Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
MRUGDQLHQVDSSRUWHQWOHXUVRXWLHQ
DX[0RXGMDKLGLQHGXSHXSOH
G·,UDQGHOD&LWpG·$FKUDI
.BOJGFTUBUJPOTË
1BSJTEFWBOUMF2VBJ
E0STBZFUM"TTFNCMÏF
OBUJPOBMF
%FQVJTQMVTJFVSTTFNBJOFT
MFT
NBOJGFTUBOUTBQQFMMFOUMB'SBODFFUMF
$POTFJMEFM6OJPOFVSPQÏFOOFËDFTTFS
EFWJPMFSMÏUBUEFESPJU
FOBQQMJRVBOU
TBOTEÏMBJMBEÏDJTJPOEFKVTUJDF
FVSPQÏFOOF*MTEÏOPODFOUBVTTJMFTQSPQPT
EF#FSOBSE,PVDIOFSRVJTPQQPTFËMB
NJTFFOPFVWSFEFMBSSÐUEFMB$PVS
-B$&+SFKFUUFMBEFNBOEFEV$POTFJMFUEFMB'SBODFEFSFUBSEFSMFKVHFNFOU
SBEJBOUM0.1*EFMBMJTUFEVUFSSPSJTNFKVTRVËMBmO EV QPVSWPJ
.BSZBN3BEKBWJDFMBNFUVOQPJOUmOBM BVY NBSDIBOEBHFT IPOUFVY BWFD MFT NPMMBIT
JMOFSFTUFQMVTBV$POTFJMRVËTFQMJFSBVKVHFNFOUFUËSFDPOOBÔUSFMBSBEJBUJPO
%
BOT TPO F KVHFNFOU SFOEV FO EFVY BOT
MB $PVS EFM6&*MOFSFTUFQMVTBVDVOQSÏUFYUFBV$POTFJMQPVSSFGVTFS
FVSPQÏFOOFEFKVTUJDFSFKFUUFMBEFNBOEFEV$POTFJMEF EBQQMJRVFS EF UPVUF VSHFODF MF KVHFNFOU FU SFDPOOBÔUSF RVF
M6&FUEVHPVWFSOFNFOUGSBOÎBJTEFSFUBSEFSMBQQMJDBUJPO M0.1*OFTUQMVTTVSMBMJTUFEVUFSSPSJTNFEFQVJTMFEÏDFNCSF
EVKVHFNFOUEVEÏDFNCSFDPODFSOBOUM0.1*KVTRVËMBmO EF &MMF B BKPVUÏ RVBVDVOF NFTVSF EV $POTFJM OF QPVWBJU GBJSF
MBQSPDÏEVSFEFQPVSWPJ
MBEÏDMBSBOUjNBOJGFTUFNFOUJSSFDFWBCMFx PCTUBDMFËMBQQMJDBUJPOEVKVHFNFOU&MMFBÏNJTMFTQPJSRVJMTF
*MPSEPOOFBV$POTFJMEFQBZFSMFOTFNCMFEFTGSBJTEFQSPDÏEVSF QMJFSBJUSBQJEFNFOUËMBEÏDJTJPOEFKVTUJDFFUOBKPVUFSBJUQBTËTPO
EFM0.1* NBORVFEFDSÏEJCJMJUÏ
"JOTJEPOD
MB$PVSNFUmO BVY UFSHJWFSTBUJPOT FU BVY QSÏUFYUFT 1PVS .NF 3BEKBWJ
EVSBOU MFT EFVY EFSOJÒSFT TFNBJOFT
MF
JMMÏHBVYEV$POTFJMFUOFMVJMBJTTFBVDVOFBVUSFWPJFRVFDFMMFEF $POTFJMTFTUFĊPSDÏ EF OF QBT BDDFQUFS OJ SFDPOOBÔUSF DFU BSSÐU
NBJT
TFQMJFSBVKVHFNFOUSBEJBOUM0.1*EFMBMJTUFEVUFSSPSJTNFFU MFKVHFNFOUEBVKPVSEIVJNFUVOQPJOUmOBM BVY NBSDIBOEBHFT
EFSFDPOOBÔUSFRVFMMFOZFTUQMVT-F$POTFJMFUMB'SBODF
RVJ IPOUFVYRVFDFSUBJOTHPVWFSOFNFOUTFVSPQÏFOTPOUQBTTÏEFQVJT
TBWBJFOU MFVS QPVSWPJ DMBJSFNFOU WPVÏ Ë MÏDIFD
POU UFOUÏ EF EFTBOOÏFTBWFDMFGBTDJTNFSFMJHJFVYDPOUSFMFQFVQMFJSBOJFOFUTB
