PROBLEM 8.

122
KNOWN: Dry air with prescribed velocity and temperature flowing over a thin-walled tube with a water-saturated fibrous coating. Water passes at a prescribed rate through the tube to maintain an approximately uniform surface temperature Ts = 27C. FIND: (a) Heat rate from the external surface of the tube considering heat and mass transfer processes & and (b) For a flow rate of m = 0.025 kg/s, the inlet temperature, Tm,i, of the water that must be supplied to the tube. SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Heat-mass analogy applicable, and (4) Water in tube flow is incompressible with negligible viscous dissipation. PROPERTIES: Table A.4, Air ( Tf = (Ts + T )/2 = 304 K): = 1.148 kg/m3, cp = 1007 J/kgK, = 16.29 10-6 m2/s, k = 0.0266 W/mK, = 23.09 10-6 m2/s, Pr = 0.706; Table A.6, Water (Ts = 300 K): A,s = 1/vg = 0.02556 kg/m3, hfg = 2438 kJ/kg, = 855 10-6 Ns/m2; Table A.6, Water ( Tm = 305 K): = 995 kg/m3, cp = 4178 J/kgK, = 769 10-6 Ns/m2, k = 0.620 W/mK, Pr = 5.20; Table A.8, Water vapor-air (Ts = 300 K): DAB = 0.26 10-4 m2/s. ANALYSIS: (a) On the Schematic above, the surface energy balance yields

q out = q conv + q evap

and substituting the rate equations,

(1)

q conv = h o As ( Ts T )

q evap = n A h fg = h m As A,s A, h fg

(2,3)

where h o can be estimated from an appropriate correlation and h m from the heat-mass analogy using h o .
Estimation of the heat transfer coefficient, h o : The Reynolds number, evaluated with properties at Tf = (Ts + T )/2 = 304 K, is

ReDo =

VD

10 m s 0.020 m

1.629 105 m 2 s

= 12, 277

(4)

Using the Churchill-Bernstein correlation, Eq. 7.54, for cross flow over a cylinder, find h o 4/5 1/ 0.62 Re1/ 2 Pro 3 ReD,o 5 / 8 D,o 1 + Nu D,o = 0.3 + 1/ 4 282, 000 2/3 1 + ( 0.4 Pr ) o

(5)

Continued...

PROBLEM 8.122 (Cont.)

Nu D,o = 0.3 + 0.62 (12, 277 )
1/ 2

1 + ( 0.4 0.706 )2 / 3

( 0.706 )1/ 3 1 +
1/ 4

12, 277 282, 000

5 / 8 4 / 5

ho =

k 0.0266 W m K Nu D,o = 60.1 = 80.0 W m 2 K D 0.020 m

The Heat-Mass Analogy: From Eq. 6.60, with n = 1/3, 2/3 ho 2 / 3 = c = c p Le p hm D AB

hm = 80.0 W m K
2

(6)

3 6 2 4 2 1.148 kg m 1007 J kg K 23.09 10 m s 0.26 10 m s

o 3 3

2/3

= 0.0749 m s

Hence, the heat rate leaving the tube surface from Eq. (1) is,
q out = 80 W m K ( 27 35 ) C + 0.0749 m s ( 0.02556 0 ) kg m 2438 10 J kg ( 0.020 m 0.200 m )

q out = 8.04 W + 58.65 = 50.6 W

(b) For tube flow analysis, the heat rate and rate equations are

<
Ts Tm,o DL = exp h mcp i & Ts Tm,i
(7,8)

& q = mcp Tm,o Tm,i

where Ts = 27C, the uniform temperature of the tube surface, and q = -50.6 W according to the analysis of part (a). To estimate h i , first characterize the flow,

ReD,i =

& 4m 4 0.025 kg s = = 2070 Di 0.020 m 769 106 N s m 2

(9)

using properties evaluated at an assumed mean temperature, Tm = 305 K (slightly above Ts). The flow is laminar, and with Pr > 5, the Hausen correlation, Eq. 8.57 applies, with GzD = (D/L)ReDPr = (0.02 m/0.2 m) 2070 5.2 = 1076. Thus, Nu D,i = hi D 0.0668 Gz D 0.0668 1076 = 3.66 + = 3.66 + = 17.5 2/3 k 1 + 0.04Gz D 1 + 0.04(1076)2/3

k 0.620 W m K hi = i Nu D,i = 17.5 = 542 W m2 K D 0.020 m

Referring to Eqs. (7) and (8), recognize that there are two unknowns, Tm,i and Tm,o, as we have evaluated both q and h i . Using the IHT solver, Tm,i = 307.7 K, Tm,o = 307.2 K

<
Continued...

PROBLEM 8.122 (Cont.)

COMMENTS: Using the IHT Rate Equation Tool, Rate Equation for a Tube, Constant Surface Temperature, and the Correlation, Internal Flow, Laminar, Thermal Entry Length, a model to perform the analysis for part (b) was developed and is copied below.
// Rate Equation Tool - Tube, Constant Surface Temperature: /* For flow through a tube with a uniform wall temperature, Fig 8.7b, the overall energy balance and heat rate equations are */ q = mdot*cp*(Tmo - Tmi) // Heat rate, W; Eq 8.34 q = - 50.64 // Heat rate, W; required to sustain heat loss on outer surface (Ts - Tmo) / (Ts - Tmi) = exp ( - P * L * h / (mdot * cp)) // Eq 8.41b // where the fluid and constant tube wall temperatures are Ts = 27 + 273 // Tube wall temperature, K // The tube parameters are P = pi * D // Perimeter, m D = 0.020 // Tube diameter, m L = 0.20 // Tube length, m // The tube mass flow rate and fluid thermophysical properties are mdot = 0.025 // Properties Tool - Water // Water property functions :T dependence, From Table A.6 // Units: T(K), p(bars); x=0 // Quality (0=sat liquid or 1=sat vapor) cp = cp_Tx("Water",Tm,x) // Specific heat, J/kgK mu = mu_Tx("Water",Tm,x) // Viscosity, Ns/m^2 k = k_Tx("Water",Tm,x) // Thermal conductivity, W/mK Pr = Pr_Tx("Water",Tm,x) // Prandtl number Tm = Tfluid_avg(Tmo, Tmi) // Average mean temperature, K // Correlations Tool - Internal Flow, Laminar, combined entry length NuDbar = NuD_bar_IF_L_TEL_CWT(ReD,Pr,D,L) // Eq 8.57 NuDbar = h * D / k ReD = 4*mdot/(P*mu) /* Data Browser results: cp h Tmo D 4178 543.8 307.2 0.02 */

k L 0.6239 0.2

mu mdot 0.000733 0.025

NuDbar q 17.43 -50.64

P Ts 0.06283 300

Pr x 4.918 0

ReD 2171

Tm 307.4

Tmi 307.7