Seminar on

Application of SMES and Fuel Cell System Combined With Liquid Hydrogen Vehicle Station to Renewable Energy Control

Submitted By

AVINASH M
Roll No:11 Reg. No. 19102210

ABSTRACT
It is an urgent issue to reduce global carbon-dioxide in the world, and hence the renewable energy, that is environmentally friendly, should be supplied as a large amount of the electric Power. Since installation of a large amount of the fluctuating renewable energy, such as wind turbine and photovoltaic, will cause the power utility network unstable, we propose an advanced superconducting power conditioning system (ASPCS) that is composed of Electrolyzer Hydrogen-FC (EL-H2-FC) and SMES cooled with liquid hydrogen (LH2) from a LH2 station for vehicles. The ASPCS has a function of compensating the fluctuating renewable energy with SMES that has quick response and large I/O power, and with that has moderate response and large capacity. The SMES is wound with superconductor with a critical temperature of 39 K from an economical point of view, because it is cooled with through a thermo-siphon system to keep safety against a flammable gas. The ASPCS effectively fulfills a power balance by applying a statistical prediction method of Kalman filter algorithm. The capacity of SMES is optimized by using the trend prediction for a number of wind power data. The overall electric efficiency of the ASPCS is evaluated for a typical wind generator.

I. INTRODUCTION
Recently reduction of the global Carbon-dioxide is an urgent issue in the world, and hence renewable energy, that is friendly energy for the earth, should be supplied as a large amount of the electric power. However, if the fluctuating renewable energy can be directly connected to a utility grid and becomes more than adjustable amount of the grid capacity, frequency can deviate from the standard one and thereby the grid connected renewable energy sources are restricted. Therefore, ideas to use the fluctuating renewable energy more effectively have been proposed. Since the renewable energy is stochastically and rapidly changed, storage system should be prepared to convert it to a controlled output power. Although there are many kinds of storage devices, it is very difficult for any storage device to fulfill the above condition by itself. Since a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) has high potentials of quick response and large input and output power and hydrogen has potentials of large storage and slow response, both storage systems compensate each other, and hence should be combined. We propose a combined hybrid storage system, which is composed of SMES and ElectrolyzerH2-Fuel cell (EL-H2-FC) devices and installed adjacent to a liquid hydrogen (LH2) station for vehicle. We apply the combined system to the fluctuating power of renewable energy such as wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV), and then show how to convert the fluctuating power to the constant power by using both quick response of SMES and slow response of EL-H2-FC. Although it is very difficult to predict the stochastically changing renewable power in detail, fortunately it is possible to forecast average trend of the renewable power. We develop a statistical time series method of Kalman filter to predict the trend of the fluctuating power and hence can assign the SMES and the EL-H2-FC device for the fluctuating power. While the trend power should be supplied by the FC or absorbed by the EL, the power difference between the fluctuating wind power and the trend power should be supplied or absorbed by the SMES. We simulate the power balance and can produce constant power from the fluctuating renewable power through the hybrid storage system by using the predicting method, and analyze to optimize the SMES capacity and to estimate an electric efficiency of the total system.

II. ADVANCED SUPERCONDUCTING POWER CONDITIONING SYSTEM (ASPCS

A. Concept of ASPCS We propose an Advanced Superconducting Power Conditioning System (ASPCS), as shown in Fig. 1, which is composed of 5 MW class Renewable energy resources such as WT and PV, 1 MW class hybrid storage system, a commercial utility grid, and LH2 station for vehicle. The renewable energy resources produce fluctuating power to bus bar which is electrically connected with the grid and also with the hybrid system through AC/DC or DC/DC converters. In the hybrid system, the FC, the EL and the SMES are connected with a bus in parallel, and the EL produces hydrogen for excessive power and the FC produces the electric power for shortage through the hydrogen.

Fig. 1. Concept of Advanced Superconducting Power Conditioning System (ASPCS).

The SMES directly supplies or absorbs the power difference between the predicted and renewable powers through the bus. Since the critical temperature of MgB2 is 39 K, we can use the MgB2 superconductor for the SMES from the economical point of view. The SMES is indirectly cooled by LH2 in the station trough a thermo-siphon cooling system. It is reported in Japan that the LH2stations have economical merit and environmentally CO2reduction compared with pressurized gas hydrogen stations if 3,500 LH2 stations might be installed by 2030

B. Trend Model The renewable power is resolved into three components, such as the directly transferred output power to the utility grid, the SMES input or output power, and the absorbed power by the EL or the supplied power by the FC. Since the responses of the EL and the FC are not so quick, we need a trend prediction to control the power of slow response. The trend model is effective method to estimate the trend of the time series of the stochastic data such as WT and PV. The trend model is described as following state space model:

Where xn is a state vector at time n, vn is the process noise which is assumed to be a zero mean multivariate normal distribution with covariance, is the state transition matrix, (k x k) is the k order column vector, yn is time series data, H is the k order row vector, wn is observation noise with zero mean Gaussian noise with covariance 2. Generally, complicated time series data require higher k order description; however, relatively smoothing trend data require low order description. In this trend estimation, k=2 orders are adequate and the matrices are as follows:

Where tn are the time series data. C. Kalman Filter Kalman filters are based on linear dynamic system discretized in the time domain, and are recursive estimators. The state of the filter is represented by two variables.

Where xn|j is a posteriori state estimate at time n given observations up to and including at time j, and Vn|j is a posteriori error covariance matrix. Since this equation means estimation of the state xn at time n from observations Yn up to and including at time j, the case of n > j shows prediction, the case of n= j is filtering or update because of estimation of present time state from the present time data, and n < j is smoothing because of estimation of past time data from the present time data.

1) Prediction of a step forecast

The predicted state vector xn|n-1. is estimated by product of update of the state at time (n-1) and F. The predicted covariance Vn|n-1 is composed of conversion of the transition matrix F and the observation noise. 2) Update (Filtering)

3) Smoothing The smoothing is estimation of the state vectors up to the present time and its algorithm is as follows:

III. POWER BALANCE

Since the wind power is resolved into 3 components, namely, the controlled output power Pout to the grid, the predicted power Ppred, and the SMES input or output (I/O) power PSM , the power balance of the SMES I/O power is governed as follows:

When PSM the is negative, the excessive power is absorbed into the SMES and vice versa. The power difference between the output power to the grid and the predicted trend power is absorbed into the EL to produce hydrogen, or supplied from the FC through hydrogen, depending on positive or negative, respectively.

Fig. 2. Wind turbine power waveforms (1 MW? 5 sets) and its enlargement from 20000 to 22000 s, and Ppred, Pout, PSM, PEL and PFC power waveforms.

The typical wind power waveform during 20 hours in north area of Japan is shown upward in Fig. 2, and the waveforms of the output power, the trend prediction, the SMES, and the EL or FC from 20,000 to 22,000 sec are shown downward in Fig. 2. It is shown that the trend prediction is a little bit delayed from the wind. The SMES input or output energy, which is obtained from the power integrated from a zero cross time to the next zero-cross one, is frequently charged and discharged, and finally the residual stored energy during 20 hours is small amount, because the trend prediction indicates the average of the fluctuating parts of the wind. The energy, which is obtained from the power difference between the output and predicted power integrated from a zero-cross time to the next zero-cross one, is large compared with the SMES stored energy, and hence the large energy should be transferred into hydrogen because of compact stored volume and economy.

IV. OPTIMIZATION OF SMES CAPACITY

We are able to estimate the SMES capacity needed for the input and output power wave forms such as Fig. 2. The stored energy is calculated as the integration of PSM from a certain zero-cross time to the next zero-cross time, and then the histogram of all stored energies are shown in Fig. 3. In this case, most frequent stored energies are less than 5 MJ.We estimate an optimal SMES capacity by using a number of wind power wave forms and then obtain that the 3 storage energy, which covers 99.7%, is about 45 MJ for the prediction time of 10 sec.