SFOESF EBWBOUBHF TFSWJDF BVY NPMMBIT TBOHVJOBJSFT FO SFUBSEBOU SÏTJTUBODF&MMFBEFNBOEÏVOFDPNQFOTBUJPOQPVSMFTQSÏKVEJDFT
MBQQMJDBUJPO CJFO RVF TFMPO MB MPJ
MPSTRVF MB DPVS BOOVMF VOF JNNFOTFT DBVTÏT EVSBOU DFT TFQU EFSOJÒSFT BOOÏFT BV QFVQMF
jEÏDJTJPOxEV$POTFJM
MBQQMJDBUJPOEVKVHFNFOUFTUPCMJHBUPJSF JSBOJFOQBSDFUUFJOTDSJQUJPOJMMÏHBMF3JFOOBGBJUQMVTEFUPSUËMB
FUOPODPOEJUJPOOÏFËVOQPVSWPJ SÏTJTUBODFMÏHJUJNFEVQFVQMFJSBOJFOFUËMBMVUUFDPOUSFMFWÏSJUBCMF
1PVS .BSZBN 3BEKBWJ
QSÏTJEFOUF ÏMVF EF MB 3ÏTJTUBODF UFSSPSJTNFRVFDFUUFÏUJRVFUUFEFUFSSPSJTUF
DPNNFSJFOOBSFOEV
JSBOJFOOF
JM TBHJU EV RVBUSJÒNF BSSÐU EF MB KVTUJDF FVSPQÏFOOF BVUBOUEFTFSWJDFBVGBTDJTNFSFMJHJFVY
ËMJOUÏHSJTNFJTMBNJTUFFU
FOGBWFVSEFM0.1*FUDPOUSFMFTEÏDJTJPOTJMMÏHBMFTEV$POTFJM BVUFSSPSJTNFRVJFOÏNBOF
͖͔͔͔ǯ
ǯǯ
*3"/-*#&3"5*0/ʰXXXODSJSBOPSHʰKBOWJFS
"MBQQFMEBTTPDJBUJPOTEFEÏGFOTFEFTESPJUTEFMIPNNFFO*SBO
EPOUMF$4%)*FUM"TTPDJBUJPOEFTBWPDBUTFUKVSJTUFTJSBOJFOTFOFYJM
ǯ
5SPJT SBTTFNCMFNFOUT TF TPOU UFOVT 'DQVOHVHQV
mO EÏDFNCSF FU EÏCVU KBOWJFS EFWBOU GHVDLJXLOOHV
MF 2VBJ E0STBZ FU M"TTFNCMÏF G¶XQHPRQWUH
OBUJPOBMF -FT DFOUBJOFT EF /HVGpSXWpV
NBOJGFTUBOUT POU BQQFMÏ MB 'SBODF *pUDUG
FU M6& Ë BQQMJRVFS TBOT EÏMBJ MB &KDUDVVHHW
EÏDJTJPO EF MB $PVS FVSPQÏFOOF EF
$ODLQ)HUU\
KVTUJDF BOOVMBOU MJOTDSJQUJPO EFT
.PVEKBIJEJOF EV QFVQMF E*SBO OH'U6DOHK
0.1*
TVSMBMJTUFEVUFSSPSJTNF 5DGMDYLHW
"VDSJEFj2VBJE0STBZ
DFTUBTTF[
OHVGpSXWpV
MBMJTUFDFTUEVQBTTÏx
JMTPOUBQQFMÏ -HDQ3LHUUH
MF NJOJTUSF GSBOÎBJT EFT "ĊBJSFT %UDUGHW
ÏUSBOHÒSFTRVJBQVCMJRVFNFOUJHOPSÏ
-HDQ
DFU BSSÐU Ë SFUJSFS TFT QSPQPT FU Ë
QSÏTFOUFSTFTFYDVTFT 3KLOLSSH
-FTEJWFSTPSBUFVSTPOUSBQQFMÏRVF 0DXUHURQW
B ÏUÏ MVOF EFT BOOÏFT MFT QMVT OPJSFT ¿JXUp DX
FONBUJÒSFEFWJPMBUJPOTEFTESPJUTEF QRPEUHGHV
MIPNNFFO*SBOFURVFCFBVDPVQPOU RUDWHXUV
ÏUÏFYÏDVUÏTQBSMFTNPMMBITBQSÒTBWPJS MF EÏDFNCSF
MF USJCVOBM B SFKFUÏ FĊFDUJWFNFOU GBWPSBCMF BV NBJOUJFO
ÏUÏUBYÏTEFUFSSPSJTUFT DFUUFEFNBOEFKVHÏFjNBOJGFTUFNFOU EFT .PVEKBIJEJOF EV QFVQMF TVS MB
-F$POTFJMEFM6&FUMB'SBODFPOU JSSFDFWBCMFx-FEÏDFNCSF
#FSOBSE MJTUF FVSPQÏFOOF EFT PSHBOJTBUJPOT
UFOUÏEFOUSBWFSMBQQMJDBUJPOEFMBSSÐU ,PVDIOFSBQSJTQPTJUJPODPOUSFMBSSÐU UFSSPSJTUFTx$FUUFQPTJUJPOSFnÒUF VOF
FOEFNBOEBOUEFMBDPOEJUJPOOFSËMB EVUSJCVOBMFVSPQÏFOFOGBJTBOUVOF QPMJUJRVFBSCJUSBJSFTPQQPTBOUËM&UBU
mO EVO QSPDFTTVT EF QPVSWPJ .BJT EÏDMBSBUJPO BCKFDUF jMB 'SBODF FTU EFESPJU
*SBOMBQPMJUJRVFEFMB'SBODFBVOFPEFVSEFQÏUSPMF
-BDIBÔOFEFUÏMÏWJTJPOGSBOÎBJTF ³/D)UDQFH MB DIBÔOF JOUFSWJFXF MF %S 4BMFI GSBOÎBJT
NFNCSF EV $PNJUÏ QPVS
57NPOEFBEJĊVTÏ MF EÏDFNCSF GRLWDSSOLTXHU 3BEKBWJ
SFQSÏTFOUBOUEV$/3*FO VO *SBO EÏNPDSBUJRVF FU MBÕD
RVJ
VOSFQPSUBHFTVSVOFNBOJGFTUBUJPO OHVYHUGLFWV 'SBODF j $FTU DPOUSF M&VSPQF
TJOUFSSPHFj/PVTOFDPNQSFOPOT
RVJ TFTU EÏSPVMÏF EFWBOU MF 2VBJ DFTUDPOUSFMFQSFTUJHFEFM&VSPQF
QBT MB QPMJUJRVF EF DPNQMBJTBODF
GHOD&RXU
E0STBZ
BmO EF EFNBOEFS KVTUJDF DFTU DPOUSF MF QSFTUJHF EF MB EV HPVWFSOFNFOU GSBOÎBJT
QPVSMB3ÏTJTUBODFJSBOJFOOF HXURSpHQQH 'SBODFx %FSSJÒSF
JM Z B ÏWJEFNNFOU EFT
&MMFFTUMBQSJODJQBMFPSHBOJTBUJPO GHMXVWLFH´GLW 57 .POEF EPOOF BVTTJ MB JOUÏSÐUTÏDPOPNJRVFT
FUUPVUÎB
ÎB
EPQQPTJUJPO JSBOJFOOF
EJU 57 ODEDQGHUROH QBSPMF Ë +FBO1JFSSF #SBSE
EÏQVUÏ BVOFPEFVSEFQÏUSPMFx
.POEF-BDIBÔOFQPVSTVJU
j®HSBOESFOGPSUEFESBQFBVY
EF QBODBSUFT FU EF HBEHFUT
MFT
.PVEKBIJEJOFEFNBOEFOUKVTUJDF
-B SBJTPO EF DFUUF NBOJGFTUBUJPO
MJOTDSJQUJPO EV HSPVQF TVS MB
MJTUF EFT PSHBOJTBUJPOT UFSSPSJTUFT
EF M6OJPO FVSPQÏFOOF ® USPJT
SFQSJTFTEÏKË
MB$PVSFVSPQÏFOOF
EF KVTUJDF B EFNBOEÏ BVY EF
SBZFSMFT.PVEKBIJEJOFEFMBMJTUF
FU EBOOVMFS MF HFM EF MFVST GPOET
mOBODJFST -F EFSOJFS BSSÐU EBUF
EV EÏDFNCSF FU DFTU MB 'SBODF
RVJ FTU NJTF FO DBVTF 1SÏTJEFOUF
FO FYFSDJDF EF M6OJPO
FMMF FTU
BVTTJËMPSJHJOFEFMJOTDSJQUJPOEV
HSPVQFTVSMBMJTUFOPJSFFOKVJMMFU
EFSOJFSx
1MVT MPJO EBOT TPO SFQPSUBHF
*3"/-*#&3"5*0/ʰXXXODSJSBOPSHʰKBOWJFS
±±±
±ǯ
-F7JDFQSÏTJEFOUEV1BSMFNFOUFVSPQÏFOJHOPSFSMBEÏDJTJPOEFKVTUJDFBOOVMBOUMBEÏTJHOBUJPOUFSSPSJTUFEF
M0.1*QPVSSBJUDPOEVJSFËVOFDSJTFBVTFJOEFTJOTUJUVUJPOTEFM6&
*3"/-*#&3"5*0/ʰXXXODSJSBOPSHʰKBOWJFS