms. from NCT Delhi and is an important industrial and trading center in DMA area.
Road Distance or driving distance from New Delhi Airport to Ghaziabad is 42 kms
GHAZIABAD
Major Facilites:
Regional Setting
GDA Objectives: Preparation of Master Plan for Planned Urban Development. Development & Control as per Master Plan. Acquisition of Land and Management for Housing and Urban Development. Construction Housing and Development. Provision of Physical and Social Infrastructure. GDA Departments Land Actuation Planning Engineering Property Finance Master Plan Enforcement Computer From the year 1960 to 1977, the Improvement Trust and later on GDA has constructed about lacs of houses and plots of various categories i.e. site/services, EWS, MIG, LIG, HIG and apartments.
Kaushambi, Vashali, Indirapuram and Govindpuram, Karpooripuram, Swarn Jayanti Puram and Partap Vihar in Hindon Area are the new upcoming residential colonies in Ghaziabad. The authority is constructing commercial complexes in these colonies to create to the needs of the people.
Administration: Ghaziabad was given the status of a municipal corporation on 31 August 1994.This was converted to Nagar Nigam in 2000.
Jal Nigam is the prime authority which deals with water supply and sewerage works in Ghaziabad Due to its strategic location it has been under tight security in recent times.
Administrative Divisions
Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation Niwari,Loni,Dasna,Potla,Faridnagar,Babugarh town panchayats. Modinagar,Muradnagar,Garhmukhteshwar,Hapur,Pilakhuwa GNN area has been divided into administrative zones namely City zone, Kavi Nagar Zone, Vijay Nagar Zone .The area is further divided into 60 wards.
Timeline: 1740 :Founded by Wazir Ghazi-ud-din Siddiqi 1763 :The Jat Hindu Raja, Surajmal, was killed near the city by the Rohillas. 1857-58: First war of Independence 1864 Train (Rail) was introduced to the city. First train to Ghaziabad ran from Aligarh, on the Calcutta- Delhi line. There was a problem in printing railway ticket " Gajeeudin Nagar" due to the long name. To reduce the name, it was changed to Ghaziabad. Late 19th Century: Extension of Railway Line, opening of the Ghaziabad- Saharanpur-Amritsar- Lahore line . English settlements begin. Post Independence: Ghaziabad gradually grew as an important industrial centre, its proximity to Delhi, always helping in this cause. The major industries to be established during that period include the Mohan Meakins Industrial estate (Mohan Nagar) and the International The Central Methodist Church Tobacco Company (Guldhar). 1933: The Modinagar Industrial town built by the industrialist Gujarmal Modi. Upto 1976: Influx of refugees, rise in population and steady growth in economic activity. 1976: Ghaziabad declared an independent District,from Meerut
The issue: the burden of population coupled with strain on city.s infrastructure has to be shared by the DMA cities/towns. DMA Cities: Ghaziabad, NOIDA (UP), Faridabad, Gurgaon, Bahadurgarh-Kundli The question: Whether these cities/towns have been able to develop on the basis of induced growth or they have been developed only because of the close proximity and accessibility to NCT Delhi?
The cause: There was deliberate planning from 1960s onward to develop towns on the periphery of Delhi to accommodate population growth; eventually these areas grew faster than the urban agglomeration of Delhi.
The presently contiguous cities of Ghaziabad, NOIDA, Gurgaon and Faridabad located in other states still do not form the part of Delhi Urban Agglomeration whose assigned population was over estimated by 0.66 million.
Demographics
Comparative population of Delhi and NCR Towns
The highest order settlement in the NCR Plan . 2001were six DMA cities/towns. These towns were slated to grow to 37 lakh against which they actually grew to 30.33 lakh as per 2001 Census.
Religion-wise population
Hindus and Muslims, as shown in the above table, constitute about 99 per cent population of both the district and the state. Hence population of remaining four religious communities is but a symbolic importance.
Religion-wise sex-ratio
Sex-ratio is one of the important demographic characteristics of a society. It is also a sensitive indicator of womens status. Imbalance in sex-ratio (i.e. a gap between number of females and males) generates a lot of demographic, social and ethical problems. Sexratio of six religious communities is not uniform.