Fig. 3. Histogram of SMES input and output energies.

Fig. 4. SMES capacity as a function of the prediction time. The 3 stored energy depends strongly on the prediction time as shown in Fig. 4. Since the FC or EL can be changed from 10 to 90% in 10 sec

, we can use the 10 sec prediction time. Therefore, we are designing the 50 MJ class SMES that is frequently operated during 90%, about 45 MJ. We also design the SMES wound with MgB2 superconductor, which has the critical temperature of 39 K, above the liquid hydrogen temperature, 20 K, from the economical point of view. If the MgB2 wire is improved. We can use the higher field, and hence can make compact and economical coil because an Ampere Meter ( I X Length ) is proportional to Bmax-1/3 However, if the FC is started from zero, it takes about 30 to 60 sector the FC of vehicle, and hence we can use60sec prediction time and the SMES capacity of 80 MJ is needed, and thereby a 100 MJ class SMES is also designed.

V. ELECTRICAL EFFICIENCY OF SYSTEM

We propose the calculation method of the electrical efficiency of the ASPCS and apply it to a typical wind power as shown in Fig. 2. The electrical efficiency SM of the SMES input or output is assumed to be 95%, and hence a round trip efficiency is 90%, while those of the EL EL and FC FC are assumed to be 80 and 40%, respectively, which do not include a thermal efficiency, and hence a round trip efficiency is 32%.

Fig.5. Electric efficiency of ASPCS as a function of the constant output power. The wind energy, the output energy through the ASPCS to the grid, the SMES I/O energy, the FC output energy and the EL input energy are calculated as follows during 20 hours:

The loss of the SMES is given as follows:

Since the energy through the EL produces the hydrogen that generates the electric energy through the FC, the residual electric energy through the FC is calculated as follows:

If the residual energy after 20 hours is positive, the hydrogen is stored as a potential electric power. On the other hand, if the residual energy is negative, the hydrogen is wanted, and there- after the negative energy must be supplied from the hydrogen generated by the grid power as long as the hydrogen energy is converted into the electric energy.

The overall efficiency of the ASPCS is estimated as follows:

In the case of Fig. 2, where it is assumed that the constant output power is required to the utility grid, the overall efficiency is estimated as a function of the constant output power as shown in Fig. 5. Since all wind energy is stored in hydrogen at the zero output power, the efficiency is about 32% corresponding to the round trip efficiency of the EL-H2-FC system. As the output power increases, the efficiency increases because the rate of wind power transferring directly to the grid increases and reaches the maximum of 80% in this case. At the maximum efficiency, the input power through the EL and the output power through the FC are balanced, and hence the stored hydrogen is zero. The output power corresponding to the maximum efficiency is about 2.6 MW which is a little bit smaller than the averaged wind power of 3.2MW, because the round trip efficiency of the EL-H2-FC system is very low compared with that of the SMES. Therefore, once we can estimate the average power from the daily weather forecasts by Meteorological Agency in advance, we should set the constant output power about 80% of the average. Then the efficiency decreases sharply because the shortage power through the FC needs the hydrogen that is supplied from the grid.

VI. CONCLUSION
We propose the ASPCS to convert the stochastic fluctuating renewable power to the controlled one to the utility grid. The ASPCS is composed of the renewable energy resources, the hybrid storage system, the LH2 station for vehicle to realize the ASPCS in economical point of view. The trend prediction of the Kalman filter allows to share adequately the storage devices of the SMES and EL-H2-FC to control the fluctuating power. We optimize the required SMES capacity by using the prediction simulation. The overall electric efficiency of the ASPCS is about 80% in this case of the wind power.