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Mark Fowler
Discussion #6
Fourier Transform Examples
FT Examples
Example: Find FT of x(t) given below:
x(t )
A
2 -2
A
Solution: Note:
Ap2 (t ) A
So : x (t ) = Ap2 (t + 1) Ap2 (t 1)
F{p2 (t 1)} = P2 ( )e j
So... X ( ) = AP2 ( ) e
e e j e j = AP2 ( )2 j 2j
X ( ) = A4 j sin( )sinc
B x(t )
t
2
Solution #1
2
B 2
1 p2 (t ) 1
t
Note: x (t ) = ( p2 (t ) p2 (t ) )
Verify it!!
1
B 2 X ( ) = P2 ( ) 2 2 = 2sinc P2 ( ) = 2sinc 2
2
From Table:
So... X ( ) = 2 Bsinc
Solution #2
dx(t ) dt B
B 2 B 2
dx 2 (t ) B dt
2 2 B
F{ (t )}
1 j 2 1 j 2 = B(cos(2 ) 1) = 2 B sin 2 ( ) = B e 1+ e 2 2
Euler! cos(2)
d 2 x (t ) 1 d 2 x (t ) 2 F = ( j2) X ( ) X ( ) = 2 F 13 dt dt = 2 X ( ) = 1
[ 2 B sin ( )]
2 2
2 sin sin( ) = 2B = 2B
2
Semi-real-world example -We want to wirelessly send binary data -Suppose FCC has allocated the band centered at 50MHz with bandwidth of 20kHz
= fo
1 = 2f1 2 = 2f 2
SupposeFCC Rule: No more than 2% of energy outside band -Suppose you wish to use a positive, rect. pulse to send a 1 and a negative, rect. pulse to send a 0
x(t ) A
A
Clearly, the smaller you make T the faster you can send data: Q: How fast can you send data while adhering to FCC Rule?
T = Data Rate
x (t ) = An pT (t nT ) cos(ot )
n =0
An = A for 1 on 0
Pt ( + o ) + Pt ( o ) jnT X ( ) = An e 2 n =0
N
Modulation prop. To get a rough ideal of the answer: Look at energy of one pulse pT (t ) cos(ot )
Delay prop.
We seek to ensure no more than 2% of energy of pt (t ) cos(ot ) itself lies outside the band. (In EECE 377/477) youll learn more precise ways to do this) Total energy of pulse: E =
T /2
T / 2
let
x = o t t = T A
2 2
t=
dt =
dx
x=
2
oT
2
2
oT
oT
2 A2 1 oT 1 oT E= 4 sin 2 + 2 2 o
Okayset that result aside. Look at FT of one pulse (Note: since delay does not affect the magnitude of the FT it does not affect energy)
P ( + o ) + PT ( o ) P( ) = F{ApT (t ) cos(ot )} = A T 2
P ( + o ) + PT ( o ) P( ) F{ApT (t ) cos(ot )} = A T 2
PT ( + o ) 2 PT ( o ) 2
o
2 Band 1
2
o
1
Band
Now:
Eband =
+1
P( ) d +
2
P ( ) d
2
Parseval!!
But by even symmetry of magnitude of FT these two terms are the same!
EBand = 2 2 A2 4
1
2
P( ) d
2 2
2
1
[P
( + o ) + PT ( o ) d
over [1 , 2 ]
let = 1 0 d = d
2 0 = 1 0 =
PT ( )d
2 2
T T sinc 2 d
2
Now
EBand
Nasty Integral!! Note: We want Eband/E = 0.98 A2 in top and bottom cancels! Ignore A (A = 1)
1. Compute E =
3. Plot
1 .98
Smallest T value you can use! Sets max rate at which you can send bits
Tmin