e-Learning English, Grammar Review, Level 3, A-Z

00000 0 Its important to understand these grammatical concepts: A verb describes an action or state. It usually goes after the subject: th Jack works on the 5 floor We dont understand this An infinitive is the basic/root form of the verb. For example: (to) be, (to) do, (to) take, (to) win, etc.: To be or not to be? I cant do this A gerund is the -ing form of the verb: I hate flying Thank you for listening A subject is the thing or person that goes before a verb: The boy needs help We walk to work An object is a thing or person that goes after the verb: He loves them very much She wants more money A noun is a thing or person. It usually goes before a verb: These plates are dirty! That man lives in London A pronoun substitutes a noun: Give me the books -> Give me them Its her key -> Its hers An adjective describes something or somebody It goes before a noun: The blue pens are mine Hes a very stupid man An adverb describes how? how much? when? where? etc.

It goes after a verb, but before an adjective: He sings beautifully Its an incredibly cheap watch A preposition describes position, direction, relation, etc. It usually goes before a noun, pronoun or gerund: Thanks for the biscuits Give it to him Im tired of studying 31612 A piece of... When we want to make uncountable nouns singular, we sometimes use the phrase a piece of + uncountable noun. Learn these 10 common phrases: information -> a piece of information an information data -> a piece of data a data advice -> a piece of advice an advice furniture -> a piece of furniture a furniture news -> a piece of news a news a new luck -> a piece of luck a luck art -> a piece of art an art inspiration -> a piece of inspiration an inspiration criticism -> a piece of criticism a criticism work -> a piece of work a work Look at these typical mistakes: She gave me a good advice piece of advice Thats a useful information piece of information Ive bought a lovely furniture in the sales piece of furniture I have a good news for you piece of news Thats a terrible new! piece of news That was a good luck! piece of luck Its a fantastic art piece of art Thats not a reliable data piece of data Its a rare work of da Vinci piece of work by 31719 Abbreviations We use is short for... to explain an abbreviation: The EU is short for the European Union. Pete is short for Peter

We use for short to introduce an abbreviation:

The European Union... or the EU for short Peter... or Pete for short 34111 After, After that, etc. We always say after something: After breakfast, I go to work After having breakfast, she went to work After the class, we played football After 6 oclock, Im free to meet you After that, we went home Look at this typical mistake: I had a shower and, after, I got dressed I had a shower and, after that, I got dressed You can also use afterwards as an alternative to after that: I had a shower and, afterwards, I got dressed 30715 Again v. Back We use again after a verb to express repetition ... eg. I talked to him last week and I talked to him again yesterday We use back after a verb to express reciprocity eg. She smiled at me so I smiled back. 34123 Analysing Texts ...

Text A Firstly, the cherries are picked from the coffee plants. Next, the beans are extracted from each cherry. Then, the beans are soaked in water. After that, the beans are left to ferment. Later, the protective coverings are removed from the beans. Next, the beans are dried in the sun. Then, the beans are polished. Later, the beans are sorted and graded. After that, the beans are packed. Finally, the beans are exported. Comment Grammatically speaking, this text is fine, but there is too much repetition of certain words, for example beans and then. It would sound more natural if we used more pronouns and combined some of the sentences... Text B Firstly, the cherries are picked from the coffee plants. Next, the beans are extracted from each cherry, soaked in water and left to ferment. Later, the protective coverings are removed from the beans. Next, the beans are dried in the sun and, then, they are polished. After that, they are sorted and graded. Finally, they are packed and exported.

33820 As far as v. Until

As far as refers to location (a place). Until refers to time (a moment): Keep going as far as the traffic lights until Take this road as far as Winchester until I cant meet you until tomorrow as far as Go straight on until you get to a roundabout as far as We ask something: Can I ask a question? She asked if it was so important We ask somebody: Can I ask you? She asked Steve We ask somebody something: Can I ask you a question? She asked Steve if it was so important We never say ask to: Can I ask to you? She asked to Steve Can I ask to you a question? She asked to Steve if it was so important

33711 Ask

30510 Conditions and Results: Position

We can begin a sentence with the Condition (If...) and finish with the Result (...would...): If + Condition, Result (would). For example: If there were more policemen, we would catch more criminals If we had less unemployment, the situation would be better Alternatively, we can begin with the Result (...would...) and finish with the Condition (...if...): Result (would) if + Condition. For example: We would catch more criminals if there were more policemen The situation would be better if we had less unemployment Similarly, we can reverse the positions of the First Conditional and Result (...will...)... If + Condition, Result (will): If she's interested, we'll invite her If they don't come, it will be a pity

Result (will) if + Condition: We'll invite her if she's interested It will be a pity if they don't come 31610 Date v. Data Dont confuse date (= day/month/year) with data (= information). Look at these examples : What's the date today? (singular) Sorry, those are the best dates I can offer you (= plural) We need data before we take a decision (= plural / uncountable) I have an interesting piece of data / piece of information (= singular) Look at these typical mistakes: Whats the data today? date We need datas before we take a decision data I have an interesting data piece of data (or piece of information) 34008 Dates We use ordinal numbers to make dates. There are two ways: th th January the 4 / the 4 of January nd nd March the 22 / the 22 of March st st July the 31 / the 31 of July rd rd August the 3 / the 3 of August To say a year, if it is before 2000, divide it into two pairs: 1684 -> 16 84 -> sixteen eighty-four 1799 -> 17 99 -> seventeen ninety-nine 1800 -> 18 00 -> eighteen hundred 1906 -> 19 06 -> nineteen o six Look at these typical mistakes: 1789 -> one thousand seven hundred seventeen 1808 -> eighteen eight eighteen o eight 1900 -> nineteen hundreds nineteen hundred If the year is 2000 or later, say two thousand and: 2007 -> two thousand and seven 2010 -> two thousand and ten 34008 Dates: Saying v. Writing Saying Dates We use ordinal numbers (first, second, etc.). There are two ways to say dates: eg. 1 Feb. 2006

the first of February, two thousand and six "February the first, two thousand and six Writing Dates st nd We can use ordinal or cardinal numbers (1 , 2 , 1, 2, etc.) There are many ways to write dates: 1 Feb. 2006 1st Feb. 2006 1 February 2006 1st February 2006 Feb. 1 2006 February 1 2006 Feb. 1st 2006 February 1st 2006 1/2/2006 (UK) 01-02-2006 (UK) 2/1/2006 (USA) 02-01-2006 (USA) etc. 30201 Decisions: Going To v. Will When a decision is made before speaking (when it is planned), we use an appropriate form of (be) going to: I'm going to visit my aunt in Boston this summer Peter's going to start looking for another job Why are you going to study law? She's going to speak to her teacher When a decision is made while speaking (when it is spontaneous), we use an appropriate form of will: I think I'll go and see that new play at The Odeon Maybe I'll go fishing We'll help you with your bags Perhaps I'll get a job as a painter 30811 Didn't v. Never never + affirmative past verb is more emphatic than didnt + infinitive. It usually expresses surprise or irritation: They didnt give us the solution -> They never gave us the solution! I didnt find what I wanted -> I never found what I wanted! never + affirmative past verb often refers to a repeated situation: I hated school! I never understood anything! She was a terrible boss! You never knew what she was going to do next!

 never used to is an emphatic alternative for didnt use to or used not to : You never used to complain about my cooking! (= You didnt use to complain / You used not to complain) Brian never used to drink so much wine, did he?! (= Brian didnt use to drink / Brian used not to drink) 33820 Directions Asking For Directions Excuse me, wheres the library? Excuse me, is there a cash dispenser near here? Could you tell me how to get to the police station, please? Could you tell me the way to the railway station, please? Could you tell me where the nearest fishmonger's is, please? Could you tell me where The Vicious Dragon is, please? Could you show me the way to the campsite, please? Giving Directions Go straight on Go over the bridge Go through the tunnel Go past the delicatessen Go down this road Go up this street It's It's It's It's It's on the left on the right in the High Street next to the church. near the car park.

Keep going Keep going for about 200 yards Keep going as far as the traffic lights Keep going until you get to a roundabout. Take the third exit at the roundabout Take the first turning on the left Take the second turning on the right.

Turn left Turn right Turn left at the traffic lights Turn right at the roundabout. You can't miss it. I'm sorry, I have no idea I'm sorry, I'm a stranger here myself 33822 Directions: Typical Mistakes Excuse, wheres the library? >Excuse me, wheres the library? Go through the bridge >Go over the bridge Could you show me the way to the camping, please? >Could you show me the way to the campsite, please? Go on straight >Go straight on Keep going as far the traffic lights >Keep going as far as the traffic lights Turn left on the traffic lights >Turn left at the traffic lights Go over the tunnel >Go through the tunnel Could you tell me where is The Vicious Dragon, please? >Could you tell me where The Vicious Dragon is, please? Go pass the delicatessen >Go past the delicatessen Keep going about 200 yards >Keep going for about 200 yards Could you tell me where is the nearest fishmonger, please? >Could you tell me where the nearest fishmonger's is, please?

I'm sorry, I'm stranger here myself >I'm sorry, I'm a stranger here myself Keep going until a roundabout. >Keep going until you get to a roundabout. Take the third exit on the roundabout >Take the third exit at the roundabout Could you tell me to get to the police station, please? >Could you tell me how to get to the police station, please? Excuse me, is there a cash dispenser here near? >Excuse me, is there a cash dispenser near here? Take the first turn on the left >Take the first turning on the left Turn the second turning on the right. >Take the second turning on the right. You can miss it. >You can't miss it. I'm sorry, I have an idea >I'm sorry, I have no idea 33819 Excuse me, Sorry, etc. We use Excuse me... to attract somebodys attention: Excuse me, wheres the town hall? Excuse me, could you let me through, please? We say Excuse me?... when we didnt hear or understand something: -Thats 943,653 in total -Excuse me? We can also use Sorry? Im sorry? or (more formally) I beg your pardon? in this kind of situation: -W-I-L-L-I-S -Sorry? -Two kilos of Golden Delicious, please

-Im sorry? -Open your suitcase, please, Madam -I beg your pardon? We say Excuse me?! (with rising intonation) to express surprise: -John, youre the boss today -Excuse me?! Similarly, we can use Sorry?! Im sorry?! or I beg your pardon?!: -Im 93 years old today -Sorry?! -Ill have the chocolate chicken, please -Im sorry?! -Weve decided to fire you, Angela -I beg your pardon?! We sometimes use (Oh) Excuse me to apologise: -Would you mind letting me through? -Oh, excuse me However, its more usual to say Sorry or Im sorry in this situation: -Could you tell me the time, please? -Sorry, I havent got a watch -Excuse me, do you know the way to Oxford Street? -Im sorry, Im a stranger here myself 30502 First Conditionals Look at this example of a First Conditional: IF they invite me, I'll go The Conditional verb the Secondary Clause refers to a Future Possibility, but we use the Present Simple: If they invite me... If they will invite me The Result verb the Main Clause - is in the Future: ... I'll go The condition If they invite me - is possible (50-50): Maybe they will invite me. Maybe they won't (will not) invite me

IF the condition is true, the result Ill go - is certain (100%): Certainly I will go... but ONLY IF they invite me... Look at these typical mistakes: If they will invite me, Ill go I'll need my jersey if I will get cold What will you do if they will ignore your request? 31606 Found Don't confuse found = establish with found = the past of find. Found is a regular verb. Find is an irregular verb: find - found - found (= recover / discover) found - founded - founded (= establish / create) Look at these typical mistakes: We found the company in 1993 founded Have you finded your glasses? found 30113 Giving Advice: If I were you, Id... We use If I were you, Id... to give advice The negative form is If I were you, I wouldnt... Examples -It's my son's birthday. -If I were you, I'd buy him a new cricket bat -I don't understand this sentence -If I were you, I wouldnt worry about it This structure is an example of a Second Conditional. 30105 Giving Advice: Ought to We use ought to to give advice or make recommendations: -I've got a headache -You ought to take an aspirin... -I'm bored -We ought to go for a walk... -Shes full up -She ought not to eat so much... The negative form is ought not to (no contraction)

Remember to use to after ought Look at these typical mistakes: You oughtnt laugh at Cathy. You ought be nice to her. You ought not to laugh at Cathy. You ought to be nice to her. 30101 Giving Advice: Should We use should to give advice or make recommendations: -I've got a headache -You should take an aspirin... -I'm bored -We should go for a walk... -Shes full up -She shouldn't eat so much... The negative form is shouldnt We do not use to after should Look at these typical mistakes: You shouldnt to laugh at Cathy. You should to be nice to her. You shouldnt laugh at Cathy. You should be nice to her. 30120 Giving Advice: Summary There are several ways we can give advice: I don't understand this text...

You should pay more attention in class You shouldn't worry about understanding all the words You ought to concentrate on the general meaning You ought not to read so slowly Why don't you ask your teacher for help? If I were you, I'd buy a new dictionary 30113 Giving Advice: Why dont you...? We use Why dont you...? to give advice or make suggestions: Examples -It's our wedding anniversary -Why dont you go away for the weekend? -I don't understand this sentence

-Why dont you buy a good dictionary? We can also say Why dont we...? Why dont they...? etc: -This roundabout is very dangerous -Why dont they put traffic lights? -Im tired! Arent you? -Why dont we leave it for today? 32026 Going to v. Will Going to (1) - Plans What are you going to do? I'm going to have a big party Going to (2) - Predictions (Based on Evidence) What's going to happen? He's going to have a terrible accident Will / 'll (1) - Spontaneous Decisions I think I'll send flowers Maybe I'll buy her a book Will / 'll (2) - Predictions (No Evidence Necessary) What will they do? They won't wait for us 32004 Going to: Future Plans We use (be) going to + verb when we want to express future plans: What are you going to do with all that money? Im going to buy a new house Brian hates his work but he isnt going to look for a new job We use (be) going to + verb when we predict the future: I think its going to rain Im never going to pass my exams Are they going to get married? We usually use going to (instead of will) when there is clear evidence to support the prediction: I think its going to rain (Can you hear the thunder?) Im never going to pass my exams (Look at these results!) Are they going to get married? (Thats what everybody is saying!) 32815 Have (got) v. Have (got) to - Possession v. Obligation Don't confuse have (got) something = possession with have (got) to do

32013 Going to: Predictions

something = obligation: Possession I have a nice car / Ive got a nice car She has 3 brothers / She's got 3 brothers Obligation We have to paint the kitchen / Weve got to paint the kitchen He has to buy a new computer / He's got to buy a new computer 30717 Hit v. Kick 31903 Home We hit with our hands. We kick with our feet. Here are three home phrases. They all express a similar idea: North, South, East or West, home is best! Home, sweet home! There's no place like home! We use If I were... + somebody to introduce impossible conditions: If I were you, I'd get her a new handbag (but Im not you, so I cant) If I were President, I'd abolish that law (but I'm not President, so I cant) If I were Jackie, I'd speak to them (but I'm not Jackie, so I cant) If I were Ms. Jones, I'd get a secretary (but I'm not Ms. Jones, so I cant) We use (be) made in to refer to the origin of something: Was that shirt made in India? These sculptures were made in Greece We use (be) made of to refer to the composition of something: Is that roof made of lead? Windows are usually made of glass 33211 Making Offers: Common Errors Look at these typical mistakes when making offers: I help you? -> Shall I help you? Do you want that I help you? -> Do you want me to help you? Would you like that I help you? -> Would you like me to help you? News looks like a plural noun but its uncountable: No news is good news The news is very worrying Have you heard the news? New is NOT the singular form of news. New is an adjective and means the

30507 If I were you...

33529 made in v. made of

31612 New / News / A Piece of News

opposite of old eg. We need some new blood in this company. We use the phrase a piece of news to refer to specific news Thats a terrible piece of news! I have a good piece of news for you The following phrases are incorrect: a piece of new -> a piece of news a news -> a piece of news a new -> a piece of news 34106 Newspaper Headlines Past Participles are commonly used in headlines with a passive meaning: GIRL GIVEN LIVER TRANSPLANT = A girl has been given a liver transplant 49 TAKEN TO HOSPITAL = 49 people were taken to hospital If the Past Participle is the same as the Past Simple, this can create confusion if you are not careful. For example, ARTIST MURDERED means that an artist was murdered, not that the artist murdered somebody. British newspapers often omit words in their headlines, particularly a/an, been, has/have, people, the and was/were: GIRL GIVEN LIVER TRANSPLANT = A girl has been given a liver transplant 49 TAKEN TO HOSPITAL = 49 people were taken to hospital CURE FOR AIDS DISCOVERED = A cure for AIDS has been discovered 22 ARRESTED IN ANTI-GLOBALISATION DEMONSTRATION = 22 people were arrested in an anti-globalisation demonstration ELVIS FOUND ALIVE AND WELL IN MEXICO = Elvis has been found alive and well in Mexico NEW MUSEUM COMPLETED = A new museum has been completed

PHOTOS OF PRESIDENT'S LOVER PUBLISHED = Photos of the President's lover were published 500 PRISONERS RELEASED IN PEACE DEAL = 500 prisoners were released in a peace deal 33103 No Obligation: dont have to, dont need to, etc. There are four ways to say there is no obligation: dont/doesnt + have to + Verb You don't have to give tips to waiters She doesnt have to go to school today havent/hasnt + got to + Verb You have got to give tips to waiters She hasnt got to go to school today dont/doesnt + need to + Verb You don't need to give tips to waiters She doesnt need to go to school today neednt + Verb You neednt give tips to waiters She neednt go to school today Needn't has a similar structure to can't and mustn't. It does not take to: Look at these typical mistakes: She doesnt have got to come -> She doesnt have to come We havent to do anything -> We havent got to do anything They dont need go to the meeting -> They dont need to go to the meeting He neednt to worry about that -> He neednt worry about that 33120 No Obligation: Past, Present & Future No Obligation, Past I didn't have to go I didn't need to go He didnt have to pay He didnt need to pay No Obligation, Present I don't have to go I don't need to go I haven't got to go

I needn't go He doesnt have to pay He doesnt need to pay He hasn't got to pay He needn't pay No Obligation, Future I wont have to go I wont need to go He wont have to pay He wont need to pay 31907 North of v. In the North of

31907 North of v. In the North of

Scotland is north of England... but Scotland is not in England! Manchester is in the North of England... Manchester is in England... and in the North

 Look at these typical mistakes: Cardiff is south of Wales -> Cardiff is in the South of Wales Edinburgh is in the North of England -> Edinburgh is north of England Dublin is east of Ireland -> Dublin is in the East of Ireland Wales is in the West of England -> Wales is west of England 31618 Numbers: 10 Things to Remember 1. We never use commas when referring to years:

1976 nineteen seventy-six 1843 eighteen forty-three

1,976 one thousand, nine hundred and seventy-six 1,843 one thousand, eight hundred and forty-three

2. We use commas for thousands and millions, but we use points for decimals:

670,000 six hundred and seventy thousand 19.07 nineteen point o seven

. 19,07

670 000

3. We always use "o" for years 1 to 9 (the first decade in a century):

1809 eighteen o nine 1902 nineteen o two

1809 eighteen nine 1902 nineteen two

4. We say two thousand and six, etc. for the first years of this

millennium:

2006 2012

two thousand and six two thousand and twelve

2006 two thousand six 2012 two thousand twelve

5. We use singular forms with hundred, thousand and million:

670,000 six hundred and seventy thousand 13,000,000 thirteen million

670,000 six hundreds and seventy thousands 13,000,000 thirteen millions

6a. We use "o" in decimals to represent 0 after the point 6b. We use nought in decimals to represent 0 before the point:

19.07 nineteen point o seven 0.304 nought point three o four

19.07 nineteen point nought seven 0.304 o point three nought four

7. We say a hundred or one hundred:

105 a hundred and five / one hundred and five 124 one hundred and twenty-four / a hundred and twenty-four
105 hundred and five 124 hundred and twenty-four

 8. We say ... hundred and

105 a hundred and five / one hundred and five 743 seven hundred and forty-three
105 a hundred five / one hundred five / hundred five 743 seven hundred forty-three

9a. We use a cardinal number + ordinal number to express fractions 9b. If the fraction is more than one part, the ordinal number is plural:

1/3 one-third 2/5 two-fifths 1/6 one-sixth 7/8 seven-eighths

1/3 one-three 2/5 two-five / two-fives / two fifth 1/6 one-six 7/8 seven-eight / seven-eights / seven-eighth

10. There are two special fractions: quarters (NOT fourths) and halves (NOT seconds). They are also the most common!:

1/2 a half 2/2 two halves 1/4 a quarter 3/4 three quarters
1/2 a second 2/2 two seconds 1/4 a fourth

3/4 three-fourths 33113 Obligation, No Obligation & Prohibition Obligation Take a card and join the queue (Imperative / Basic Verb) You must fill in this form You have to provide references You've got to take this job more seriously No Obligation You don't have to reply to this letter You haven't got to pay a deposit You don't need to bring blankets You needn't do it right away Prohibition No smoking (No + Gerund) No visits during term time (No + Noun) Don't speak to the driver You mustn't go in if you're under 18 You can't take pets with you You're not allowed to sit on the grass You aren't allowed to use this tennis court 32807 Obligation.

32807 Obligation.

There are several ways to express obligation Imperative (Basic Verb) Turn right Use boots Give way to traffic You must + Verb You must turn right You must use boots You must give way to traffic You have to + Verb You have to turn right

You have to use boots You have to give way to traffic Youve got to + Verb Youve got to turn right Youve got to use boots Youve got to give way to traffic 32901 Obligation: Asking Questions We normally use Have/Has (got) to? when we ask about obligation. Beginning questions with Must? is unusual. Look at these examples: Must you finish that today? Do you have to finish that today? / Have you got to finish that today? Must we pay for this? Do we have to pay for this? / Have we got to pay for this? Must he train every day? Does he have to train every day? / Has she got to train every day? Must she reply to the reply? Does she have to reply to the letter? / Has she got to reply to the letter? 32818 Obligation: have to v. have got to We use have to with or without got to express obligation: They have to work 10 hours a day / Theyve got to work 10 hours a day She has to dress smartly / Shes got to dress smartly Have got to is more informal than have to and, therefore, more usual: Come on! Weve got to leave in 10 minutes! ...lay the table! (etc) Bill, Ive got to speak to you about Alison ask you something (etc) When we are speaking, we normally use the contracted forms: I've got to... She's got to... etc.: Sorry, but Ive got to leave you Look, weve got to find a solution as soon as possible If we use the contracted forms (I've, She's...) we must use got as well. Look at these typical mistakes: Ive to do the shopping -> Ive got to Shes to take her work more seriously -> Shes got to

 The corresponding question for have got to is Have you got to...? Has she got to...? etc.: Have you got to clock in? Has she got to buy a car? The corresponding question for have to is Do you have to...? Does she have to...? etc.: Do you have to clock in? Does she have to buy a car? 32907 Obligation: Past, Present & Future Past Obligation, Affirmative I had to work She had to work Past Obligation, Question Did you have to work? Did she have to work?... Present Obligation, Affirmative I must work / I have to work / I've got to work She must work / She has to work / She's got to work Present Obligation, Question Do you have to work? / Have you got to work? Does she have to work? / Has she got to work?... Future Obligation, Affirmative I'll have to work She'll have to work Future Obligation, Question Will you have to work? Will she have to work?... 33201 Offers: Making, Accepting & Rejecting We use Can I help you? or Let me help you to offer help: -Can I help you? -Thank you / Im OK thanks We also use Shall I..? or Ill: -Shall I help you? -Thank you / Im OK thanks

-Ill I help you -Thank you / Im OK thanks We may use Shall I..? or Ill to offer to do a specific task: -Shall I show you how I did it? -Yes, please / Don't worry, I'm fine -Ill take you to the station -That's very kind of you / Im all right, thank you We can accept an offer: Yes, please Thank you Thanks That's very kind of you If you don't mind Or we can reject the offer: It's OK, thanks I'm OK, thanks I'm all right, thank you It's all right, thank you Don't worry, I'm fine 30709 On The Phone Identifying Yourself Sheila, this is Tom This is Sheila Gray from Jones Electric. Speaking Checking Identity Who's calling, please? Could I have your name, please? Is that Tom? Giving Bad News I'm afraid he's not in I'm afraid she's out of the office I'm afraid he's in a meeting Asking For Clarification or Repetition Could you speak up, please? Could you say that again, please?

Asking For Somebody Could I speak to Tom Driver, please? Could you put me through to Accounts, please? Cooperating (Promising Action) I'll put you through I'll give him the message I'll tell her you rang Offering To Help Can I help? Can I take a message? What can I do for you, James? Giving A Reason I'm ringing about the meeting tomorrow I'm phoning about the sales figures Asking For Action Could you ask him to phone me? Could you give her a message, please? Expressing Gratitude Thanks for ringing back Thanks for calling Alternatives for telephone ring (rang-rung) call (called-called) phone (phoned-phoned) Look at these typical mistakes: Im Bill This is Is Ann This is Could I speak with Mark Foster, please? speak to Can I speak with Jane, please? speak to I put you through Ill put Ill put through you you through Could you ask to her to call to me? ask her to call me Can you ask to him to ring to me? ask him to ring me

34018 Passive Sentences

We use Passive Sentences when the action is more important than the person doing the action. The following sentences are correct English: They released Nelson Mandela in 1990. (Active) They dissolved the Soviet Union in 1991. (Active) But it is more usual to say: Nelson Mandela was released in 1990. (Passive) -> The release of Nelson Mandela was the most important thing The Soviet Union was dissolved in 1991. (Passive) -> The dissolution of The Soviet Union was the most important thing If we want to say what or who did the action, we use by: Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928. President Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in 1962. Millions of computers were affected by the virus. Passives are formed using the verb to be plus the past participle: The human genome was decyphered in 2000 The problem will be discussed at tomorrow's meeting. Passives are formed using the verb to be plus the past participle

34001 Past Participles

We need Past Participles to make Perfect tenses (eg. Theyve finished, Brian has gone, Sarah will have understood...) and Passive sentences (eg. She is employed, It was taken, He would have been...) The past participle of a regular verb finishes in (e)d, the same as the past simple. For example: Infinitive -> Past Simple -> Past Participle complete -> completed -> completed employ -> employed -> employed manage -> managed -> managed publish -> published -> published If the verb is irregular, you will find the Past Participle in the 3 column of your verb table: be -> was/were -> been go -> went -> gone take -> took -> taken
rd

understand -> understood -> understood 30213 Perhaps Ill... Maybe Ill... I think Ill... We often use Perhaps Ill... Maybe Ill... or I think Ill... to introduce spontaneous decisions: Perhaps Ill go for a walk Maybe Ill try that again I think Ill leave it there Some Phrasal Verbs have a flexible structure. They can be either Type 2 (Basic Verb + Particle + Object) or Type 3 (Basic Verb + Object + Particle). For example, you can pick up somebody / something (= Type 2) or you can pick somebody / something up (= Type 3): I dropped a glass, so I had to pick up the pieces (= Type 2) I dropped a glass, so I had to pick the pieces up (= Type 3) It's your turn to pick up the children today, darling! (= Type 2) It's your turn to pick the children up today, darling! (= Type 3) 31311 Phrasal Verbs: Flexible Structures & Pronouns Some Phrasal Verbs have a flexible structure: Can you pick up the children? OR Can you pick the children up? Shall we turn off the television? OR Shall we turn the television off? However, if the object is a pronoun (me, her, it, them, etc.), it must go before the particle: Can you pick them up? Can you pick up them? Shall we turn it off? Shall we turn off it? 31006 Phrasal Verbs: Introduction A phrasal verb is a combination of a basic verb plus a particle. A Particle is an Adverb or Preposition eg. across, away, into, on, over, out, up, etc. Here are some examples: I looked up and saw a man sitting in the tree When she turned round, I could see that shed been crying My sister and I get on very well Weve run out of petrol! You want me to do the report in 10 minutes?! Come off it! Some Phrasal Verbs simply extend the meaning of the Basic Verb. Their meaning is transparent: I looked up and saw a man sitting in the tree

31305 Phrasal Verbs: Flexible Structures

In this example, the meaning is transparent because if you know the meaning of the basic verb look in this case -, you will have no problems understanding look up: look = see up = opposite of down so look up = raise your eyes

Most Phrasal Verbs create a new meaning from the Basic Verb. Their meaning is figurative: Could you look after the children while I'm out ? In this example, the meaning is figurative. Knowing the meaning of the basic verb look in our example - does not help us to understand the sentence. If we try to translate look after literally, the resulting translation is absurd: look = see after = opposite of before so look after = ?! 31315 Phrasal Verbs: Summary Type 1: Basic Verb + Particle Examples When does your school break up? Go away ! Can't you see I'm busy? Examples with Pronoun Object None: Type 1 never takes an object

Type 2: Basic Verb + Particle + Object Examples I came across my old glasses I'm looking for the Meat Section Examples with Pronoun Object I came across them I'm looking for it

Type 2 or 3: Basic Verb + Particle + Object / Basic Verb + Object + Particle

Examples You'll soon pick up English / You'll soon pick English up It's your turn to pick up the children / It's your turn to pick the children up Examples with Pronoun Object You'll soon pick it up You'll soon pick up it It's your turn to pick them up It's your turn to pick up them

Type 3: Basic Verb + Object + Particle Examples You mustn't answer your parents back She bosses Graham about Examples with Pronoun Object You mustn't answer them back She bosses him about

Type 4: Basic Verb + Particle + Particle + Object Examples I'm looking forward to my holiday How do you put up with Ian? Examples with Pronoun Object I'm looking forward to it How do you put up with him? 31015 Phrasal Verbs: Types 1-4 There are Four Main Types of Phrasal Verbs. Type 1 Phrasal Verbs are intransitive: they have no object. Types 2-4 are transitive: they always take an object. Look at these examples:

Type 1: Basic Verb + Particle When does your school break up?

Go away ! Can't you see I'm busy?

Type 2: Basic Verb + Particle + Object While I was cleaning the car, I came across my old wallet Can you help me ? I'm looking for the Meat Section.

Type 3: Basic Verb + Object + Particle Laura never answers her parents back My daughter is always bossing me about

Type 4: Basic Verb + Particle + Particle + Object I'm looking forward to my holiday How do you put up with Ian? 32308 Predictions: Going to v. Will We normally use will to make predictions: They say it'll be good weather this weekend Maybe you'll be wrong this time The bus won't wait for us We use (be) going to when the speaker sees clear evidence now to justify their prediction: We all know it's going to rain (Evidence = It always rains at the weekend!) We're going to miss the last bus (Evidence = we're still in the office!) We can use either going to or will after think : Who do you think will win the Cup? Who do you think is going to win the Cup? I think Brazil's going to win I think Brazil will win 33207 Problems, Sympathy and Offers. When somebody looks worried, we usually ask them what the problem is. We may then express our sympathy (we feel sorry for them) and, depending on the situation, offer to help

 Asking About a Problem What's up, Jane? What's wrong, Malcolm? What's the matter, Candy? Are you all right, Graham? Are you OK, June? Expressing Sympathy I'm really sorry Oh dear That's a pity I'm so sorry I am sorry Offering To Help Is there anything I can do? Can I do anything? Shall I do your shopping for you? Do you want me to do the dishes? Would you like me to stay a bit longer? Ill go with you if you like Accepting An Offer Yes, please Thank you Thanks That's very kind of you If you don't mind Rejecting An Offer It's OK, thanks I'm OK, thanks I'm all right, thank you It's all right, thank you Don't worry, I'm fine 34119 Processes Passive Sentences are often used to describe processes. The actions are more important than who does the action. Linkers of Time such as Firstly, Next, Then, After that, Later and Finally are necessary to indicate the order of events.

Example Firstly, the cherries are picked from the coffee plants. Next, the beans are extracted from each cherry. Then, the beans are soaked in water. After that, the beans are left to ferment. Later, the protective coverings are removed from the beans. Next, the beans are dried in the sun. Then, the beans are polished. Later, the beans are sorted and graded. After that, the beans are packed. Finally, the beans are exported. 32607 Prohibition

32607 Prohibition

There are many ways to express prohibition Dont + Verb Dont smoke Dont overtake Dont have picnics Dont do U-turns Dont swim Dont take photos You mustnt + Verb You mustnt smoke You mustnt overtake You mustnt have picnics You mustnt do U-turns You mustnt swim You mustnt take photos You cant + Verb You cant smoke You cant overtake You cant have picnics You cant do U-turns You cant swim You cant take photos Youre not allowed to + Verb Youre not allowed to smoke

Youre not allowed to overtake Youre not allowed to have picnics Youre not allowed to do U-turns Youre not allowed to swim Youre not allowed to take photos You arent allowed to + Verb You arent allowed to smoke You arent allowed to overtake You arent allowed to have picnics You arent allowed to do U-turns You arent allowed to swim You arent allowed to take photos No + Noun No picnics No U-turns No photos No + Gerund No smoking No overtaking No swimming 34117 Pronunciation of Regular Verbs (-ED) There are three ways to pronounce regular verbs: /t/ /d/ /id/ cooked listened needed worked played wanted watched studied depended danced stayed waited The pronunciation of ed depends on the previous sound. If the infinitive finishes in a hard sound (cook, watch) we pronounce ed in a hard way, like a t: cooked, watched If the infinitive finishes in a soft sound (listen, play) we pronounce ed in a soft way, like a d: listened, played If the infinitive finishes in a /d/ or /t/ (need, want) we add /id/: needed, wanted

We never pronounce ed as /ed/! 34310 Question Tags We use Question Tags with FALLING intonation to involve our listener in the conversation: The travellers cheques are in your backpack, aren't they? = I know the travellers cheques are in your backpack and you know this too. I'm listening. You don't need any more money, do you? = I know you don't need any more money and you know this too. I'm listening. These are NOT real questions! The use here is similar to How do you do? (= Pleased to meet you) which we use when we meet somebody for the first time: it is NOT a real question; it's only a convention or formula for making interaction more natural between people.

We use Question Tags with RISING intonation to to ask somebody a real question: The travellers cheques are in your backpack, aren't they? = Are the travellers cheques are in your backpack? You don't need any more money, do you? = Do you need any more money?

If the main clause contains an affirmative verb, the question tag is usually negative: The travellers cheques are in your backpack, aren't they? You took your tablets, didn't you? If the main clause contains a negative verb, the question tag is usually affirmative: You won't forget to phone, will you? You don't need any more money, do you?

 The corresponding question tag for I'm... is aren't I?: I'm right, amn't I? I'm right, aren't I? This is an exception! 32507 Questions and Prepositions When making questions with verbs that take prepositions (belong to, be short for, look at, run on, be interested in, etc.), we put the preposition at the at the end of the question: Where are you from? (Im from Italy) Who's that letter for? (Its for Graeme) What are you afraid of? (Im afraid of snakes) What music is Gordon listening to? (Hes listening to U2) What kind of cars are you interested in? (Im interested in sports cars) What's that book about? (Its about Nelson Mandela) What's that knife for? (Its for cutting bread) What does that car run on? (It runs on solar energy) Which university do you go to? (I go to Warwick) What's GB short for? (Its short for Great Britain) Who does that calculator belong to? (It belongs to me!) Who was War and Peace written by? (It was written by Tolstoy,wasnt it?) Which map is Patricia looking at? (Shes looking at a map of France) Who are you writing to? (Im writing to Gran and Grampy) Look at these typical mistakes: Whos that letter? Whos that letter for? For whos that letter? Whos that letter for? What are you afraid? What are you afraid of? Of what are you afraid? What are you afraid of? 33705 Reported Questions We report questions using X asked Look at these examples: "Where are you going?" -> Joanne asked Steve where he was going "Is it so important?" -> She asked him if it was so important "How did the meeting go?" -> She asked Steve how the meeting had gone

"Did you persuade them to sign the contract?" -> Joanne asked him if he had persuaded them to sign the contract Look at these typical mistakes: Joanne asked Steve where was he going he was Joanne asked Steve where he's going he was Joanne asked to Steve where was going asked Steve She asked him was it so important if it was She asked him if it's so important if it was She asked Steve how had gone the meeting the meeting had gone She asked Steve how did the meeting go the meeting had gone Joanne asked him had he persuaded them to sign if he had Joanne asked him did he persuade them to sign if he had persuaded The subject must come before the verb in reported questions: Joanne asked Steve where was he going Joanne asked Steve where he was going She asked Steve how had gone the meeting She asked Steve how the meeting had gone We don't use the auxiliaries do, does or did in Reported Questions: She asked Steve how did the meeting go She asked Steve how the meeting had gone Joanne asked him did he persuade them to sign the contract Joanne asked him if he had persuaded them to sign the contract We don't use to after ask: Joanne asked to Steve where he was going Joanne asked Steve where he was going She asked to him if it was so important She asked him if it was so important We don't use if after ask to report WH-/HOW Questions: Where are you going? Joanne asked Steve if where he was going Joanne asked Steve where he was going How did the meeting go? She asked Steve if how the meeting had gone

She asked Steve how the meeting had gone We must use if after ask to report YES/NO Questions: Is it so important? She asked him it was so important She asked him if it was so important Did you persuade them to sign the contract? Joanne asked him he had persuaded them to sign the contract Joanne asked him if he had persuaded them to sign the contract We can use whether to report YES/NO Questions as an alternative to if: Is it so important? She asked him whether it was so important = She asked him if it was so important Did you persuade them to sign the contract? Joanne asked him whether he had persuaded them to sign the contract = Joanne asked him if he had persuaded them to sign the contract The rules concerning tense changes in Reported Questions are identical to those in Reported Statements. When we are reporting what somebody asked, the main verb (eg. don't get) usually moves back one tense (eg. didn't get): "Why didn't we win that contract?", he asked --> He asked why they hadn't won the contract,... didnt win

The rules concerning references in Reported Questions are identical to those in Reported Statements. When we are reporting what somebody asked, we must change the references (eg. we-> they, this order -> the order) if the original reference is no longer true: "Why didn't we win that contract?", he asked --> He asked why they hadn't won the contract,... that contract 33413 Reported Statements: Reference Changes When we are reporting what somebody did or said, we must change the references (eg. we-> they, this order -> the order, tonight -> that night) if the original reference is no longer true:

"If we don't get this order...", he said --> He said that if they didn't get the order,... this order "They've promised to phone me tonight", he said --> He said that they'd promised to phone him that night Here is a checklist illustrating the most typical changes: 33413 Reported Statements: Reference Changes, Checklist tonight

33416 Reported Statements: Verb Changes

When we are reporting what somebody did or said, the main verb (eg. don't get) usually moves back one tense (eg. didn't get) "If we don't get this order...", he said --> He said that if they didn't get the order,... don't "You're looking worried", she said --> She said that he was looking worried is "I can't wait!", she said --> She said that she couldn't wait cant

33401 Reporting Verbs & Reported Statements: Introduction

We often use verbs like say, tell, comment, promise, add, explain, etc. to say what somebody said or did. We call these verbs reporting verbs and we call the sentences that we make with reporting verbs reported statements. In the following paragraph there are four reporting verbs and four reported statements: 1) Susanne said that she had some important news. 2) She told us that she was going to start a new job. 3) Mark commented that this was going to be her seventh job in seven months, but 4) Susanne promised to take this job more seriously

33412 Reporting Verbs & That

When we use reporting verbs, we don't need to put that after the verb. It is optional: He said that he had a meeting OR He said he had a meeting She told us that she was in love OR She told us she was in love They explained that they wanted another solution OR They explained they wanted another solution

33408 Say v. Tell

We say things. We tell people: Could you tell Mr. Jones that Jenny is here, please? Can I say something? Please tell Jack to phone me Sorry, did you say "fourteen" or "forty"? First of all, I'd like to say thankyou to everybody Don't tell Mary - it's a secret! Did you tell them about the problem? You can say anything. Nobody is listening. How do you say "zorro" in English? If you don't tell us, we can't help you. Look at these typical mistakes: Say me! Tell me! Say to me! Tell me! She said us she was a doctor She told us There are three common exceptions to the say/tell rule:

(1) tell the difference say eg. Can you tell the difference between a crocodile and an alligator? (2) tell the time say eg. Robbie's learning to tell the time (3) tell the truth say eg. Do you promise to tell the truth? 33408 Say v. Tell: Reporting the Past The past form of say is said (say-said-said). The past of tell is told (tell-told-told). We say something or we say that: He said many things told She said that she was hungry told We tell somebody (something) or we tell somebody that: He told me many things said She told us that she was hungry said 30415 Second Conditionals Look at these examples of Second Conditionals: If there were more policemen, we would catch more criminals If we had less unemployment, the situation would be better The condition refers to the Present or Future The condition is improbable / hypothetical: If there were more policemen... = Maybe (there will be more policemen), but it's improbable If we had less unemployment... = Maybe (we will have less unemployment), but it's improbable If the condition is true, then the result will be true / certain too: We would catch more criminals = Certainly (we would catch more criminals) but ONLY IF there were more policemen The situation would be better = Certainly (the situation would be better) but ONLY IF we had less unemployment

The Condition (the Secondary Clause) is in the Past Simple: If there were more policemen... If we had less unemployment... The Result (the Main Clause) is in the Hypothetical Future (would)... ... we would catch more criminals ... the situation would be better 30109 Should v. Ought to We use either should(nt) or ought (not) to to give advice We say You should go to bed but we say You ought to go to bed We say You shouldn't eat so much but we say You ought not to eat so much 32209 So We use So... to introduce the consequence of an action. The consequence could be a Result, Advice or a Prediction: He was rude about my mother, so I hit him (Result) I broke my mothers vase, so she was very angry with me (Result) It's raining, so take an umbrella (Advice) Youve got a good job, so think before you do anything silly (Advice) Our managers useless, so I expect well lose (Prediction) Oxford is 20 miles away, so we should do it in half an hour (Prediction) Look at these typical mistakes with then: I was hungry, then I made an omelette You look tired, then go to bed Ive planned every detail, then I think the visit will go well

so (Result) so (Advice) so (Prediction)

31111 Still / Yet / Just / Already: Affirmatives, Negatives and Questions We only use already or just in affirmative sentences or questions: I've already finished (affirmative) I've just finished (affirmative) Have you already started? (question) Have you just started? (question) If you want to express a negative idea, use yet. Look at these typical mistakes: We havent started already started yet She hasnt just finished finished yet Havent you begun already? begun yet?

 We use still and yet in affirmative sentences, negatives and questions: Have you decided how to spend the money yet? (question) No, we haven't decided yet (negative) Are you still doing that report? (question) Yes, I'm still doing it (affirmative) It's too early to say yet (affirmative) They still haven't replied to my letter (negative) 31103 Still / Yet / Just / Already: Meaning We use still to refer to something that is continuing to happen now: Are you still tidying your room? Yes, Im still doing it We use (not) yet to refer to something that should happen but has not happened: Have you decided where to go yet? No, we havent thought about it yet We use just to refer to something that has happened very recently: Ive just heard the news! Theyve just told me too We use already to refer to something that has happened earlier than expected: Has Nigel already spoken to you? Yes, hes already told me what to do 31109 Still / Yet / Just / Already: Position We put already and just before the Past Participle: Yes, we've already decided. Yes, I've just heard. We put still before the Present Participle: Are you still doing that report? Yes, I'm still working on it. We put (not) yet at the end of the sentence: Have you decided how to spend the money yet? No, we haven't talked about it yet. 31106 Still / Yet / Just / Already: Structure We often use the Present Perfect Tense with already, just and (not) yet: Have you decided where to go yet? No, we havent thought about it yet Ive just heard the news!

Theyve just told me too Has Nigel already spoken to you? Yes, hes already told me what to do We often use the Present Continuous Tense with still: Are you still tidying your room? Yes, Im still doing it Other tenses are sometimes possible: eg.1 I saw Jane yesterday and she was still angry (= Past Simple) eg.2 Do you know the answer yet? (= Present Simple) 31112 Still v. Yet: Negative Sentences When we use still in negative sentences, it has a similar meaning to yet. However, the sentence with still is more emphatic.Compare: They haven't replied to me yet / They still haven't replied to me! She hasnt found her keys yet / She still hasnt found her keys! We put still before havent / hasnt: They still haven't replied to me! She still hasnt found her keys! We put yet at the end of the sentence: They haven't replied to me yet She hasnt found her keys yet 33207 Sympathy, Sympathetic Introduction to False Friends Sympathy means compassion: feeling sorry for somebody because we understand their situation. Somebody who feels sympathy is sympathetic. For many European learners of English, words like sympathy (noun) and sympathetic (adjective) are problematic because their languages have words that look similar but have different meanings, for example simpata and simptico in Spanish. We call these words False Friends because they are not what they appear to be! So, sympathy is a false friend for a Spanish-speaking learner of English and, conversely, simpata is a false friend for an English-speaking learner of Spanish.Here are some more common False Friends: actually, carpet, realise and sensible. Do you know what they mean? Check in a good dictionary if youre unsure. We will work more on False Friends in Level 4. 33819 Thank You Here you are...

 Saying Thank You Thanks Thank you Thank you very much Cheers Thanks a lot Accepting Thank You You're welcome Don't mention it That's OK Not at all It's a pleasure 33507 Too We use too when there is a problem Too much + Uncountable Noun -> Ive got too much work Too many + Plural Noun -> There are too many things to do Too + adjective -> Im sorry, Im too busy to help you Look at these typical mistakes: Too many people bought my book -> A lot of people / Many people I have too much time to relax -> a lot of time / plenty of time The film was too interesting -> very interesting / really interesting 33510 Too + adjective + to We use too + adjective + to to describe a problem or inability: He's too young to see the film She's too short to touch the ceiling He's too slow to catch the bus She's too tired to study He's too lazy to cook Look at these typical mistakes: He's too young for to see the film too young to see She's too short for touching the ceiling too short to touch He's too much slow to catch the bus too slow to catch 30807 Used to v. Used Don't confuse I used to (do something)... = Past Habit with I used (something)... = Past Form of use. Look at these examples: I used to visit my grandparents at the weekend (= Past Habit) We used to like playing marbles (= Past Habit)

I used a hammer to break the window (= Past Form of I use) We used an old box to sit on (= Past Form of I use) 30801 Used to: Introduction We say somebody used to (do something) to describe a past habit or past routine. The situation now is different: Bob used to have eggs for breakfast (but now he doesnt) I used to be bad-tempered (but now Im not) They used to live in London (but now they dont) The corresponding negative structure is didnt use to: Bob didnt use to have eggs for breakfast (but now he does) I didnt use to be bad-tempered (but now I am) They didnt use to live in London (but now they do) To make questions we use Did use to?: Did Bob use to have eggs for breakfast? Did you use to be bad-tempered? Did they use to live in London? If we expect a positive reply (Yes!), we use a negative question: Didnt Bob use to have eggs for breakfast? Didnt you use to be bad-tempered? Didnt they use to live in London? Look at these typical mistakes: I remember we use to work 12 hours a day! used Past Affirmative I didnt used to like coffee, but now I love it! use Past Negative Did you used to play marbles as a child? use Past Question 30801 Used to: Negative Structures There are three ways to make used to negative 1: didnt use to Bob didnt use to have eggs for breakfast (but now he does) They didnt use to live in London (but now they do) I didnt use to be bad-tempered (but now I am) 2: used not to Bob used not to have eggs for breakfast (but now he does) I used not to be bad-tempered (but now I am) They used not to live in London (but now they do) 3: never used to

Bob never used to have eggs for breakfast (but now he does) I never used to be bad-tempered (but now I am) They never used to live in London (but now they do) didnt use to and used not to are identical in meaning never used to is more emphatic: Is that Tom playing football?!... He never used to like sports! History classes were boring We never used to learn anything! 31410 Who? + What?: Subject Questions v. Object Questions Who and What can be the Subject or the Object of a Question. Examples of Subject Questions Who saw Jack last? Who is the Subject: Somebody saw Jack. (Jack is the Object) What happened next? What is the Subject: Something happened. (There is no Object) When Who? or What? form Subject Questions, we dont use the auxiliary verbs do, does or did. Look at these typical mistakes: Who did see Jack last? saw What did happen next? happened Who does live with their parents? lives What does make you angry? makes Examples of Object Questions Who did Penny call? Who is the Object: Penny called somebody. (Penny is the Subject) What did James do? What is the Object: James did something. (James is the Subject) When Who? or What? form Object Questions, we must use the auxiliary verbs do, does or did. Look at these typical mistakes: Who Penny called? Who did Penny call? Who Penny call? Who did Penny call? What James did? What did James do? What James do? What did James do? 31408 Who's...? v. Whose...? Whos? and Whose? have the same pronunciation but a different meaning:

 Who's? = Contraction = Who is...? / Who has?: Who's your favourite singer? (= Who is?) Whos been eating my porridge? (= Who has?) Whose...? = Possession = Of who...? Whose is this book? (Is this your book?... Peters book?...) Whose turn is it? (Is it your turn?... Wendys turn?...) Who has no plural form. It is always followed by a singular verb: Who was at the presentation? Whos were? Who needs English for their job? Whos need? Look at these typical mistakes: Whos shoes are these? -> Whose shoes are these? Whose helping Jane? -> Whos helping Jane? Who's is coming tonight? -> Who's coming tonight? Whose this magazine? -> Whose is this magazine? Who like tennis? -> Who likes tennis? Whose afraid of the big bad wolf? -> Whos afraid of the big bad wolf? Whos came to the meeting? -> Who came to the meeting? 32210 Will / ll / Wont We use will, ll or wont to make predictions. ll is a contracted form of will, and wont is the negative form of will: It'll rain non-stop (= It will rain) There'll be black clouds (= There will be) It won't rain much (= It will not rain) There won't be any fog for once (= There will not be) You'll be able to see where you're driving. (= You will be) Northern Ireland will have a bit of everything. Northern Irelandll We use will and not the short form 'll after Ireland because we normally use contractions after short words like I, you, there, Dad, etc. 33702 Yes/No Questions v. Wh-/How Questions. We usually distinguish between two types of Questions YES/NO Questions YES/NO Questions are questions to which the answer is Yes or No. Of course, many answers are possible in reality: eg.#1 Can your son swim? - Yes

- No - Very well - Better than yours - (etc.) eg.#2 Are you hungry? - Yes - No - I'm fine thanks - I could eat a horse! - (etc.) WH-/HOW Questions WH-/HOW Questions are questions beginning Wh-...? or How...?. There are many possible answers except Yes or No, which are unacceptable responses to this kind of question: eg.#1 What do you do? - I'm a dentist - Nothing. - I'm not telling you - Yes - No eg.#2 How old are you? - 37 - I'll be 42 in January - I can't remember - Yes - No