PAPR ANALYSIS OF M-QAM OFDM SYSTEM

A dissertation submitted to Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, WARANGAL (A.P)

In the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
in (Advanced Communication Systems) by

B.VISHWANATH (104204)
Under the guidance of

Sri. P. Hari Krishna Prasad Associate Professor

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, WARANGAL (DEEMED UNIVERSITY) ANDHRA PRADESH-506021

2012

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY WARANGAL 506 004(A.P)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this is the bonafide record of the project work PAPR ANALYSIS OF M-QAM OFDM SYSTEM carried out by B.VISHWANATH (104204) of final year M. Tech. (Advanced Communication Systems) during the academic year 2011-12 in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Technology.

Project Guide Sri. P. Hari Krishna Prasad Associate Professor Department of ECE, National Institute of Technology Warangal

Head of Department Dr. B.Lakshmi Associate Professor Department of ECE, National Institute of Technology Warangal

Acknowledgements
I would like to express my deepest gratitude and sincere thanks to P. Hari Krishna Prasad Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and

Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, for his generous time, innovative ideas, thought provoking insights and invaluable encouragement that aided the work in immeasurable ways. His continuous involvement in the progress of the project was of great help. Without his encouragement and guidance this project would not have come this far. I am highly grateful to Smt. Dr. B. Lakshmi, Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal. I express my thanks to all the faculty members of ECE Department for their encouragement and suggestions given to me during the project. I thank all my classmates for their constant help and suggestions during this project. I also thank my family members for supporting me.

(B.VISHWANATH)

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ABSTRACT
Multimedia communications over radio channel requires wireless transmission system to offer high bandwidth efficiency. One of the best modulation techniques will definitely be Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) that meets such requirements with reasonable complexity [3]. The primary reasons OFDM is preferred in most high bandwidth efficiency transmission systems are because it effectively resist Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and is robust towards multipath fading. Conventional modulation methods suffer from multipath in both the

frequency domain and the time domain. In the frequency domain, multipath causes groups of frequencies to be attenuated and shifted in phase relative to each other which severely distorts the symbol. In the time domain, multipath basically smears adjacent symbols into each other. Many typical systems overcome these problems with expensive adaptive filters. OFDM, on the hand, uses groups of narrowband signals to carry the stream of data in order to counter this problem and employs a guard interval between symbols to prevent the ISI from causing errors to the data. This is because the guard interval does not carry any important information and it is just some cyclic redundancy bits that serve to let the ISI occur at the period of the guard interval. In that way the receiver can just discard the stream of bits that overlap with each other as it will not cause any error to the information bits. This thesis work overviews some of the previously reported Peak-to-Average Power Ratio reduction techniques. Extensive simulation study and comparisons are carried out to justify their applications. The thesis proposes an efficient dht transform for compensating PAPR which in turn improves the performance of the OFDM system. Some of the performance measures like Complementary Commutative Distribution Function of PAPR, are analyzed through simulation study to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed scheme.
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CONTENTS
List of Figures List of Tables
viii x

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Motivation for Work 1.3 Problem Statement

1 1 2 4

Chapter 2:LIRERATURE SURVEY 2.1 Literature Survey

5 5

Chapter 3: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Evolution of OFDM 3.2.1 Multiplexing (FDM) 3.2.2 Single carrier Communication 3.2.3 Multicarrier Communication (MC). 3.2.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 3.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Technology 3.3.1 OFDM Modulation & Demodulation 7 7 7 8 8 9 17 18
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3.3.2 OFDM Modulation as IFFT 3.3.3 Guard Time and Cyclic Extension 3.3.4 Block Diagram of an OFDM system 3.4 Advantages of OFDM 3.4.1 Multipath Delay Spread Tolerance 3.4.2 Immunity to Frequency Selective Fading Channel 3.4.3 High Spectral Efficiency 3.4.4 Efficient Modulation and Demodulation 3.4.5 Robust to Impulse Noise 3.5 Applications of OFDM 3.6 Major Limitations of OFDM 3.7 The model of OFDM System

21 25 25 27 27 27 27 28 28 29 29 32

Chapter 4 REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF PAPR REDUCTION TECHNIQUES 4.1 Introduction 4.2 PAPR in OFDM System 4.2.1 Distribution of PAPR 4.2.2 Effect of PAPR 4.3 PAPR Reduction Techniques 4.3.1 Clipping & Filtering Technique 4.3.2 Partial Transmit Sequence Technique 4.3.3 Precoding based techniques 4.3.4 Walsh-Hadamard Transform (WHT) 4.3.5 Discrete Hartley Transform (DHT) 4.3.6 Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) 4.4 PAPR Calculation for OFDM Signal 4.5 Comparison of the PAPR Reduction Techniques

34 34 35 36 36 36 37 37 38 38 38 39 44

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Chapter 5 SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Chapter 6 CONCLUSION AND FURTHER WORK

45 51

6.1Conclusion 6.2 Future Work

51 51

REFERENCES

52

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1:Multicarrier system Figure 3.2: spacing in between two sub carriers Figure 3.3: b) Time domain view c) Frequency domain view Figure 3.4: IFFT in a transmitter 8 9 10 12

Figure 3.5: Time domain signal comes out as a spectrum out of a FFT/IFFT 12. Figure 3.6: : Frequency domain signal comes out as a time domain in IFFT. 13 Figure 3.7: Both FFT/IFFT returns back the input Figure 3.8: Both FFT/IFFT returns back the original signal Figure 3.9: Frequency domain signal comes out as a time domain in IFFT. Figure 3.10: IDFT to generate OFDM signal Figure 3.11: -OFDM transmission of sub-carriers Fig 3.12 -OFDM Modulation Fig. 3.13 Sub-carriers in the OFDM spectrum Fig 3.14 -OFDM Demodulation Fig. 3.15 - Guard Period Insertion in OFDM Fig 3.16 OFDM System Block Diagram Fig. 3.17 - Spectrum Efficiency of OFDM Compared to FDM Fig 3.18 OFDM model 13 13 13 14 16 18 20 21 25 26 28 32 35
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Fig 4.1 Cumulative Distribution Function of PAPR

Fig 4.2 Model for a Precoded OFDM System and PAPR Figure 5.1: No of data points generated 512 Figure 5.2: Scatter plot of 16 QAM Fig5.3:Scatter plot of a 32 QAM Fig5.4: Scatter plot of a 128 QAM Figure 5.5: OFDM signal generated Figure 5.6: OFDM signal and its corresponding PAPR Figure 5.7: OFDM signal and its PAPR Figure 5.8: PAPR plot of the OFDM signal Fig 5.9:Ccdf plot comparing the transforms

39 45 45 46 46 47 48 48 49 49

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LIST OF TABLES
Tabe 4.1: Comparison of the PAPR Reduction Techniques Tabe 5.1: Comparison of the PAPR(db) values for M-Qam 44 50

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