Operations Manual for Telairity HD and SD Encoders

Revision 4.0 Revision 3.4 `

Telairity 3375 Scott Blvd., Suite 300 Santa Clara, CA 95054-3110 www.telairity.com

 2009 Telairity All Rights Reserved. No part of this document may be photocopied, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means whether, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise without the prior written permission of Telairity. No warranty of accuracy is given concerning the contents of the information contained in this publication. To the extent permitted by law no liability (including liability to any person by reason of negligence) will be accepted by Telairity, its subsidiaries, affiliates, or employees for any direct or indirect loss or damage caused by omissions from or inaccuracies in this document. Telairity reserves the right to change details in this publication without notice. BE7000 Series, BE8000 Series, BH8000 Series, BE9000 Series, AVClairity, and Telairity-1 are registered trademarks of Telairity. Windows Vista, Windows 2000, and Windows XP are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Other product and company names herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.

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Telairity 3375 Scott Blvd., Suite 300 Santa Clara, CA 95054-3110 www.telairity.com Main Number: 408-764-0270 Fax Number: 408-764-0271 Email Address: support@telairity.com
Telairity products are designed and manufactured in the USA

The product is licensed under the AVC Patent Portfolio License for the personal and non-commercial use of a consumer to (i) encode video in compliance with the AVC standard (AVC Video) and/or (ii) decode AVC Video that was encoded by a consumer engaged in a personal and non-commercial activity and/or was obtained from a video provider licensed to provide AVC Video. No license is granted or shall be implied for any other use. Additional information may be obtained from MPEG LA, L.L.C. See http://www.mpegla.com

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ ..3 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... ..5 1.1 The Telairity Encoder Family ....................................................................... ..6 1.2 Standards Supported by Telairity Encoders .............................................. ..7 2. Setting Up............................................................................................................. ..8 2.1 Required Equipment..................................................................................... ..8
2.1.1 Telairity Encoders Front Panel ...........................................................................9 2.1.2 Single-Channel Back Panels (BE7100, Bx8100, BE9100) ...............................10 2.1.3 Multi-Channel Back Panels (BE7200/7400, BE9200/9400) ..............................11 2.1.4 Back Panels with external AES audio ..............................................................11

2.2 Installing a Telairity Encoder ....................................................................... 13

2.2.1 Power-On Configuration...................................................................................13 2.2.2 Installing the Web Controller ............................................................................14 2.2.3 Configuring the Web Controller for Operation ..................................................15

3. Controlling Telairity Encoders............................................................................ 16 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 The Current Controller (Home) Page for Telairity Encoders ..................... 17 Overview of the Seven Tab Pages............................................................... 20 Setting Profiles for Telairity Encoders ........................................................ 21 Setting Video Parameters for Telairity Encoders....................................... 24
3.4.1 SD Video Formats............................................................................................25 3.4.2 HD Video Formats ...........................................................................................27 3.4.3 Encode Latency ...............................................................................................28 3.4.4 GOP Pattern ....................................................................................................29 3.4.5 Output Frame Rate ..........................................................................................30 3.4.6 Preprocessing and Deblocking filters ...............................................................31 3.4.7 Bit Rate............................................................................................................32

3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9

Setting Audio Parameters for Telairity Encoders ...................................... 35 Setting Transport Parameters for Telairity Encoders ................................ 39 Setting IP Out Parameters for Telairity Encoders ...................................... 43 Setting Control Parameters for Telairity Encoders.................................... 47 The Web Controller Information Page......................................................... 48 

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4. Operating the 100-Series Front Panel ................................................................ 49 5. Restoring Factory Default IP Settings................................................................ 51 6. Updating Telairity Encoders ............................................................................... 52 7. File Capture with Telairity Encoders .................................................................. 55 Appendix 1: Telairity Technology Overview ......................................................... 59 Appendix 2: Glossary.............................................................................................. 62

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Screen shots used in this manual for purposes of illustration may vary from actual Web Controller screens.

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Telairity Broadcast Encoders are professional real-time encoders that provide advanced video and audio compression for either standard-definition (SD) or high-definition (HD) television formats. Video output conforms to the H.264 or Advanced Video Coding (AVC) standard (also known as MPEG-4, Part 10). Audio output conforms to any of several standards, including MPEG-1 Layer 2, or MPEG-2/MPEG-4 Advanced Audio Coding Low Complexity (AAC-LC). Telairity encoders automatically detect and pass through any pre-encoded audio signals in Dolby Digital (AC3) format. Telairity BE7000- and BE9000-series encoders provide H.264/AVC compression for SD formats, accepting standard SDI input of uncompressed SD digital component video signals (4:2:2 YCbCr) and associated embedded digital audio signals. They support both NTSC 480i and PAL 576i formats, as well as smaller CIF resolution formats (352 x 288/240 for PAL/NTSC). Depending on model, SD bit rates can range between 0.1Mbps to 8.0Mbps. However, standard compression BE7000-series encoders are designed to achieve excellent video quality at bit rates above 2.0Mbps, while more powerful high compression BE9000-series encoders implement additional encoding tools to achieve excellent video quality at bit rates under 2Mbps. Telairity Bx8000-series encoders provide H.264/AVC compression of HD formats, accepting standard SDI input of uncompressed HD digital component video signals (4:2:2 YCbCr) and associated embedded digital audio signals. They support all HD broadcast formats including 720p60 and 1080i30 (60 interlaced fields per second). Bit rates can range between 2Mbps and 15 Mbps. Depending on the format selected and the type of source material, good video quality can be achieved at rates of 6Mbps and below. All Telairity encoders can be controlled remotely by any computer with a Web browser connected to the same Ethernet subnet as the encoder(s). Simply enter the URL of the encoder to be controlled into a browser window. This brings up the Telairity Web browser interface (or Web Controller), allowing access to all the user-settable parameters supported by the given encoder. All 100-series models incorporate a front panel, enabling direct selection of any of four pre-set encoding profiles (without use of a Web Controller). Depending on model, Telairity encoders offer optional or standard dual-redundant power supplies, external audio inputs (both digital AES and analog stereo pairs), four contact alarms, and up to four stereo audio programs.

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All Telairity encoders provide H.264/AVC compression technology. They all implement compression tools in software on Telairity-1 architecture TVP2000 video processors. The result is a family of highly reliable encoders that share a common technology base, with unique features like instant on. In addition, Telairity encoders are fully upgradeable in software by means of a simple download over the Internet. This not only makes them easy to maintain, but also extends their useful service life. Telairity Bx-series SD and HD Encoders 1-channel standard compression SD encoder 2-channel standard compression SD encoder 4-channel standard compression SD encoder 1-channel HD encoder for Broadcast applications 1-channel HD encoder for Backhaul applications 1-channel HD/SD encoder for Backhaul applications 1-channel HD encoder for Aircraft (helicopter, fixed-wing) 1-channel HD/SD encoder for Aircraft (helicopter, fixed-wing) 1-channel HD/SD encoder with auto-switching capability 1-channel high compression SD encoder 2-channel + 2 PIP high compression SD encoder 1 input, 3 outputs: 1 HD, 1 SD, 1 Mobile format encoder 4-channel high compression SD encoder

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BE7110 BE7200 BE7400 BE8110 BH8110 BH8500 BC8110 BC8500 BE8500 BE9110 BE9200 BE9300 BE9400

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For an explanation of the acronyms and other terminology used in the table below, see the glossary. Parameter
Video input formats Video output formats (vertical x horizontal) Frame rates (fps) Video compression Output bit rates (Mbps) Input/Output Cables Embedded audio input External audio input Pass-through audio input (automatically detected) Audio compression Audio programs Video input ASI Output (Mbps) IP Output Output format Control interface Input voltage (V) Line frequency (Hz) System dimensions (inches) (all rack mountable) Power consumption (W) Cooling Operating temperature ( C) Weight (lbs)
1
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BE7000/9000-series (SD)
480i (NTSC), 576i (PAL) 480 or 576 x 720/640/544/480/352 (i or p) 30, 29.97, 25, 24, 23.98 H.264/AVC main profile, level 3.0 1 8 (7000), 0.1 5 (9000) 75 Ohm coaxial (BNC connectors) Cat5e (RJ-45 connectors) In SD-SDI per SMPTE 272M 2 AES + 2 analog stereo pairs Dolby Digital (pre-coded) (all bitrates, 32-640Kbps) MPEG1 Layer 2 from 64-384Kbps MPEG-4 AAC-LC to 384Kbps Up to 4 pairs (8 channels): stereo, mono, dual mono SDI SMPTE 259M 360Mbps 270 10/100 Base-T Ethernet MPEG-2 transport stream 188-byte packets Ethernet (RJ-45 connector) 100 240 (auto-sensing) 47 63 1RU x 19 x 27 (BE7400) 1 1RU x 19 x 29 (BE9400) 50/100 channel (7000/9000) Forced air, front to side -10 to +55 25 (BE7400/9400)
1 1 1

Bx8000-series (HD)
720p, 1080i (4:2:2 YCbCr) 720 x 960/1280 (p) 1080 x 1280/1440/1920 (i) 720p @ 24, 30, 50, 50.94, 60 1080i @ 25, 29.97, 30 H.264/AVC high profile, level 4.0 2-15 75 Ohm coaxial (BNC connectors) Cat5e (RJ-45 connectors) In HD-SDI per SMPTE 299M 2 AES + 2 analog stereo pairs Dolby Digital (pre-coded) (all bitrates, 32-640Kbps) MPEG1 Layer 2 from 64-384Kbps MPEG-4 AAC-LC to 384Kbps Up to 4 pairs (8 channels): stereo, mono, dual mono SDI SMPTE 292M 1.485Gbps 270 10/100 Base-T Ethernet MPEG-2 transport stream 188-byte packets Ethernet (RJ-45 connector) 100 240 (auto-sensing) 47 63 1RU x 19 x 17 (rack mountable) <170 Forced air, front to rear -10 to +55 15

The BE7100/BE9100 single channel SD systems are the same dimensions, use the same cooling, and are about the same weight as the BE8100 single-channel system shown in the HD column.

