(Brief) Study Guide Exam 2 Functions of Thyroid Hormone: Gastrointestinal: stool formation, glucose reabsorption Cardiovascular: regulate cardiac

diac output, blood pressure, circulation Cell development: mitochondria formation Muscle stability, tissue oxygenation, immune mechanism

Thyroid disorders: problem in Thyroid hormone secretion, source could be primary or secondary Hypothyroidism: client displays poor Functions of Thyroid Hormone related to lack of T3,T4 Cardiac output + glucose reabsorption mental retardation + poor growth Muscle stability + Mitochondria sluggish movement & appearance Gastrointestinal function constipation Myxedema & Hashimoto diseases examples of hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism: client displays overly active Functions of Thyroid Hormone related to excess T3,T4 Cardiac output + glucose reabsorption + mitochondria quick and restless movements Muscle excitability tremors ~~(excessive?) GI function diarrhea Graves disease & Exopthalmus examples of hyperthyroidism

Regulation of thyroid secretion: Hypothalamus

TRH

Anterior Pituitary

TSH

Thyroid

T3,T4

Primary Hyperthyroidism: thyroid release too much T3,T4; may be result of benign tumor on Thyroid Secondary Hyperthyroidism: thyroid release too much T3,T4; related to TRH or TSH Thyroid has healthy response to TSH stimulation, problem derived from secondary source

Primary Hypothyroidism: thyroid release not enough T3,T4; may be result of malignant tumor Secondary Hypothyroidism: thyroid release not enough T3,T4; related to TRH or TSH

Thyroid has healthy response to TSH stimulation, problem derived from secondary source Functions of Cortisol: Metabolism: carbohydrate protein, and fat break down Stabilizing muscle excitation GI activity stimulator Hematolysis: break down hematocytes (white blood cells)

Adrenal Diseases: problem in Cortisol secretion, source could be primary or secondary Addisons Disease: client displays poor Function of Cortisol, Low cortical levels Hypotension Shock Nausea, vomiting, poor glucose metabolism (Hypoglycemia,) Hyperpigmentaion Poor metablosim poor nutrition fatigue, weakness, weight loss, Hyperkalemia

Cushings Syndrome: client displays overly active Function of Cortisol, Abnormally High cortical levels Glucogenesis hyperglycemia, Blood Pressure, gastric acid Ulcers, metabolism amino acids, fatty acids Osteoperosis bone density

Regulation of Cortisol secretion: Hypothalamus

CRH

Anterior Pituitary

ACTH

Adrenal Cortex

Cortisol

Primary Addisons disease: Adrenal Cortex releases not enough Cortisol May be result of: Adrenal hemorrhage, tuberculosis, autoimmune disease (HIV) Secondary Addisons disease: May be result of: decreased ACTH, Steroid intake Indicators of secondary: no hyperpigmentation, no hyperkalemia, no autoimmune disease

Primary Cushings Syndrome: Adrenal Cortex releases too much Cortisol Secondary Cushings Syndrome: (75% of Cushings Syndrome cases)

May be result of: Ectopic ACTH (ACTH produced by cancer), or Problem in pituitary gland Function of insulin: (released by Beta cells) Glucose transport, glycogen synthesis Triglyceride synthesis, remove fat from bloodstream Protein synthesis, Prevent protein breakdown Function of Glucagon: (released by Alpha cells) Break down glycogen, promote gluconeogenesis (form glucose from non carbohydrate reactants) Increases lipolysis Breakdown protein to amino acids for gluconeogenesis

Bodys response to high blood glucose: Insulin, Glucagon

Bodys response to low blood glucose: Insulin, Glucagon

Diabetes Type 1: insulin dependent, found in children, body lacks insulin, cannot absorb glucose starving in a sea of plenty plenty of glucose around (hyperglycemia), but cells cannot absorb it. Treated with insulin injections Polyuria: increased urine to excrete glucose Polydipsia: increased Thirst Polyphagia: increased hunger Cells lack insulin cant use glucose for energy use lipids for energy (lipogenesis) ketone bodies acidic blood (Ketoacidosis) kuss maul breathing + Dehydration tissue death lactic acid build up (lactacidemia)DKA COMA/DEATH

Diabetes Type 2: non insulin dependent, developed in adults, insulin present, but not enough (Leads to) HHNK coma (Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Non Ketoic) dehydration of cells + blood Treatment includes diet control, exercise, self-monitoring of blood glucose heart failure, blindness, renal failure, skin infection, neurologic failure Diabesity: Obesity + Diabetes (accompanied by hypertension) high risk of stroke/heart attack

Important Terms/Concepts:

Hematocrit: PERCENTAGE of blood that is cells. Influenced by changes in plasma OR cell count Normal blood: 55% plasma, 45% cells (mostly RBC)

Red Blood Cell production: Kidney detects low blood O2, releases Erethropoeitin stimulates bone marrow Erethroporeisis Erethroporeisis: Production of Red Blood Cells, occurs in bone marrow

Pica: cravings cause eating dirt or ice Hemostasis: clot formation Stage I: Vasoconstriction reaction to cut Stage II: need clot, Prothrombin thrombin Stage III: need tough clot, Fibrinogen Fibrin

Fibrinolysis: clot dissolution & inhibition of clot formation Plasmin inhibits Thrombin formation inhibits Fibrin formation Plasmin dissolves Fibrin to Fibrin Split Products Fibrin Split Products further inhibit conversion of Prothrombin to Thrombin

Blood Disorders:
1. Anemia:
Red Blood Cell count, yields Hematocrit

Anemic feel weak, cold, tired, look pale B/C lack of O2 circulation

Anemia is a result of lacking Iron, B12, or Folic Acid

Blood Cells appear Microcytic (small) if the anemia is a result of iron deficiency Blood Cells appear Normocytic (normal) if the anemia is a result of Bone Marrow deficiency Blood Cells appear Macrocytic (large) if the anemia is a result of B12 or Folic Acid deficiency

Treatment/prevention measures: DIET/NUTRITION Iron found in red meat B12 found in dairy and meat Folic acid found in green vegetables

2. DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation): Thrombosis in presence of

hemorrhage Fibrinolysis and Thrombosis occur simultaneously until clotting factors depleted Fibrinolysis takes over: Bleed Out Thrombosis takes over: Clotting stroke/heart attack

Good Luck , Amjad Karim (MJ)