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Linux:AComparativeStudy
OneofthemanyrowsofLinuxserversatGooglesserverfarm Presentedby: JoeCabrera TechnicalWritingN4 Spring2009
Linuxvs.Windows:Acomparativestudy For: Dr.JackieDomingue TechnicalWritingInstructor BlinnCollege Bryan,TX Presentedby: JoeCabrera TechnicalWritingN4 14April2009
27April2009 4302CollegeMainApt.377 Bryan,TX77801 Dr.JackieDomingue TechnicalWritingInstructor BlinnCollege 1234VillaMaria Bryan,TX77840 DearDr.Domingue: ThisismycomparativeofstudyofLinuxandWindowsonserver.Thegoalofthisproposalistopersuade thereadertouseLinuxonserversthattheyareadministrating.Itiswritteninsomewhattechnical languageyet,itismydesiretogreatlysimplifyandexplainthelanguagetonontechnicalreaders.This comparativeguidestrivestoexplainthedifferencestoanontechnicaluser.Inadditiontoprovidingan indepthoverviewofthemajorsystemdifference,thisguidealsodiscussesspecificinstanceswhenone operatingsystemwouldbemoreappropriateforcertaintasks. Thisguideisdirectedtoanysystemorwebsiteadministratorthatneedsastableandreliableoperating systemtorunontheirserver.IrecommendLinuxforanybusiness,governmental,oreducational institutionthatneedsaqualityserver.Itisimportanttohavesecureoperatingsystemforyourserver, sinceyourserverwillonlybeassecureastheoperatingsystemitisrunningon.AfterusingLinuxonmy homecomputerandworkserverIhavecometotheconclusionthatLinuxisthebestoperatingsystem tobeusedonserverplatformandevenonthedesktopcomputerofaverycomputersavvyenthusiast.I usedtheworkserverformanytasksincludingrunningaWebserverandMailserver.Ihavealsobeen highlyinvolvedintheTexasA&MLinuxandUnixGroup(TAMULUG).Alloftheseapplicationsstemfrom myinterestincomputersandelectronicsthatIhavehadfromanearlyage.WiththissaidIhaveuse haveusedWindowsandMACOSandcanevenvaguelyrememberusingDOSintheyearsbefore Windowsbecamequitepopular. Ihavecompletedthiscomparisonwiththeaidofseveralprintandelectronicresources.Ihavealso drawnonmypersonalexperienceandknowledgetofurtheradvocatemyposition.WhileIrealizeImay bespeakingtoanaudiencethatislargelycomfortablewithWindows,mygoalistohelpadministrators everywhereembracetheneedfortheLinuxoperatingsystem. Sincerely, JoeCabrera
InformationalAbstract Linuxvs.Windows:Acomparativestudy Thisproposalisdirectlytowardsbusiness,governmental,oreducationalinstitutionthatneeds toimplementaqualityserver.Whilethistopicincludeshighlytechnicallanguage,itisthegoalofthis reporttoconveythenecessarymaterialinaformthatiseasytounderstandforthemorenontechnical readers.Thereportcontainsaglossaryoftermsthatisdesignedtoexplainsometermsthattheaverage computeruserwouldmostlylikelynotbefamiliarwith.Severalgraphicsareincludedthroughoutthe studytoprovideinformationandaidthereaderinunderstandingsomeoftheharderconcepts. ThisreportexaminesWindowsandLinuxsidebysideonthefollowingcriteria:Cost,Security, Configurability,andUserfriendliness.Thisreportwillalsoexaminespecificinstanceswheneach operatingsystemmightbethemoresuitablechoiceforthetaskathand.Afterreadingthisproposal,I hopethatthereaderswillhavegainedamoreinformedknowledgeofthedifferencesbetweenboth operatingsystemsastheyrelatetoaserverplatform.
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TableofContents Page
TITLEPAGE.....i LETTEROFTRANSMITTAL..ii ABSTRACT..iii TABLEOFCONTENTS..iv LISTOFILLISTRATIONS...v GLOSSARY.1 INTRODUCTION.2 COST..3 SECURITY.4 CONFIGURABILITY.9 USERFRIENDLINESS11 CASESTUDIES.....12 CONCLUSION.13 BIBLOGRAPHY..14 APPENDIXA:ORGINALPROPOSAL18
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Figures
Figure1 Figure2 Figure3 Figure4 ServerMarketShare3 RemoteProcedureCall..8 Iptablesexampleforbasicfirewall.10 WindowsServer2008andLinuxServersidebyside.13
Glossary UNIXfirsttrulyportablecomputeroperatingsystemdesignedatAT&TBellLabsbyDennisRitcheand KenThompsonin1969.LinuxsharesmanysimilarcharacteristicswithUNIXandbotharenixsystems Serverinthestrictestsenseisacomputerthatacceptsrequestsfromclients.Inthecontextofthis documentaWebserveracceptsHTTPrequestsfromclients. Clanguagelowlevelmultipurposecomputerprogramminglanguagedevelopedin1972byDennis RitchewhilehewasworkingatAT&TBellLabs.ItwasoriginallyusedtodeveloptheUNIXoperating system. DoSDenialofServiceattack.Attackthatattemptstomakeacomputerresourceunavailabletousers withlegitimateaccess. GUIGraphicalUserInterface.Usedtodescribethegraphicalinterfacetheuserusestointeractwiththe computer.Itusuallyoffersiconsandvisualitemsareopposedtoatextbasedinterfacewhichusually onlyhandlesandreturnstextinput. RPCRemoteProcedureCall.Thiscallallowsacomputerprogramtoruninanotheraddressspace, commonlyanothercomputeronthesamenetwork.Thisallowsprogramstoberemotelyexecuted withouttheprogrammerspecificallystatingwhowillcallit. SQLStructuredQueryLanguage.Itisadatabasecomputerlanguagethataidsintherevivaland managementofdatastoredinlargedatabases.Itwasfirstdevelopedinthe1970sbyAndrew RichardsonofIBM. MySQLAnopensourceDatabaseManagementSystemthatiswritteninCandiscrossplatform.Itis usedbymanyasafreeandopensourcealternativetoSQL IPaddressInternetProtocoladdress.Logicaladdressusedbycomputerandothersimilardevicesfor identificationonacomputernetwork.ThecurrentandmostwidelyusedInternetProtocolVersion4 (IPv4)uses32bitnumbers. PortInthecaseofcomputernetwork,aportisprogramspecificsoftwaredevicethatallowsthe programtoreceiveandsendnetworkcommunicationsatonecentralpoint.Mostapplicationsor serviceshaveaspecificportthattheywilllistenandtransmiton. Protocolastandardsetofrulesusedfordatatransmission,errordetecting,andsignalingonaspecific communicationchannel. ActiveDirectorydatabasesystemcreatedforWindowstoprovideseveralnetworkservicesincluding LDAPservices,Kerberosbasedauthentication,andtheDNSnamingsystem DomainControllerOnaWindowsbasedserversystem,itisaserverthatrespondstosecurity authenticationrequestincludingthoseusedbytheLDAPdatabase.