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All Telairity Broadcast Encoders are shipped as complete systems. The user supplies input video and audio signals for encoding, as well as a computer with a standard Web browser for system control. To view compressed signals, the user also must provide an H.264/AVC decoder and a display (with display inputs matched to decoder outputs).

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The following items are not supplied with a Telairity encoder but are required to operate it. Appropriate power cord (if not standard for North America or Europe) HD-SDI SMPTE 292M or SD-SDI SMPTE 259M input (over a standard 75 Ohm coaxial cable with BNC connector) One or both of the following output cables, to transmit a standard MPEG-2 transport stream carrying the compressed video and audio signals o A standard 75 Ohm coaxial cable with BNC connector for the DVB-ASI output of the compressed stream For best results, use high-quality video cables, like the Belden 1694A 4.5GHz RG6/U Precision Video Cable o A standard Cat5 Ethernet cable with RJ-45 connector for the IP output of the compressed stream A Web Controller, i.e., a control computer configured with any standard Web browser interface, able to access the subnet where the encoders are located
NOTE: Although compressed signals are carried by an MPEG-2 transport stream, the formats used for video and audio compression of the contents of this output stream are completely independent of their MPEG-2 transport stream wrappers (which provide only address and other header information). Telairity encoders always compress video content with H.264/AVC (MPEG-4) technology, and can compress audio content either with basic MPEG-1 Layer 2 technology, or with more advanced AAC-LC (MPEG2/MPEG-4) technology.

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From left to right, the front panel of Telairity 100-series systems incorporate (1) an on/off switch and a recessed reset button for restoring factory default IP settings (see Section 5), (2) a 3 x 1 LCD screen, operated by the seven-button panel located to the right of the screen (see Section 4), and (3) three indicator lights. The indicator lights show the units operating status, as below: Power Green when unit is powered on; off otherwise. Encode Green when an encoded signal is output; off when no encoded signal is output. Lock Green when a valid (locked) input signal is detected; off when no valid input signal is available.

The front panel of the four-channel BE7400 and BE9400 models is similar to the singlechannel 100-series front panel, but lacks the LCD screen with its associated push buttons, and incorporates four sets of the three indicator lights (one set per channel), as shown below.

On 100-series models with the LCD screen, the browser control interface (Web controller) is used to setup as many as four separate encoding profiles. After profile setup, any of the four profiles can be selected directly from the front panel, using just the two up/down arrow buttons and the central round select button. On these models, the Web controller is only used again when it becomes necessary to change one or more of the established profiles. The four programmable presets literally make distinct complex encoding configurations available at the touch of a button. The BE7400 and BE9400 also provide 4 profiles per channel, but profile selection as well as profile change must be done through the Web controller (since these multichannel units lack the integrated LCD front-panel controller).

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BE8100

The back panel of the Bx8100 incorporates two grills for rear-air exhaust, and seven connector sockets: one for the power cord and six signal connectors. From left to right, the connectors are: Power Standard 3-prong grounded socket Ethernet Control RJ-45 socket for bidirectional communication with Web Controller Four identical twist-locking BNC connector sockets provide the essential inputs and outputs for video/audio compression SDI IN Connector for input of uncompressed 4:2:2 digital video component signal and embedded audio signal. SDI OUT Connector for re-clocked loop-out copy of the uncompressed input signal. This connector is active, i.e., power must be switched on for it to operate. The signal is interrupted during a reset operation. DVBASI OUT1 Connector for output MPEG-2 transport stream carrying compressed video and audio data. DVBASI OUT2 Connector for second duplicate copy of output MPEG-2 transport stream. This signal is uninverted. Ethernet Out The final (rightmost) signal connector is a RJ-45 socket for 10/100 Base-T Ethernet output of an IP transport stream carrying the compressed video and audio data. (Some models may have two IP out connectors.) BE7100

The back panel of the BE7100 is functionally identical to the back panel of the BE8100, although the rightmost rear-air exhaust grill is smaller, the control and data out RJ-45 Ethernet connectors are positioned differently, and the four BNC connectors are arranged in a cluster. On the right side of the back panel is a diagram showing the arrangement and function of each of the six signal connectors.



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From left to right, the power cord socket and the Ethernet control socket are in the same relative positions as on the HD models. However, the four BNC connectors are arranged not in a line but in a square grid. On the left side of this grid are the SDI-in connection (top) and the SDI loop-out connection (bottom). On the right side of the grid are the two DVB-ASI out sockets. The second Ethernet socket for IP output is to the right of the four BNC connectors.

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BE7400

The back panel of the four-channel BE7400 is configured with four clusters of the six signal connectors (one cluster per channel), two on the left side and two on the right side. The arrangement of connectors within each cluster is the same as the singlechannel cluster arrangement for the BE7100. The power connection is centrally mounted. To accommodate the large number of signal connections on the back panel of the BE7400, cooling air is exhausted from the sides rather than the rear of this unit.