Population Projections
0
Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Demographic Analysis Ghaziabad city has witnessed unprecedented growth of population especially during the last three decades. 1911: Population was 11309 which grew to 9.6 lakh in 2001. 1971-2001: Population increased by 6.5 times. 1981-2001: Increased by 2.37 times. The population growth of 89.25% during 1991-2001 in comparison to 62.46% population growth in urban areas of UP sub-region signifies that the city's population has been growing at a very rapid pace compared to other cities of UP sub-region. Reasons for the rapid Growth rate: Proximity to Delhi Establishment of planned industrial estates Discouragement to the establishment of large-scale industries in NCT Delhi. Due to the availability of fertile land the nearby villages wherein the population desired to improve their living conditions settled down in Ghaziabad. Due to close proximity to NCT Delhi, the middle class families, which were unable to purchase houses in NCT Delhi, preferred to purchase them in Ghaziabad.
Pull factors in Ghaziabad and push factor from NCT Delhi.
Demographic Analysis
The majority of people settled from in Trans-Hindon Area work in NCT Delhi, which is an indication of growing urbanization in the DMA area and to be part of Ghaziabad Urban Agglomeration. Post independence: Establishment of industries, therefore discouragement of establishing large scale industries in Delhi NCT. 1921-1951: There was sharp increase in the growth rate of population mainly due to establishment of grain markets and oil mills, breweries and administrative offices during 1930.s and influx of refugees. 1961: Planned Development begins, which further attracted population contributing the growth of 81.29% during 1961-71 and 109.66% during 1971-81 and 78.21% during 198191.
Factors Responsible for rapid Population Growth: UPSIDC developed industrial estates like Sahibabad, Kavinagar, Bulandshahr Road, Loni Road, Meerut Road and G.T.Road whereas GDA developed residential and physical infrastructure. The fertile land coupled with widespread agriculture attracted labor which became push factors for the population migrating towards an employment generating area during 1950.s and 1960.s. Availability of relatively cheaper land in Ghaziabad as compared to NCT Delhi. Transport corridors connecting NCT Delhi to the resource base of the Western Uttar Pradesh via Ghaziabad gave impetus to the trade and industrial activities.
Population Density
As per 1981 Census, the density of Ghaziabad was 4366 persons per sq. km increased to 7066 persons per sq. km. in 1991. However, in2001, the same declined to 6702 persons per sq. km. This was mainly due to increase in the jurisdiction of Municipal Corporation. The area of Municipal Corporation also increased from 63.94 sq. km in 1981 to 144.50 sq. km in 2001. However, in actual terms, it is observed that as per the land use pattern, the population density is about 13070 persons per sq. km (130 persons per hectare).
Educational Infrastructure
Number of Government educational institutions and their availability per one lakh population is as follows: Primary Schools :2668 (66.15 per 100,000 population in 2006-07) Upper Primary Schools :860 (21.32) Secondary Schools :198 (4.91) Alternative Education Centre :168 (4.17) Degree Colleges: (0.07) Post Graduate Colleges : (0.27) University 1 :(0.02) ITIs 4 : (0.10) Polytechnics 1: (0.02) Availability of Primary and Secondary Schools as well as Degree colleges per lakh population in the district is lower than the state average, which is 78, 22 and 0.86 respectively. There are about 80-100 Medical, Dental, Pharmacy colleges, and Physiotherapy institutes which makes Ghaziabad one of the most education friendly city in India.
MASTER PLAN DEVELOPMENT 1961: The first Master Plan for Ghaziabad was prepared with a perspective of 1981 In 1961, the area of the city was 573.72 hectares
1981: 5853.50 hectares was proposed for development, however against this only 4365.35 hectares (74.60%) were developed. 1986: Next Master Plan was notified , according to which the total developed area was 5933.00 hectares. 2001: Master Plan-2001 proposed 10039.23 hectares as developed land. In actual terms only 8455.00 hectares (84.21%) was developed area.
This is followed by industrial use (20.16%) and 6.13% use under the roads, bus stands. These three uses together constitute more than three-fourth of the total landuse of the city. Among the entire uses category both residential and industrial uses have witnessed intensive development.
The land under residential use was 1648.37 hectares in 1961, which increased to 3160.39 hectares in 33 1984 and 4670 hectares in 2003. This signifies that that increase in area under residential use in about 40 years has been 2.8 times. As far as industrial development is concerned, the 1961-81 period witnessed expansion, as the city was perceived as industrial town with 91.60 hectares of land developed per year.