Introduction
LinuxandWindowsaretwooperatingsystemsthatareconstantlycompetingfromcontrolof thecomputermarket.Bothoperatingsystemshaveshownconsiderablegrowthintheserverworld. MicrosoftreleaseditsfirstserverOSin1993underthenameWindowsNT,justaboutthetimethatthe LinuxOSbegansurfacingontheinternet.SincethenWindowsserversandLinuxserversbegangrowing byleapsandbounds.ManyserversthatwererunbyUNIXbeganconvertingtoLinux,atrendthatwould continueintotheearlytwentyfirstcentury.WindowsNTusebegangrowinglargelyduetothefactthat NTintroducedthefirst32bitimplementationoftheWindowsAPI.AnAPIincludestheprotocol, routines,andlibrariesneededforapplicationbuilding.By2000,WindowsandLinuxeachcontrolled roughlyhalfoftheoverallservermarket.TheLinuxsidecontainedsuchasNetWare,BSD,andDebian basedLinux.Howeverby2008,Windowscontrolled38.8percentoftheoverallservermarketshare comparedtoLinuxs12.7percent.Howeverthisdataisbasedontotalrevenueofbothserversandmost Linuxserversoftwaredistributionsarefreeandsalesarerarelydocumented.Asof2009,fiveofthetop tenmostreliableserversranLinux,threeranFreeBSD,andonlytworanWindows.Someexamples includeGoogle,Yahoo,YouTube,andFacebookandkeygovernmentalagenciessuchastheUSArmy. Linuxisbyfarthechoiceofoperatingsystemformanymajorwebsites.OneofthefewmajorwebsiteI couldfindthatranWindowswasbynosurprisewindows.com.InmanypeoplesmindsLinuxistheonly opinionforqualitywebservers,butforothersnothingiseasierthanthepointandclickallureof Windows.Eversince1993,LinuxandWindowshavebothattemptedtogaincontroloftheserver market.Therearemanyadvantagesanddisadvantagestobothoperatingsystemsintheserverworld.
ServerMarketShare
Other 17% Linux 13% UNIX 33% Windows 37%
Figure.1PieChart
Cost
ThenewestversionofWindowsserversoftware,WindowsServer2008Standard,retailsinthe
whichallowsforthefreedistributionoftheLinuxsourcecode.Anyonecanmodifythecodetosuittheir specificneedsaslongasthecodeisneversoldforaprice.Howeveritisalsoimportanttonotethat manycompaniesprovidesubscriptionbasedsupportforLinuxatanominalfee.RedHat,ofthemany companiesthatprovideLinuxsupport,offersRedHatEnterpriseLinuxwithabasicsupportsubscription for$349whichincludesWebsupport,2businessdayresponse,andunlimitedincidents.Thehiddencost inLinuxliesinitssupportandmaintenance.InanAnalystreportbyHewittConsulting,itisstatedthat Overtime,itisgenerallyagreedthatLinuxtalentsupplywillincreaseandduetothisnotonlywill Linuxtalenthiringbechallenging,butLinuxcostswillrise.Itisnosurprisetonotethatthisreportwas commissionedbyWindowsandisprominentlydisplayedontheirsitecomparingLinuxserversto Windowsservers.WindowsalsoemphasizesthatWindowsServerreducestheTotalCostofOwnership (TOC).HoweveronceaLinuxserverisproperlyinstalledandtailoredtoyourneeds,itissignificantly morecostefficienttomaintaininthelongrun.ThechieftechnologyarchitectatMerrillLynch&Co.is quotedinComputerWorldforstatingthatthecostofrunningLinuxistypicallyatenthofthecostof UnixandMicrosoftalternatives(Greene).TheheadtechnicianatoilcompanyAmeradaHessmanages 400Linuxserversbyhimself.
Security
WindowsserversarebasedofftheWindowskernelandarethussusceptibletomanyofthe
samesecuritythreatsasanynormalWindowsoperatingsystem.Tounderstandthisitisimportantto
userstandsomeofthehistoryofWindows.Windowswasoriginallydesignedtobeasingleuser operatingsystemandwhenitwasfirstreleasedhadnonetworkingcapabilities.Priortothereleaseof WindowsNT,Windowsonlyofferedonecategoryofusersthatcoulddoanything.PriortoWindows Vista,thefirstuseraccountcreatedduringtheWindowssetupprocessisautomaticallyamemberofthe administratorgroup.Mostusersneverchangedtoanaccountwithfewerrights,thusgivingmalicious programsfullaccesstothesystem.ItwasnotuntilWindowsVistathatMicrosoftfinallyaddressesthis issueandcreatedUserAccessControl(UAC).InVistaallloggedinsessionsincludingadministratorusers runwithstandarduserprivilegesandactionsthatrequireadministratorstatustooperatemustuseUAC. UACpickedupontheprincipleofleastuseraccessthatUNIXhasusedsinceitwasfirstcreated.The principleofleastuseraccessallowseverymodule(user,process,orprogram)toonlyaccessresources thatarenecessaryforitslegitimatepurposes.UACassignstokenstoeachuserthatlogson,butonly assignsadministratorstokenstomembersoftheAdministratorgroup.Inthesecondhalfof2005alone therewere11,000malwareprogramsdiscoveredforWindows.Windowshasalsobecomesusceptible tobotnets.Botnetsareanetworkofinfectedcomputersthatarecontrolledbymaliciouspersonsand havecommonlybeenusedtostagemassiveDoSattacks.MicrosoftclaimsthatitsWindowsServer2008, justlikedidwithWindowsServer2003,issecurebydesign.WindowsServer2008includedmany featuresforhardeningallofitsservicesincludingtheuseofActiveDirectorytoauthenticateusers. WindowssclosedsourceapproachonlyallowsMicrosoftemployedprogrammerstofixbugs.Microsoft continuestoclaimthatclosedsourceoffersafasterandmoreeffectiveresponsetosecurityissuesor bugs.Howevermajorfixesandpatchesareonlyreleasedonceamonthafterextensiveprogramming andtesting.Itiscommonforspecificbugsandsecurityissuestogounpatchedforseveralmonths. TherearemanyflawsintheMicrosoftdesignthatmakeitmorevulnerabletosecurityattacks. ManypeoplefalselybelievethatWindowsistheprimarytargetofsecurityproblemsandvirusessimply becauseithasthelargestmarketshare.HoweverthisreasoningisstronglydefeatedwhenAccordingto
theSeptember2004Netcraftwebsitesurveys,68%ofallwebsitesruntheApachewebserver.Only 21%ofwebsitesrunMicrosoftIIS. UsingthislogiconewouldconcludedthatApachewebserveris moresusceptibletoattack,howeverthisisnotthecase.ThemassiveCodeRedWormthatwasreleased in2001targetedMicrosoftsIISwebserveranddefacedmanyserversworldwide.WhilebothIISand Apacheareequallyvulnerabletoattack,itisimportanttounderstandthatyourwebserverisonlyas secureastheplatformthatisrunning.IfanattackercangainadministrativeprivilegesonanOS,itis relativityeasytotakecontrolofthewebserveritisrunning.WithWindowssmanyunderlyingsecurity flawsitisthusplaintoseewhyIISwebserversareusuallycompromisedwithgreatersuccess. TheLinuxmodelforsecuritytracesitsrootsbackdirectlytoUNIX,whichwasthefirstmulti taskingandplatformportablecomputeroperatingsystem.Hereitisimportanttounderstandthe historyoftheUNIXoperatingsystemtofullyseethereasonwhyUNIXandthereforeLinuxarevery secure.WhenUNIXwascreatedcomputerswereonlyavailableinlargeinstitutionssuchasuniversities andkeygovernmentresearchfacilities.Itwastooexpensivetomaintainapersonalcomputerandmany oftheearlycomputerstookupentireroomsandcontainedasmuchprocessingpowerasourmodern daycalculators.Mostcomputersduringthisagecontainedvacuumtubesanddatawasstoredonpunch cards.ThusKenThompsonandDennisRitch,creatorsofUNIXandtheClanguage,developedtheideaof timesharinganduseditfortheirfirstoperatingsystem,UNIX.UNIXwascreatedtoharnessthenew foundcomputationalpowersoftheworldfirstcomputersanddivideitsprocessingpowerequally betweenusers.Withthedevelopmentofthemodemitalsoalloweduserstoforthefirsttimeinhistory toremoteconnecttocomputersandaccesstheseresourcesfromahometerminal.UNIXfromthe beginningseparatedadministratorprivilegesfromthoseofthenormaluser,somethingthatWindows didnotimplementuntiltheyrealizedthatpeoplewouldactuallybeusingtheiroperatingsystemfor morethanoneuser.TheUNIXoperatingsystemalsoutilizedthefirstencryptionmethodstobeusedon computersanddevelopedasystemthatallowedcomputerstosecurecommunicatewitheach.Sincethe