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Some encoder models can be ordered with 4 external audio inputs (2 digital AES and 2 analogue stereo pairs) and 4 contact alarm closures. This option incorporates 2 DB 15 connectors on the back panel; one for the audio inputs, and one for the contact closures. The DB15 audio connector can be connected to either 4 unbalanced BNC connectors, or four balanced XLR connectors for the 4 input stereo audio channels. (An appropriate breakout cable is provided for the audio option ordered.) The audio connector pin-out for the XLR option is as follows: Channel 1: Pin 2 Channel 2: Pin 11 Channel 3: Pin 13 Channel 4: Pin 14 Pins 1, 4, 6, 10, 12 RXNA, Pin 9 RXNB, Pin 3 RXNC, Pin 5 RXND, Pin 7 GND RXPA RXPB RXPC RXPD

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The audio connector pin-out for the unbalanced BNC option is as follows: Pin 1 Pin 2 Pin 3 Pin 4 Pin 5 Pin 6 Pin 7 Pin 8 Pin 9 Pin 10 Pin 11 Pin 12 Pin 13 Pin 14 Pin 15 GND N.C. Channel 2 GND Channel 3 GND Channel 4 GND Channel 1 GND N.C GND N.C GND N.C



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Select a suitable location for your encoder(s), with access to power and cables carrying uncompressed SDI signals. The box may be placed either free-standing on an appropriate work surface or incorporated into an open 1RU slot in a server rack. Although no special provisions for cooling are necessary, to ensure adequate airflow, make sure fan intakes (at the front of the unit) and exhausts (at the rear and/or sides of the unit) are not blocked. Plug in the power cord. Attach the cable carrying the uncompressed video signal to the SDI IN connector. Attach cables to the appropriate output connectors, as desired (loop out, DVB-ASI OUT1, DVB-ASI OUT2, 10/100 Base-T Ethernet). Switch the encoder on. The green POWER LED should come on immediately. If the unit has been connected to an active source input, within 2-3 seconds of power-on, the remaining two LOCK and ENCODE lights should turn green, and the unit will automatically begin encoding in its power-on (Profile 1) mode. Otherwise (if the unit is not connected to an active source input), the other two LEDs (LOCK and ENCODE) will remain off, indicating the unit is in standby mode. To achieve full control over the unit, including the ability to change factory default settings, it is necessary to configure the Web controller.

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A newly installed Telairity encoder connected to a valid source will autodetect the input signal and immediately (within 2-3 seconds) begin encoding, using its factory-default Profile 1 settings. In this respect, every Telairity encoder is an encoding appliance, requiring absolutely no configuration to begin performing its basic function. The factorydefault Profile 1 encoding settings may already be customer-specific, tailed by request to a specific application environment. In cases where no specific encoding configuration has been requested of the factory, they will be generic HD or SD settings.  *HQHULF (QFRGLQJ 6HWWLQJV By default, Profile 1 will typically be set to a full resolution output video format at a relatively high bit rate, to long (1s or 2s) latency, and with filters on their AUTO settings. One channel of MPEG-1, Layer 2 audio at 128Kbps will be enabled. Profiles 2-4 will be set to progressively lower bit rates, with corresponding reductions in output resolution. Latency, filter, and audio settings typically will be unchanged from Profile to Profile. For HD, Profile 1 is a bit rate of 15Mbps, full HD resolution of 1080x1920 or 720x1280 video output (autoselected by source), and 1 second latency.

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 )URQW 3DQHO 'LVSOD\ When the encoder is powered on, the front panel (if present) will briefly display the Telairity logo followed by the current IP address of the encoder. If the IP address of an encoder has been lost or changed, switching it off and then back on again is the simplest way to determine its current address. After showing the IP address, the front panel will clear to display its Profile 1 settings (to the right of the four Profile numbers).

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All Telairity encoders are controlled over an Ethernet link by a computer running any standard Web browser (called the Web controller). 100-series encoders, designed for use in ENG/SNG vehicles, also provide direct front panel control. A Web controller may be located anywhere convenient, limited only by the requirement that it have access to the subnet where the encoders are located. A control system can manage any number of Telairity HD and SD units, one at a time, by current browser address.
CAUTION: Telairity encoders have two (or three) Ethernet connectors on the rear panel, one for control of the encoder and one (or two) for an IP output stream carrying encoded video and audio. Before starting operation, make sure that the control cable and IP data cable (if used) are connected to the proper outlets for the given model, as shown below.



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For 7000-series standard compression SD, Profile 1 is a bit rate of 5Mbps, full SD resolution of 480x720 or 576x720 video output (autoselected by source), and 1 second latency. For 9000-series high compression SD, Profile 1 is a bit rate of 3Mbps, full SD resolution of 480x720 or 576x720 video output (autoselected by source), and 2 second latency.
power-on address screen view of full front panel with buttons

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The Web controller runs on any system that supports a standard Web browser, provided the system has access to the encoder via Ethernet over a local sub-network. For Ethernet control from a 10/100 Mb Ethernet port on the Web controller, a crossover Ethernet cable is required. For control from a Gb Ethernet port, either a crossover or straight-through cable will work. On a Windows Vista machine, the following default settings will enable communication with the Telairity encoder.
1.

