INTRODUCTION:

Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD), are procedures in medicine that assist doctors in the interpretation of medical images. Segmentation is one of the primary processes in image analysis and image understanding.A Region of Interest, ROI, is a selected subset of samples within a dataset identified for a particular purpose.Clustering is the search for distinct groups in the feature space. It is expected that these groups have different structures and that can be clearly differentiated.Active shape models (ASMs) are statistical models of the shape of objects which iteratively deform to fit to an example of the object in a new image.

OBJECTIVE: ABSTRACT:
Segmentation of lungs with (large) lung cancer regions is a nontrivial problem. We present a new fully automated approach for segmentation of lungs with such high-density Pathologies. Our method consists of two main processing steps. First, a novel robust active shape model (RASM) matching method is utilized to roughly segment the outline of the lungs. The initial position of the RASM is found by means of a rib cage detection method. Second, an optimal surface finding approach is utilized to further adapt the initial segmentation result to the lung. Left and right lungs are segmented individually. Segmentation of lungs with (large) lung cancer regions is a nontrivial problem. We present a new fully automated approach for segmentation of lungs with such high-density pathologies. Our method consists of two main processing steps. First, a novel robust active shape model (RASM) matching method is utilized to roughly segment the outline of the lungs. The initial position of the RASM is found by means of a rib cage detection method. Second, an optimal surface finding approach is utilized to further adapt the initial segmentation result to the lung. Left and right lungs are segmented individually.

EXISTING SYSTEM:
A new approach for the fully automated segmentation of lungs with lung cancer regions which addresses the limitations of existing methods like robustness or processing speed. This approach is based on a robust model matching method for 3-D active shape models (ASM). It builds on preliminary work, which required a manual initialization of the ASM . To address this limitation, we propose a model initialization method which is based on a novel rib detection approach that is suitable for normal or contrast enhanced CT scans. The performance of our fully automated lung segmentation system is assessed on 30 lung CT scans with 40 abnormal (lung cancer) and 20 normal (no signs of lung disease) left/right lungs. In addition, we provide a performance comparison with two commercially available methods on the same image data. Both methods are utilized routinely in the context of lung radiation treatment planning. The first method is based on a region growing algorithm and the second method utilizes a deformable template-based segmentation approach. In terms of computing time, the model-based 3-D segmentation of lungs is particularly particularly challenging, because of the size of lungs and the amount of image data to be processed. Our approach addresses this issuethe robust matching algorithm is specifically designed to take advantage of general-purpose computation on graphics processing units, which reduces the execution time considerably.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

LITERATURE SURVEY:
[1]. Shanhui Sun et al.[2012] proposed Automated 3-D Segmentation of Lungs With Lung Cancer in CT Data Using a Novel Robust Active Shape Model Approach.

Pros:
Fully automated segmentation of lungs. Addresses the limitations of existing methods like robustness or processing speed. Handles missing data. Low segmentation errors.

 Limitations:
Learning set is required. Additional processing steps required in case pleural effusions. Inconsistencies arise due to separate segmentation of left and right lung.

[2]. ELIZABETH et al.[2012] in their work A Novel Segmentation Approach for Improving Diagnostic Accuracy of CAD Systems for Detecting Lung Cancer from Chest Computed Tomography Images proposed a model for segmenting lungs even in the presence of peripheral pathology bearing regions.

Pros:
Reconstructs the edge of the lung in the presence of peripheral nodules. Overcomes the drawback of rolling ball algorithm. Accuracy approximately equal to that of manual segmentation.

Limitations:
If the two lungs are asymmetric and vary to a large extent in terms of their convex area, segmentation remains a challenging task.

[3]. Sluime et al[2006] proposed Computer Analysis of Computed Tomography Scans of the Lung: A Survey

Pros:
Improvement in scanner speed and quality. Commercial workstations are now capable of automatic nodule volumetry. Simple tools for emphysema quantification are now available on commercial workstations. Detection and analysis of pulmonary nodules.

Limitations:
More effort should be spent on the development of 3D interactive tools. Largest challenge is to design algorithms that are robust against pathological and anatomical variety.

REERENCES:
1. A Novel Segmentation Approach for Improving Diagnostic Accuracy of CAD Systems for Detecting Lung Cancer from Chest Computed Tomography Images D. SHILOAH ELIZABETH, H. KHANNA NEHEMIAH, C. SUNIL RETMIN RAJ,and A. KANNAN ACM Journal of Data and Information Quality, Vol. 3, No. 2, Article 4, Publication date: May 2012.

2. Shi Z., Zhao M., Wang Y., He L., Suzuki K., Jin C., and Zhang M.: Hessian-LoG: A Novel Dot Enhancement Filter. ICIC Express Letters, 2012 (accepted).

3. Computer analysis of computed tomography scans of the lung: a survey Date of Publication: April 2006 Author(s): Sluimer, I. Image Sci. Inst., Univ. Med. Center Utrecht, Netherlands

CONCLUSION: