MD- AUCMS PROGRAM

CELLS AND TISSUES (CAT 2114) Laboratory No. 4 Topic: Histology of Epithelium & Glands Faculty: Dr VENNILA VIJAYA SREE MBBS;MASTERS in pathology(MD)

OBJECTIVES: -Histology of Epithelium 1. Identify and describe the characteristics of epithelial tissues. 2. Identify and describe the types of epithelial tissues based on histological characteristics, organ source and correlate with the functions. - Histology of Glands 3. Identify and describe the types of glands based on histological characteristics, organ Source and correlate with the functions.

At the end of the practical session, the students should be able to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Classify epithelium. Describe characteristic features of each epithelium Describe functions of each epithelium. Able to give examples for each epithelium. Describe the types of glands Able to give examples of glands

Cells and Tissues Module

Page 1

MD- AUCMS PROGRAM

Slides needed for this activity are: 1. Scalp 2. Skin 3. Trachea 4. Finger nail 5. Oesophagus 6. Stomach 7. Duodenum 8. Colon 9. Sublingual gland 10. Parotid gland 11. Submandibular gland 12. Thyroid gland 13. Mammary gland 14. Liver & Gall Bladder 15. Pancreas 16. Kidney 17. Urinary Bladder 18. Epididymis 19. Uterine Tube

INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTOLOGY OF EPITHELIUM

1. Definition: Outer surface of the body and the luminal surfaces of cavities within the body are lined by one are more layers of cells that completely cover them. such layers are called epithelia 2. Epithelia also covers ducts and secretory elements of glands. 3. Little or no intercellular substance. 4. Cell junctions are present. 5. All cells in the basal layer rest on the basement membrane. 6. Avascular-Diffusion from capillaries in the underlying connective tissues. 7. Regeneration-Continuous wear and tear.

Cells and Tissues Module

Page 2

MD- AUCMS PROGRAM

Types of epithelium: Structurally and functionally divided into: 1. Covering epithelium, 2. Glandular epithelium. Covering epithelium - covers the body surfaces or lines the cavities of the body -external surface-epidermis of the skin -internal surface-Body cavities (peritoneal cavity, pericardial cavity and pleural cavity) -tracts/tubes(digestive tract, respiratory tract). Glandular epithelium -Specialised cells that produce secretion. CLASSIFICATION OF COVERING EPITHELIA I). NUMBER OF CELL LAYERS -SIMPLE Contains only 1 layer of cells( almost always found at interfaces involve in selective diffusion, absorption or secretion) -STRATIFIED -contains more than 1 layer of cells -PSEUDOSTRATIFIED II). SHAPE OF THE CELLS -Squamous, cuboidal, columnar III). PRESENCE OF SURFACE SPECIALIZATIONS -Cilia, Keartin

SIMPLE EPITHELIA Formed by a single layer of cells - Simple squamous epithelium - Simple cuboidal epithelium - Simple columnar epithelium - Pseudostratified epithelium

Cells and Tissues Module

Page 3

MD- AUCMS PROGRAM

ACTIVITY 1:SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM Instruction: Examine the slide of lung alveoli & Capillaries Observe Flattened cells with disc-shape nuclei. LOCATIONS -lining surfaces involved in passive transport e.g. lungs & capillaries -Forms delicate lining of pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities. FUNCTIONS: -allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration. -secretes lubricating substances in body cavities.

Draw the diagram of Simple Squamous epithelium & label it.

Cells and Tissues Module

Page 4

MD- AUCMS PROGRAM

ACTIVITY 2: SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM INSTRUCTION: Examine the slide of Collecting Ducts of Kidney/Pancreas/Salivary glands OBSERVE - Cuboidal in shape. - Round nucleus in the centre - Lines small ducts and tubules(excretory, secretary or absorptive functions) FUNCTIONS -Absorption -Secretion

Draw the diagram of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium & label it

Cells and Tissues Module

Page 5

MD- AUCMS PROGRAM

ACTIVITY 3: SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM INSTRUCTION: Examine the slide of Intestine/Gall bladder/uterine tube OBSERVE absorptive surface. -absorption -secretion. FUNCTIONS: Tall column-like cells Oval nuclei towards the base. Often found in highly

Columnar Epithelium & label it.

Draw the diagram of Simple

Cells and Tissues Module

Page 6

MD- AUCMS PROGRAM

ACTIVITY4: SIMPLE CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM INSTRUCTION: Examine the slide of uterine tube OBSERVE epithelium. projection of plasma membrane. Beat wavelike manner FUNCTIONS: -Move accumulated mucous in the bronchi -In the uterine tube movements of cilia help in the passage of ova towards the uterus. Each cilium consists of Presence of cilia. On simple columnar

Ciliated Columnar Epithelium & label it.

Draw the diagram of Simple

Cells and Tissues Module

Page 7

MD- AUCMS PROGRAM

ACTIVITY 5: PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM INSTRUCTION: Examine the slide of Respiratory tract/Epididymis/Ductus deferens. OBSERVE -Appears as more than one layer but only a single layer is present with all cells resting on the basement membrane. -Cells are tall and short with nuclei located at different levels. - Absorption -Secretion. FUNCTIONS:

stratified Epithelium & label it.

Draw the diagram of Pseudo

Cells and Tissues Module

Page 8

MD- AUCMS PROGRAM

STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM INTRODUCTION TO STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM Formed by more than two layers of cells FEATURES: Mainly protective functions Poorly suited for function and secretions of absorption and secretions Classified based on the surface cells. Basal layer usually cuboidal. TYPES: Stratified Squamous Epithelium Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Transitional Epithelium STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM 2 types: 1.Keratinized, 2.

Non-Keratinized ACTIVITY 6: INSTRUCTION: Examine the slide of skin-Keratinized OBSERVE Transition from cuboidal basal to flattened . Divide continuously Dead keratinized cells at surface. FUNCTION: Protection-withstand physical abrasion and resist chemical injury Keratinized squamous epithelium & label the layers
Cells and Tissues Module Page 9

Draw the diagram of

MD- AUCMS PROGRAM

ACTIVITY 7: INSTRUCTION: Examine the slide of Oesophagus-Non Keratinized Squamous epithelium to flattened . surface layers Kept moist by glandular secretions FUNCTION: No Keratinisation on upper Divide continuously Living nucleated cell on the OBSERVE Transition from cuboidal basal

keratinized Squamous epithelium & label it.

Draw the diagram of Non-

Cells and Tissues Module

Page 10

MD- AUCMS PROGRAM

ACTIVITY 8: STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM INSTRUCTION: Examine the slide of salivary gland duct OBSERVE -multilayered cuboidal cells Locations: Ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and Salivary glands Functions: Protection

stratified Cuboidal Epithelium & label it

Draw the diagram of

Cells and Tissues Module

Page 11

MD- AUCMS PROGRAM

ACTIVITY 9: TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM INSTRUCTION: Examine the slide of Urinary Bladder Observe: Four to five cell layers thick. The basal cells are roughly cuboidal, the intermediate cells are polygonal and the surface cells (umbrella or dome cells U) are large and rounded and may contain two nuclei. In the stretched state, transitional epithelium often appears only two or three cells thick (although the actual number of layers remains constant) and the intermediate and surface layers are extremely flattened. Functions: Withstand toxicity of urine Allow great degree of distention.

Cells and Tissues Module

Page 12

MD- AUCMS PROGRAM

transitional epithelium & label it. Draw the diagram of

GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM 1. Definition of Gland: Some epithelial cells are specialized to perform a secretary function and present singly or in groups, constitute glands. Some glands are unicellular,eg: Goblet cells of intestine, and most glands are multicellular . Multicellular glands are 2 types (by presence of duct) 1.Exocrine :Duct present, pour their secretion on to epithelial surface. -Depending on type of secretion-Mucinous,Serous, and Sero-mucinous 2.Endocrine :Duct absent, pour their secretions into blood.
Cells and Tissues Module Page 13

2.

3.

MD- AUCMS PROGRAM

4. Depending on shape/architecture 1. simple tubular 2. simple alveolar 3.compound tubular 4. Compound alveolar 5. Compound tubulo-alveolar

ACTIVITY 10 : UNICELLULAR (MUCOUS) GLAND INSTRUCTION: Examine the slide of epithelial lining of colon OBSERVE big peculiar shape goblet cells with abundant pink cytoplasm located between the epithelial lining of colon FUNCTION Secrets mucous

cells between the epithelial lining of colon & label

Cells and Tissues Module

Draw the diagram of Goblet

Page 14

MD- AUCMS PROGRAM

ACTIVITY 11 : SWEAT GLAND { Coiled tubular (sero-mucous)glands} INSTRUCTION: Examine the slide of finger tip/scalp cuboidal epithelium FUNCTION Secrets sweat OBSERVE Ducts with two layers of

Cells and Tissues Module

Page 15

MD- AUCMS PROGRAM

gland & label it Draw the diagram of Sweat

ACTIVITY 12 : SEBACEOUS GLAND {Multicellular ( holocrine ) gland} INSTRUCTON: Examine the slide of scalp and identify the Sebaceous gland follicle cuboidal. other cells are enlarged
Cells and Tissues Module

OBSERVE Sebaceous gland near the hair At the basement, cells are

FUNCTION
Page 16

MD- AUCMS PROGRAM

Secrets sebum

Sebaceous gland & label it.

Draw the diagram of

ACTIVITY 13 : SUBLINGUAL GLAND { Mucous ( Multicellular-acinar ) gland } INSTRUCTION: Examine the slide of Sublingual gland Cells and Tissues Module

OBSERVE Pale stained cuboidal cells

Page 17

MD- AUCMS PROGRAM

FUNCTION Secrets mucinous saliva

Sublingual gland & label it.

Draw the diagram of

ACTIVITY 14 : PAROTID GLAND { Multicellular ( Serous ) gland } INSTRUCTION: Examine the slide of Parotid salivary gland
Cells and Tissues Module

OBSERVE
Page 18

MD- AUCMS PROGRAM

Darkly stained cuboidal cells FUNCTION Secrets serous saliva

gland & label it.

Draw the diagram of Parotid

ACTIVITY 15 : SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND { Multicellular ( Serous & Mucinous ) gland } INSTRUCTION: Examine the slide of Submandibular salivary gland

Cells and Tissues Module

Page 19

MD- AUCMS PROGRAM

mucinous acinar glands FUNCTION Secrets seromucinous saliva OBSERVE Serous demilunes Combination of serous and

Submandibular gland & label it.

Draw the diagram of

ACTIVITY 16 : THYROID GLAND

Cells and Tissues Module

Page 20

MD- AUCMS PROGRAM

{ Multicellular-Endocrine gland } INSTRUCTION: Examine the slide of Thyroid gland product FUNCTION Secrets Thyroid hormone OBSERVE Its follicles contain secretary

gland & label it.

Draw the diagram of thyroid

Cells and Tissues Module

Page 21

MD- AUCMS PROGRAM

ACTIVITY 17 : PANCREAS { Multicellular-Mixed ( Exocrine & Endocrine ) gland } INSTRUCTION: Examine the slide of pancreas of islets of Langerhan which are stained pale. hormones & endocrine hormones FUNCTION Secrets digestive exocrine OBSERVE Its endocrine part in the form

pancreas & label it.

Draw the diagram of

References:
Cells and Tissues Module Page 22

MD- AUCMS PROGRAM

1. Histology; atext book and colour atlas, 5 th edition. 2. with colour atlas, 5 th edition, Inderbir singh. Text book of human histology Wheaters Functional

Cells and Tissues Module

Page 23