Bring up the Network and Sharing Center. Click on Manage network connections in the Tasks list. Select a Local Area Connection. Right-click, select Properties off the pop-up menu, and click on this entry to bring up the Local Area Connection Properties window.

2.

3. From the central items list, select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4). Then click on the Properties button below the items list to bring up the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TPC/IPv4) Properties window. 4. Click the radio button Use the following IP address: and enter the following values in the text boxes:
IP address: 10.10.1.xx (last 2-digit number can be anything except 10, e.g., 78) Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 Default gateway: 10.10.1.1

Click O.K., and then click Close to exit the Properties window. Once the Ethernet connection between the Web controller and the encoder is established, the following procedure will enable the controller to communicate with the encoder. Bring Up a Web Browser. Any standard Web browser should work with any Telairity encoder. Enter the IP address of a Telairity encoder in the URL window of the browser. The default IP control address of a Telairity encoder is http://10.10.1.10/. To switch to another encoder, simply enter its address into the URL window of the browser. At this point, the Web controller should be able to communicate with the designated encoder over the attached Ethernet cable.
NOTE: On computers with a switch for wireless access, it may be necessary to turn this switch to the off position to view the initial Web controller screen.

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With the exception of the obvious format differences between SD and HD encoders (shown on the VIDEO tab page of the Telairity controller application), all encoder models operate in the same way and support the same set of controller options. To launch the Telairity Web Controller, open up a Web browser and enter the IP control address of the encoder in the URL window of the browser. The controller consists of seven tabselectable pages: PROFILES page VIDEO encoding settings AUDIO encoding settings TRANSPORT stream parameters IP OUT settings CONTROL interface for Ethernet INFOrmation about the encoders software and firmware

Most choices on these pages are made with a mouse by selecting from pull-down menus, setting sliders, or clicking on check boxes and radio buttons. When first invoked, the controller will open to the PROFILES tab page, shown below. The other six tab pages are selected by clicking on the tabs visible above the Profiles page area: VIDEO, AUDIO, TRANSPORT, IP OUT, CONTROL, or INFO (information).



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URL window with browser address 7 Tabs Tab page area Home page area

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Controller Page: The Controller or home page, above the seven Tab pages, shows the model number of the target encoder. The LED displays along the bottom of this area reflect the LOCK and ENCODE lights on the front panel of the encoder for the addressed channel. When the encoder is not receiving a valid source for the channel, both LED indicators are blank. When the encoder detects a valid input signal and is functioning normally, both LED indicators are filled (lit).
Two views of the Controller window. The top view shows an idle encoder receiving no valid input signal (both LED indicators blank). The bottom view shows a working encoder receiving a valid source and putting out a compressed stream (both LED indicators filled).

The Controller page features two basic user controls. The first is the START/STOP encoding toggle button (to start or stop the target encoder). The following set of screen shots shows the changes that occur when the START/STOP toggle button is pressed twice (first to stop, then restart a running encoder). When the Encoder is running, the START/STOP encoding toggle button shows: Stop

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The following pair of screen shots shows what happens when the STOP button is clicked to stop a running encoder.
Stopping a running encoder: Note the Encode LED is on, and parameters shown on the visible Profile tab page are faded out, indicating they are inaccessible. Click on the OK button in the confirming pop-up window to clear it from the screen.

When the Encoder is stopped, the START/STOP encoding toggle button shows: Start The following pair of screen shots shows what happens when the START button is clicked to start a stopped encoder. If a confirming pop-up window appears (pop-ups are not DISABLEd), click on the OK button in the pop-up window to clear it from the screen.
Starting a stopped encoder: Note the ENCODE LED is off, and the parameters visible on the Profiles tab page are not faded out (showing they are accessible). After changing any encoding parameters requiring adjustment (on any tab page), click on the START button to resume encoding operations.



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NOTE: Most encoding parameters are static, i.e., cannot be changed while the encoder continues to run. To reset parameters, it is necessary to first halt the encoder by clicking on the Stop button. Note that the Profile parameters are inactive (faded out) in the screen shots showing the encoder running, and active (not faded out) in the screen shots showing the encoder stopped. After stopping the encoder and making any desired changes to the various parameters available on the Tab pages, simply click on the START button to resume the video encoding process with the changed parameters. If you want to preserve the changes made for future encoding sessions, first, save the new parameter set as one of the numbered profiles on the PROFILES tab page, before restarting the encoder.

If multiple encoders are attached to the same subnet, the Web controller can be used to manage each in turn by entering its designated IP address in the URL window of the browser. The second control on the home page is the RESET button. A reset stops a running encoder, flushes everything out of memory, and immediately restarts it again with the default encoding profile (Profile 1).
Resetting a running encoder: Note the ENCODE LED is on. Click the Reset button, then (if pop-ups and not disabled), click the OK button in the pop-up window to clear it from the screen.

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VIDEO Page Tab: Clicking on the VIDEO page tab displays the user-settable parameters that control video encoding. Since SD and HD are distinguished entirely by their different video formats, some VIDEO parameters are different for HD and SD encoders. See section 3.4 for user-settable video parameters. AUDIO Page Tab: Clicking on the AUDIO page tab displays the user-settable parameters that control audio encoding. Since audio encoding is entirely independent of video encoding, these parameters are the same for both HD and SD encoders. See section 3.5 for all user-settable audio parameters. TRANSPORT Page Tab: Clicking on the TRANSPORT page tab displays the usersettable parameters that control the transport stream output of the encoder, carrying encoded video and audio content. Again, this page is the same for both HD and SD encoders, despite the differences in encoded video content carried by the transport stream. See section 3.6 for all user-settable transport stream parameters. IP OUT Page Tab: Clicking on the IP OUT page tab displays all the parameters that control the IP stream output by the encoder. See section 3.7 for all user-settable IP OUT parameters. CONTROL Page Tab: Clicking on the CONTROL page tab displays the user-settable parameters that configure the input control port of the encoder. See section 3.8 for all user-settable control port parameters. INFO Page Tab: Clicking on the INFO page tab displays information about the specific version of the Web Server, Video, Audio, Transport stream, and Control software installed on the encoder, together with information about the encoders major hardware modules. See section 3.9 for a description of the information about Telairity encoders available on the INFO page. Although there are no user-settable parameters on the INFO page tab, the information it makes available is critical should problems occur, or when deciding if a system will benefit from an available firmware upgrade.



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PROFILES Page Tab: The initial tab page, visible when the controller is first started, contains the controls needed to select and save PROFILES. In addition to two pulldown menus for profile management, this initial page also contains a toggle button used to disable/re-enable pop-up windows. See section 3.3 for a description of how to use the parameters made available on this page.

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The PROFILES tab page provides two pull-down menus, one used to select the Active Profile, and the other used to select a profile number for saving the current set of encode parameters (by pressing the Save button). This page also includes a toggle button to control popup windows when using the encoder.

Active Profile: Provides a pull-down menu that allows selection of any of four predefined sets of encoding parameters (saved as Profile number 1 to 4). Selection of CUSTOM PROFILE does not change the current operating profile (1 to 4), but rather allows that profile to be modified for operation without being saved. In other words, if an encoder is running a Custom Profile, it will lose its set of operating parameters whenever it is powered off. Only parameter sets that have been saved as one of the four numbered profiles are available for reuse on power up.
Selection of Profile 4 as the Active (operational) Profile

The Active Profile pull-down menu allows the effective operating profile to be switched from the controller. Like all static parameters, this pull-down menu is only available when the encoder is stopped. When the encoder is restarted by clicking on the START encoding button, the encoder will resume operation using the parameters of whatever Profile has been selected from this menu.

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However, regardless of the profile that was operational when the encoder was last used, when first powered on, the encoder will always default to the parameters saved in Profile 1. For this reason, Profile 1 should be set to reflect the normal or expected use of the unit. Profiles 2-4 should reflect possible alternative or non-routine encoding modes. Save Parameters: Provides a pull-down menu that allows new parameters to be selected and saved for any of the four profiles.
Saving a set of operating parameters as Profile 3

Note that a saved Profile (in this example, Profile 3) automatically becomes the Active Profile for use when the encoder is restarted. To resume operation with a different profile (other than the one just saved), simply reset the Active Profile from its pull-down menu before clicking on the Start button to resume encoding. To set up and save a new numbered Profile (1 to 4), use the five-step procedure below. 1. Stop the encoder by clicking the STOP button. 2. Set up the four encoding Tab pages (VIDEO, AUDIO, TRANSPORT, IP OUT) with the desired parameters for the new profile. 3. After all the appropriate values have been selected, go to the PROFILE tab page and pull-down the Save Parameters menu to select a profile number to store these values. In the example above, the new values on the three basic Tab pages will be stored into Profile 3. However, if you want the new values to become the power-on default settings, be sure to select Profile 1 (since the encoder always powers up using the Profile 1 settings). 4. After selecting a profile number, click on the SAVE button. The currently selected parameters on all four basic Tab pages will be stored as the operational parameters for the selected profile number. Saving a profile will automatically select it as the Active Profile. 5. To setup another Profile, select a different Profile number from the Save Parameters pull-down menu, and repeat steps 2-4 above. To resume operation with the last Profile saved, simply click on the START button. To resume operation with a Profile other than the one last saved, select the desired Profile from the Active Profile pull-down menu before clicking the START button.



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On 100-series systems, the LCD screen of the front panel does not automatically update itself to reflect a changed profile. Instead, the front panel continues to show the previous values for a changed profile until either (a) a new profile is selected from the front panel, or (b) the encoder is powered off and back on again.
Note: The recessed reset button on the front panel (below the on/off switch, see Section 5. Restoring Factory Default IP Settings) does not affect current profile settings. Instead, it restores factory default settings for the Control Tab page, which determines IP address settings for the encoder.

Popups: To reduce the number of clicks needed to navigate the Web controller pages, popup windows (used to confirm a users actions) are disabled by default. Clicking the POPUP ENABLE/DISABLE toggle button at the bottom of the Profiles tab page will turn this feature on and off. If pop-up windows are inactive (the default setting), the Popup toggle button reads ENABLE, and pop-ups can be turned on by clicking the button. Conversely, if the Popup toggle button reads DISABLE, user pop-up windows are active and can be disabled by clicking the button. Disabling the pop-up windows used to confirm user actions does not turn off pop-up windows used to display error messages. When Popup windows appear (for any reason), it is generally necessary to click the OK button in the pop-up (or press the ENTER key) before it is possible to proceed to any further actions.
To ENABLE/DISABLE popup windows, click on the labelled toggle button at the bottom of the Properties Tab Page. Note, unlike most functions, POPUPS is dynamic rather than static, i.e., this button is available even when the encoder is running.

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Overview of VIDEO Tab Page: The VIDEO tab page consists of two main sections, a set of six or seven VIDEO PARAMETERS that control various aspects of the video encoding process itself, and the choice of either Constant or Variable Bit Rate mode for controlling the encoders output BIT RATE (the number of bits per second used to encode video, measured in KBPS or Kilobits per second). Since the difference between High Definition and Standard Definition is essentially a matter of video resolution, the Video Tab Pageunlike other Tab pages in the Web controlleris partly different for HD and SD encoders. Specifically, HD encoders accept either 720p or 1080i input formats, and generate corresponding HD outputs. SD encoders accept either 480i (NTSC) or 576i (PAL) input formats, and generate corresponding SD outputs.
VIDEO tab page for a Bx8100 HD encoder (the Video tab page for SD encoders is similar but not identical to the HD page, since the difference between HD and SD encoders is entirely a matter of their respective video formats). The top of the page shows VIDEO SIGNAL INPUT information about the FORMAT and FRAME RATE of the connected source input. The middle of the page offers five VIDEO PARAMETERS that users can use to adjust video quality: separate OUTPUT FORMATS for 720p and 1080i HD input, video encode LATENCY, GOP PATTERN, and two types of filters, PREPROCESSING and DEBLOCKING. The bottom of the page provides means to control the output video BIT RATE. First, select an output mode, either CONSTANT BIT RATE (CBR) or VARIABLE BIT RATE (VBR). Second, set the associated BIT RATE SLIDER.



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To accommodate the difference in frame size between HD and SD video, the output bit rate of HD encoders ranges from a maximum of 15Mbps (Megabits per second, shown as 15000 Kbps) to a minimum of 2Mbps. The output bit rate of SD encoders differs by model number. Low latency 7000-series SD encoders support output bit rates between 1Mbps and 8Mbps. High compression 9000-series SD encoders support output bit rates from 5Mbps maximum to as little as 100Kbps. To help achieve the very low bit rates possible with 9000-series encoders, this SD line also provides an additional video parameter, OUTPUT FRAME RATE, not found on either HD encoders or the 7000 series of SD encoders.

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All Telairity encoders autodetect the format of their input source. For SD encoders, input formats can be either NTSC (480i) or PAL (576i). The drop-down menu opposite each type of input format is used to select the output format of the encoder. When a lower output BIT RATE is selected, lowering the number of pixels used to compose lines may produce better video quality.
Output formats for 480i input (left) and 576i input (right). Telairity SD encoders provide five choices of output line width, ranging from 720 to 352 pixels, in either progressive (p) or interlaced (i) format. With progressive output, there is also a choice of quarter-size CIF format.

Although all SD input source material is interlaceda format in which each frame is actually composed of two separate fields, one consisting of all the even frame lines and other consisting of all the odd frame lines, with fields flashed at twice the frame rate to create the overall impression of a single moving imagethe output video can be either interlaced or progressive. Interlaced output preserves the separate odd-even line fields used to compose each image frame in the input video. Progressive mode deinterlaces each input frame, i.e., it combines the input pairs of odd and even line fields to output frames composed of either 480 (NTSC) or 576 (PAL) consecutive lines.

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Choice of interlaced vs. progressive output mode may be dictated by the available decode capabilities (since not all decoders handle both interlaced and progressive input), or it may be a preference based on differences in perceived video quality for the two modes (for a given type of material at a particular bit rate). VIDEO INPUT 480I (NTSC) offers the choice of either interlaced (i) or progressive (p) output formats, with the same set of five possible output line widths available in each mode: 720, 640, 544, 480, and 352. In progressive mode only, smaller CIF (Common Intermediate Format) resolution format is also available, in which output frames are reduced to 240 vertical lines (half the input number), each just 352 pixels wide. CIF images are approximately one-quarter the size ( the lines X the width) of a full resolution SD image. CIF format can be useful when available bandwidth is very limited, or when target displays dont support full SD resolution. VIDEO INPUT 576I (PAL) offers the same choice of either interlaced (i) or progressive (p) output formats, with the same set of five possible output line widths available in each mode: 720, 640, 544, 480, and 352. CIF resolution for PAL (288 lines by 352 pixels), like NTSC CIF resolution, is available only in progressive mode.