Land Use Analysis The pace of development could not match the provisions for both physical and social infrastructure and services as per the requirement of the growing population.
It has been observed in the context of landuse pattern that there is exorbitant increase in land prices (for plotted houses), which has led to the development of multistoried apartments (Group Housing) residential units.
Plotted Development & Housing The Trans- Hindon areas especially Shalimar Garden, Ramprastha, Kaushambi,Vaishali, Rajender Nagar have witnessed large scale construction of group housing flats even on the plots with size of 500 sq.mt.-1000 sq.mt.
This development has by and large been in an unauthorized manner thereby resulting in extreme strain on infrastructure / facilities and services. The areas meant for plotted development where 2 to 3 dwelling units are supposed to be developed has been converted into multiple dwelling units (15-20) on a plot of 500 sq.mt to 1000 sq.mt. Density norms suggested for residential purpose had increased to 200 persons per hectare in Regional Plan-2021 from 150 persons per hectare from earlier Plan. This will increase the residential density in the city in coming years.
Type of Housing In Ghaziabad, most of the respondents i.e. 72 % live in MIG housing.
Affordability
Alters planning principles drastically . have serious adverse repercussions on the overall city infrastructure
any up gradation or augmentation of the same is offset by multifold increase in the dwelling units and with consequent problems of low level of access to basic infrastructure like absence of drainage and sewerage, shortage of drinking water, absence of proper solid waste management etc. resulting in deteriorating quality of life. The development Trans- Hindon areas without any consideration of planning for basic facilities have in fact led to mushrooming of large number of residential colonies at the periphery of NCT Delhi.
It gives rise to numerous problems for planned development like regularization of colonies and augmentation of infrastructure services / facilities thereof.
lack of strict enforcement of Building Bye Laws and Master Plan provisions has also been responsible for haphazard development. Excessive congestion on major arterial road for example Ambedkar Road and GT Road. Further due to absence of planned parking spaces, on-road parking of trucks, buses and other vehicles has created serious traffic and transportation problems.
Major Planning & Developmental Problems Absence of proper solid waste management has caused dumping of wastes into pits thereby resulting in pollution of land, air and water resources. Solid waste is collected and transported in an inefficient way using outdated equipment and techniques. Collected municipal solid waste is indiscriminately dumped at the outskirts of the city and/or at road sides or at crude duping sites. Availability of appropriate site for landfill is another crucial factor. Uneven distribution of water supply, absence of sewage system and drainage system has added to the woes of city infrastructure. Absence of common Effluent Treatment Plan in the industrial areas of the city has led to mixing of chemical effluents, which has ultimately polluted the Hindon river and ground water resources. Indiscriminate exploitation of ground water has led to drastic fall in the level of ground water.
Municipal Wards
Household Basic Amenities Household Basic Amenities (HBA) are critical indicators for assessing socioeconomic status of people. The district seems to have better position in this regard except percentage of water closet latrines in rural and urban areas.
Health Although there are many private hospitals, dispensaries and clinics in the district, these are beyond the reach of poor people due to their exorbitant charges. Poor people of both town and villages are mainly dependent upon Government for health care services which are not adequately available. Nor they provide quality and efficient health care services. District Statistical Report 2005-06 (DSR) indicates that there are 6 Allopathic hospitals, 35 Ayurvedic hospitals, 1 Unani hospital, 35 Homeopathic hospitals, 48 Primary Health Centres, 19 Child and Women Welfare Centres, 1672 Anganwadi Centres and 11 Community Health Centres. One-third children have not so far been immunized. Two-third of the deliveries are still performed within homes. (for minority concentration district)
Economic Base
The Ghaziabad economy is heavily dependent on the industries mainly SMEs, which are the real assets of the city. The many industries account for the economic growth of the Uttar Pradesh State. The most important sector is the steel sector. More than 500 steel organizations in the place employ more than 50,000 people. Also, the manufacturing segment employs 53% of the non-agricultural jobs in Ghaziabad. 106 units of medium and large industries employed 24,595 workers in 2001. Industrial area occupies about 20.16 % according to the master plan which makes it an essential aspect in Ghaziabads economy. Various types of industries are : Manufacturing of Railway Wagons Maintenance of electric locomotive and EMU Trains Embroideries Bicycles Clayware Glasswork Heavy chains Varnish and paint In addition, Bharat Electronics Limited is famous for making defense equipments and Muradnagar houses a gun and shell factory. The city of Ghaziabad houses various shopping centers, well designed thoroughfares, and flyovers and is rated as one of the top 10 vibrant cities by Newsweek.
