Base 10, base 16, base 2 Base 16 is IPv6 Base 2 is IPv6 /26 is 32 /27 is 8 There are groups in 8 binary

(0-255) 255.255.2555.0 Subnet 192.168.1.25 # ALU multiplies subnet by the # All 0s =digital lter Mask * #=Network 1st # in any group is network # last number is the broadcast Class A 1-126 /8 Class B 128-191 /16 Class C 192-223/24 (256 addresses) Class D 224-239 Multicast Class E 240-255 exp 127 is a loop 169.254.x.x= DHCP is ofine, and ip was attained automatically. Loopback is 127.0.0..1-127.255.255.254 Untrackable IPs are 10.x.x.x or 172.(16-31).x.x Broadcast 255.255.255.255 Test route 192.0.2.0/24 Default route 0.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 192.168.1.21-200 DHCP pool is for workstations and voip 192.168.1.0-20 is for devices Layer 3 header has the destination IP Interface card cannot have a network number ip /26 /27 /25 /27 /23=512-2 255.255.254.0 /24=256-2 255.255.255.0

/25=128-2 255.255.255.128 /26=64-2 255.255.255.192 /27=32-2 255.255.255.224 /28=16-2 255.255.255.240 /29=8-2 255.255.255.248 /30=4-2 255.255.255.252 IPv4 has three common communication addressing: Unicast- Sending packet from one host to another host (Most common) Broadcast- Sending a packet from host to all in a network Multicast- Sending packet from host to a select group of hosts Broadcast: Layer 4 sending packet from host to all hosts Broadcast address- special address that allows communication, allows all receiving hosts to accept a packet (used by broadcast and multicast) Used for : Mapping upper-layer addresses to lower-layer addresses, requesting an address, exchanging routing info by routing protocols Not forwarded by a router (usually) Two types of Broadcasts: Directed broadcast, limited broadcast Directed Broadcast: Sent to all hosts on a network Used for sending broadcasts to all hosts on a nonlocal network Uses IPv4 destination with the highest address in a network Can be congured to be forwarded by a router Limited Broadcast: Limited to all hosts on the local network Can not be congured to be forwarded by a router A IPv4 network is better known as a broadcast domain Routers: Form boundary for a broadcast domain Multicast: Designed to conserve the bandwidth of a IPv4 Network Reduces trafc (allows a host to send a single packet to a certain set of hosts) Multicast groups: Hosts that want to receive multicast data are clients. When subscribed to the client joins a multicast group Represented by a single multicast address, but packets are also addressed to a unicast address for the client Multicast Used For: Video and audio broadcasts, routing (exchanging) information by some routing protocols, Distribution of software, News feeds

Multicast IPv4: Range:

Start Possible 224.0.0.0 End 239.255.255.255 Packets sent to these addresses are always transmitted with a Time To Live value of 1 Extra info

Reserved (for link-local addresses) 224.0.0.0

224.0.0.255

Multicast addresses are subdivided into: Reserved link-local addresses, globally scoped
addresses, and administratively scoped addresses (limited-scope addresses) See http://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc919.pdf for more info