firstcomputersnetworkslinkedtheselargecomputerstogether,itwasnecessarytoensuresecurity acrossthenetworkandensurethatdatapacketsgottotheirintendeddestinations.TheLinuxoperating systemhasinheritedallofitssecuritymeasuresanddesignfromUNIXandhaseveninmanycases addedtoit. TheUNIXoperatingsystemdividescontrolbetweennormalusersandaonesuperuser,known asroot.Allusersbydefaultwhentheyloginontothesystembeginasnormalusersandthencan becomethesuperuseriftheyknowthecorrectpassword.Thispreventsanoviceuserfromaccidently makingasystemwidechangethatcouldbringthesystemtoagrindinghalt.Italsoprotectsanormal userfrommakinganydestructivechangestothesystemthatcouldjeopardizetheusebyotheruserson thesystem.IntheUNIXsystem,everyfileandprocessbelongstoaspecificuserandaspecificgroup. Everyfilehasspecificpermissionsfortheowner,group,andothersthatincluderead,write,andexecute access.Therootusercanexecuteanyfilewithexecutepermissionandread,write,andmodifyanyfile onthefilesystem.Thismodelensuresthatonlythecorrectpeoplehaveaccesstofilesandcommands. Sincemajorsystemchangescanonlybeaccomplishedassuperuser,itmakesitveryhardforanyoneto causedestructiontoasystemwithoutsufficientprivileges.Whileitisstillpossibleforanattackerto exploitakernelsecurityhole,withthousandsofpeopleworldwidecontributingtothecodeitispossible tofixasecurityholeinamatterofusuallyhours.Ontheotherhand,itmighttakeseveralmonthstofix asecurityholeinWindows.WiththecaseoftheCodeRedwormthatattackedIIS,Microsoftreleaseda fixtopatchthehole,butmanyserveroperatorswereslowtopatchthesystemandthusthenextwave, CodeRedIIwasalsoverysuccessfully.Microsoftsownserverswerenotimmediatelyupdatedandthus Microsoftonceagainfelltothenextroundoftheattack.Thusrepresentsacasewerethesystem administratorsdidnotactquicklytopatchthesystemwhenholeswereknowntoexistandfixeven existed.
ThemodulardesignoftheUNIXoperatingsystemmakesitgreatlymorestablethanWindows. UNIXisatextbasedsystemthatdoesnotrequireanadditionalGUItofunctionandthuswillnotfailif yourcomputerhasabadgraphicsdriver.EventhoughmanyLinuxdistributionsincludedaGUI,Linux canalwaysdropdownatextbasedsystemiftheGUIfailsforsomereason.WhileWindowsrequires rebootsaftersystem,driver,andsometimesoccasionalprogramupdates,Linuxonlyneedstobe restartedforkernelupdates.Usingaspecialsystemutilityitisevenpossibletoloadanewkerneland executeitwithoutahardwarereset.Linuxreliesonnospecificwebbrowseroremailprogramandthus aflawinaparticularwebbrowserwillnotcausedamagetotheentiresystem.Whilethekernelsupports manymodulardrivers,thekernelforthemostpartismonolithicwhereservicesaretiedcloselytogether (Petreley).However,LinuxrunsundertheviewthatWheneverataskcanbedoneoutsidethekernel,it mustbedoneoutsidethekernel(Petreley).ThisisinstronglycontrasttoWindowsthatforcesgraphic driverstoruninthekernelandthusonebadgraphicdrivercanbringWindowstoascreechinghalt. LinuxalsodoesnotrelyontheRPCmodel,whichcommandsanotherprogramtodosomething thatcanberunfromaremotemachine(Petreley).OnaLinuxsystemitispossibletodisableallRPC relatedservicesandstillmaintainsystemfunctionality.MySQLforexampleisbydefaultsetuptonot listentothenetwork,whereasSQLalwayslisten.MostLinuxapplicationsskirtaroundthisneedforRPCs byrespondingtoLinuxsbuiltinloopbackmethodthatallowsapplicationstoonlyrespondtothelocal machine.