Problems faced by SMEs (Small & Medium Enterprises) The industrial hub gets only 40% of their total power requirement The U.P. Government charges 13.5% VAT on spare-parts whereas it is 4% on steel and other metals. A large number of manufacturers feel that there should be special loans, schemes and rebates for the small units to help them grow as an industry. Some of the other major challenges faced by SMEs include lack of access to finance, low R&D investment, lack of access to technology, lack of product innovation, inadequate marketing support in an increasingly competitive environment, etc. Effective Platform Small industry owners of Ghaziabad decided to join hands and make their presence felt by forming various small scale associations, one such Association is 'Laghu Udyog Evam Vyapar Mandal Samiti. The association primarily deals with the government departments like DIC, UPFC, UPSIDC, UPPCL, GMC, electricity board, labour department, trade tax department, excise department etc. and takes up the issues facing the industry. They were successful in registering the industrial area starting from Hindon Vihar till Morta as an approved Industrial Area under DIC
The SME sector accounts for almost 60 percent of the total industrial output in Uttar Pradesh with Ghaziabad being one of the most industrialized cities.
Source:Primary Survey,2006,TCPO
The important national Highways passing through the Ghaziabad city are NH-58 which goes to Meerut, NH-24 which goes to Hapur and NH-91 which goes to Sikandrabad. Along with these highways, there is Hapur bypass passing through Ghaziabad connecting Madan Mohan Malviya marg and NH 91. The Y junction on NH 24 connecting NH 58 (near Mahamaya sports stadium) has become the most critical intersection in the city.
The GT road carries large volume of traffic to an extent that it has exceeded its capacity by 50-60%. Public Transport: Shared auto service Bus service from old & new bus stand Local trains(EMUs) from railway station Metro at Vaishali & Dilshad Garden
RAPID URBANIZATION
Urban transport infrastructure in Ghaziabad, like other cities, is handled by multiple agencies including GNN. State PWD, Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Government of India, UP State Road Transport Corporation, Ghaziabad Development Authority.
Traffic related Issues Old Bus Stand Area: Haphazard Traffic,No traffic Police at times to control traffic. Autos & buses create Chaos
Traffic related Issues Old City Area:Ghantaghar No definite Parking. No segregation of Pedestrian & Vehicular Movement
Major points of Conflict/Traffic Jams, Creation of a Bottleneck at Hindon flyover leads to long traffic jams.
Another important Traffic intersection is the Lal Kuan at NH-24, which serves traffic from Noida,Bulandshahar and adjoining areas. No traffic police at times for monitoring. Heavy traffic jams.
Meerut Morh Y Intersection:NH-58 Caters traffic from Meerut,modinagar,Hardiwar, Dehradun ,Roorkee and vice versa.
Statistics Daily trips are more with 41% followed by alternate days and weekly trips with about 25% and 14% respectively. Trips are for business purpose averaging about 43% comparing with 23% of work,18% social and recreation, 8% tourism, 7% of education and 19% other trips respectively.
The majority of people are using their own transport for commuting to their work place.
Results of the Road Side Interview Survey Conducted at NH-24,NH-58 & NH-91 daily trips are more with 41% followed by alternate days and weekly trips with about 25% and 14% respectively. trips are for business purpose averaging about 43% comparing with 23% of work,18% social and recreation, 8% tourism, 7% of education and 19% other trips respectively.
Factor % of people who are not satisfied by the existing conditions Non-slum Households Slum Households 20 47 30 20 77 65 75 94 78 84
Road Conditions Services of Street Lights Drainage facilities along roads Vehicular Parking Facilities parking space
Improvement proposals A grade separator Road widening on a corridor stretch A multi-level parking facility A bus terminal.
Thus the main project rationale lies for the rehabilitation of the Transport system for Ghaziabad city in filling the demand supply gap.