Client Process
Client Subroutine
apparent flow
Server Process
Server Subroutine
RCPRuntime Library
Configurability
Windowssystemsarelimitedbytheneedtohaveagraphicfacetoproperlymaintainand
configuretheserver.Insteadofbeingabletoeasilyaddnewsecurityfeaturesandelements,Windows monolithicdesignmakesitdifficulttosuccessfullyaddanewsecuritymoduletotheexistingsystem withouthavingtodoamajorsystemoverhaul.Allthesecurityfeaturesthatcomewiththereleaseofa particularWindowsServersoftwarereleasearetheonlyfeaturesthatwillbeavailabletothesystem administrator.Ittermsofuserauthentication,WindowshasActivedirectoryanditisusedtoforceusers andclienttoprovetheiridentitytotheserver.WhileLinuxbasedauthenticationallowsfor authenticationfromWindowsbasedclients,ActiveDirectoryontheotherhandwillonlyauthenticate Windowsbasedclients.CustompacketfilteringisnotsomethingthatisnativetoWindowsandthusa WindowsserverthatwantstoimplementcustompacketfilteringmayneedtoturntoanIPSec implementationtoservetheirneeds.WindowsServer2003featuredaverybasicpacketfilterthat wouldonlyblockspecificincomingpacketsbasedonsourceIPaddressanddestinationport.Windows Server2008expandedthistofilterbothincomingandoutboundpacketsbasedonprotocol,sourceIP address,destinationIPaddress,sourceport,anddestinationport.HoweverwhileWindowsServer2008 didfinallyintroducethisfeature,itisimportantthatpacketfilteringnotsomethingthatisnativeoreven consistentinWindows. Linuxisdesignedtobetailoredtothespecificneedsoftheuser.SinceLinuxisopensource
softwareanyonecandownloadit,customizeitandthenrecompileittofittheirspecificneeds.Also sinceLinuxisnotlimitedbytherelianceonagraphicalinterface,theuserscanusuallyhighlycustomize 9
programstodoexactlywhattheyneedthemtodoandiftheywantmorecontrol,theycanevendelve intoshellscriptingtoautomateandfurthercustomizespecifictasks.DuetoLinuxsmodulardesignit doesnotalwayshavetorelyonspecificproprietarysoftwaretoaccomplishtasks.TheSambaproject hasintroducedawayforLinuxserverstoauthenticatewindowsmachinesandhasevendevelopeda waytoemulateActiveDirectoryonaLinuxmachine.ThismakesitpossibleforaLinuxservertobe deployedonanetworkthatservesbothLinuxandWindowsmachines.Ratherthanuseafirewall program,theNetfilterprogramdevelopedforLinuxallowsyoutosetupindividualsrulechainsthatcan controlthefilteringofincoming,outbound,andforwardingpackets.Thesechainrulescanfilterpackets basedonprotocol,sourceaddress,sourceport,destinationport,interface,state,typeofservice(TOS), andevenuseronoutboundpackets(Hunt,264).SincemanyLinuxmachinesserveascommon gateways,firewalls,andaccesspointsinisimperativethatNetfilterallowuserstoconfigurerulesfor forwardingpackets. ChainINPUT(policyACCEPT) Packets Bytes Target 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Protocol Opt In lo Out Source any Destination State Established,Related TCPdport:ssh TCPdport:www
Accept All Accept All Accept TCP Accept TCP Drop All
anywhere anywhere anywhere anywhere anywhere anywhere anywhere anywhere anywhere anywhere
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Userfriendliness
WhenitcomestouserfriendlinessnootheroperatingsystemcomescloserthanWindows.With
itseasypointandclickatmosphereandbeautifulGUIwhatmorecouldyouaskfor.WhileWindows ServerisnotassecureasLinuxrightoutofthebox,itisdefinitelyeasiertosetupandinstalloutofthe box.Itispossibletosetup,install,andconfigureWindowsServer2008withinafewhours.Mostofthe functionalityofWindowsServercanbediscoveredbysimplepointandclicktrialanderrorandthe WindowshelpincludedinWindowsServerdoesagoodjobofansweringmosttrivialquestionsthatthe newserveradministratorwouldhave.EveryavailablecustomizableoptioninWindowsServerisrightat yourfingertips.WhileWindowsserverisveryuserfriendlyitalsomeansthatpracticallyandpersonwith averagecomputerscouldsetupaWindowsserverandthustheytendtobelesssecure,lessmaintained, andofferfewerservicesincomparisontoLinuxservers.Ontheotherifyouwantaserverthatyouwill nothavetohireacomputerprofessionaltomanageorbuyamanualtolearnLinuxthanWindows Servermightbeyourbestbet. Linuxontheotherhandmightseemabitmoredauntingtoaveragecomputeruserand
CaseStudies
InadditiontounderstandingthebasicdifferencesbetweenLinuxandWindows,itisalso
importanttounderstandwhenitmightbemoreappropriatetouseLinuxorWindowsonaserver.One ofthegreatprojectsdevelopedforLinuxistheSambaprojectwhichmakesitpossibleforLinuxservers totalktowindowscomputers.ItisevenpossibletouseaLinuxservertomanagetheWindows machinesonyournetwork,asadomaincontroller.Oneoftheproblemsatmostpeoplerunintowhen usingLinuxtocontrolaWindowsiswhenitcomestousingActiveDirectory.Whileitispossibletoskirt aroundsomeoftheservicesthatActiveDirectoryprovides,whenyouneedtoauthenticateoneway trustswithclientsonthenetwork,WindowsServeristhemostappropriatechoice.However,currently thebetaversionofSamba4includesanActiveDirectorycompatibleserver.Anyproprietarysoftware thatexclusivelyusesWindowsServerwouldalsobeasituationwhenWindowsServerneedstobeused. Linuxserversareusefullyforprettymuchanyotherserverapplicationthatyoucanthinkof.
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privatenetworkfromthepublicInternet.Ifyouneedtomanagealargedatabase,MySQListheperfect choiceforthisoperation.ThesearejustasamplingofthemanyusesforLinuxintheserverrealm.
Conclusion
LinuxandWindowswillbothcontinuetocompletefromcontroloftheservermarket.After
Figure.4
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Bibliography
Arora,Pooja."MSWindowsTalentEdge."WindowsServerCompare.Apr2008.HewittAssociates.11 Mar2009<http://download.microsoft.com/download/e/d/d/edd40b8478894b7f9eee d9d690751db2/MS%20Windows%20Talent%20Edge.pdf>. Greene,Jay."PeckedbyPenguins."BusinessWeek3Mar2003:12.11Mar2009 <http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/03_09/b3822610_tc102.htm>. Hunt,Craig.LinuxNetworkServers.Alameda,CA:Sybex,1999. Hunt,Craig.LinuxSecurity.Alameda,CA:Sybex,2001. Mearian,Lucas."WallSt.LeansTowardLinux."ComputerWorld21Oct2002:12.11Mar2009 <http://www.computerworld.com/softwaretopics/os/linux/story/0,10801,75271,00.html>. Petreley,Nicholas."SecurityReport:WindowsvsLinux."TheRegister22Oct2004:124.11Mar2009 <http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/10/22/security_report_windows_vs_linux/>.
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