Ghaziabad- Water Supply System Ground water has been utilized for piped water supply since 1955, when piped water supply scheme was introduced. From 1977, onwards Ghaziabad Development Authority started developing the Master Plan sectors and with U.P.Jal Nigam services, water supply facility continued to be provided on sector basis without any water supply master plan. To prepare the status and pre-feasibility report of water supply in Ghaziabad city, U.P.Jal Nigam, in 1995, delineated the water supply zones for equitable, economical and efficient distribution of water. 23 Master Plan sectors which are reorganised into 19 water supply zones (WS Zns) and 10 Master Plan sectors
Ghaziabad- Water Supply System : The ISSUES Receding water table : ban on ground water abstraction for sale and supply (commercial) of water in Ghaziabad Nagar Nigam area by Central Ground Water Authority . Poor quality of services : intermittent supplies of 2 to 3 hours once a day in specific water supply zones .
Inadequate service coverage : piped water supply covers 5% of the abadi population, 16% of slum population, 65% of general population. Weak financial position : financial position of the GNN with respect to watersupply is not healthy as revenue collected from the service is barely sufficient to cover its operation anD maintenance.
Ghaziabad- Water Supply System : The OBJECTIVES Goals for the city s water supply system are Total coverage of city population with safe drinking water as per the stipulated norms and standards on sustainable basis; and Ensuring equity in distribution of available supplies. 1. Management To maintain the ground water reserve To reduce the unserved population by 25% upto 2006, 50% upto 2011 and 100 % upto 2021, To improve the water supply and service quality. 2. Finance To match the revenue against expenditures of water supply, To improve the collection efficiency to 75% by 2006, 80% by 2011 and 100% by 2021. 3. Institution To improve the institutional capacity.
Upcoming Facilities/Solutions/Assesments
Multiple housing projects like Raj Nagar Extension, and various housing schemes at Indirapuram,Vaishali,vasundhara & Kaushambi. Proper traffic planning needs to be done. Suggestive measures for improved power supply and water supply.
The extension of metro till Arthala in Phase3 of DMRC Metro Project will decongest the stretch from Old Bus stand to Mohan Nagar.
Upcoming Facilities/Solutions/Assesments
Ghaziabad has witnessed development in clusters, which has led to sustainability and organized development. The clusters have developed their own commercial activities and are witnessing further improvement in facilities.
More Clusters can be developed and planned better than the existing ones.
Ghaziabad rated in worlds Top 10 most dynamic Cities.In order to maintain this dynamism,effective planning is needed in terms of Infrastructure facilities. . The authorities must see the interest of entrepreneurs and make land available to set up their units for the industrial development in the region. Complete segregation of pedestrian & vehicular traffic ,specially in congested markets of the old city area, ghantaghar,turab nagar,and chopla.
Create Public Awareness ,and highlight the Historic Context of the city.
A detailed Transport Plan should be Developed.
Sources:
Internet Final Report:Capacity Development of the National Capital Regional Planning Board: Economical & Financial Analysis DPR for Multi-Level Parking facility in Ghaziabad : Willbur Smith Associates Final Report: Capacity Development of the National Capital Regional Planning Board: Detailed project report for improvement of Solid Waste Management in Ghaziabad: Willbur Smith Associates Final Report: Capacity Development of the National Capital Regional Planning Board: Initial Environmental Examination model DPR for Bus Terminal at Ghaziabad: Willbur Smith Associates Final Report: Capacity Development of the National Capital Regional Planning Board: Short resettlement Plan DPR for flyover at Mohan Nagar Junction,Ghaziabad Baseline Survey of Minority Concentration District,Ghaziabad U.P. Comissioned by Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India.
Sources:
Miscellaneous Documents: DELHI METROPOLITAN AREA (DMA TOWNS) ROLE IN PLANNED DEVELOPMENT
Miscellaneous Documents: RESIDENTS & BUILDERS PERCEPTION IN DMA TOWNS
Primary Survey TCPO 2006(Town & Country Planning Organisation) Miscellaneous Documents: GIS Based Monitoring System For Urban Water Supply System: By.Dr.Kusum Lata-Research Fellow at National Institute for Urban Affairs,IHC,New Delhi
Census of India 2001 States at a Glance by Laveesh Bhandari & Sumita Kale 2006-07 The Hindustan Times ,Times of India,The Economic Times
Thank you.