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HD Video Formats: For HD encoders, input source video can be either 720p or 1080i. As with SD encoders, the drop-down menu opposite each type of input format is used to select the output format corresponding to each type of autodetected input.
Output formats for 720p input (left) and 1080i input (right). Telairity HD encoders provide two choices of progressive output line width for 720p input, and three choices of interlaced output line width for 1080i input.

VIDEO INPUT 720P offers the choice of two output line widths: the default maximum width of 1280, and an optional lower width of 960. Progressive input frames are always output as progressive frames. VIDEO INPUT 1080I offers a choice between three output line widths: the default maximum width of 1920, and two optional lower widths of 1440 or 1280. Interlaced input frames are always output as interlaced frames. Although the default maximum output line widths (1280 for 720p input, 1920 for 1080i input) produce the highest resolution images possible for either type of input, in circumstances where transmission bandwidth or display resolution is limited, selecting one of the optional lower output line widths will generally help maximize video quality while conserving video bandwidth.

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Encode latency is the delay from the time an encoder receives a source video frame to the time the encoder outputs it in compressed format. In 7000 series SD encoders and 8000 series HD encoders, this delay is adjustable from a minimum of 150ms (milliseconds) to a maximum of 2s (seconds, 2000ms). In 9000 series SD encoders, the delay is fixed at 2s.
Pulldown menus for Latency. Shown on the left, Bx8000 and BE7000 models support variable latency, with five settings between a minimum of 150ms (milliseconds) up to a maximum of 2000ms (2 seconds). The factory default setting of 1000ms (1s) is highlighted. Shown on the right, BE9000 models have a single fixed latency of 2s.

In circumstances that require real-time interaction, a short encoding delay can be a critical advantage. However, limits on output bandwidth, combined with the bursty nature of MPEG encoding (in which large I frames are followed by smaller P and B frames), conspire to negatively impact video quality at low latencies. To maximize video quality, therefore, latency should always be set as high as possible without exceeding the maximum allowable delay.
Impact of latency of video quality. A short latency requires a large margin to provide headroom for sudden spikes in the video bit rate caused by scene changes (etc.) that generate large I frames. As a consequence, the average number of video bits generated will fall well short of the bit rate set. By contrast, a long latency allows peaks to be averaged with low points, enabling a small margin with much better overall utilization of the available bandwidth.



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The GOP (Group Of Pictures) pattern determines the sequence of I, P, and B frames used to encode video for a given GOP length (30 or 59 frames, depending on encoder model). Every GOP begins with an I or Independent frame, i.e., a frame encoded without reference to any other frame; conversely, every I frame begins a new GOP. To decode a P frame requires forward references to Prior (Previous) frames, while B frames also require Backward references to following or successive frames. P and (especially) B frames provide most of the economies possible in video compression, since a P (B) frame with few differences from its preceding (following) frame can be encoded using only a few bits. Encoding with B frames requires buffering several frames in the encoder, since subsequent frames must be examined for possible matches before the encoding of previous frames can be completed. Consequently, where the shortest possible latencies are desired, the IPPP... pattern should be selected. Where latency is less of an issue, and the ambition is instead is to minimize output bit rate rather than encode time, the IBBPBBP... pattern will generate the best results.
GOP Pattern. The fixed IPPP... pattern used by HD encoders is shown on the left. SD encoders, like the 9000-series system shown on the right, allow a choice between IPPP... and IBBPBBP... patterns. By default, the IBBPBBP... pattern (shown highlighted) is used for SD encoding, since the addition of B frames to the GOP Pattern maximizes opportunities for video compression.

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OUTPUT FRAME RATE is a special parameter found only on 9000-series SD encoders. It provides the option of generating half the number of frames per second (fps) as ordinary video, or 15fps rather than the standard 30fps used in normal NTSC video. In PAL video, half frame rate will output 12.5 fps (25 frames every two seconds). Where smooth motion is not needed, e.g., in surveillance or other monitoring applications, this option will significantly reduce the number of bits generated per second.
OUTPUT FRAME RATE. 9000-series SD encoders have a special HALF INPUT RATE option, intended to help minimize the number of bits generated per second for applications where smooth motion is not a requirement. The default frame rate setting (shown highlighted) is to output frames at the full INPUT RATE.



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The last two Video Parameters are settings for two different encoding filters. The PREPROCESSING filter reduces noise in the input signal. The DEBLOCKING filter is designed to improve the appearance of decoded pictures by smoothing the sharp edges that can form between (and on sub-block boundaries within) independently encoded 16 x 16 pixel macroblocks.
Video Filters. Both the PREPROCESSING and DEBLOCKING filters support the same set of options across all encoder lines. By default, both filters are set to AUTOmatic control, allowing the encoder to raise or lower settings for these filters depending on content. However, the user has the option of setting each filter to one of three fixed values: LOW, MEDIUM, or HIGH.

As a rule, leaving both filters on the default AUTO setting will produce the best results over a wide range of material. In unusual circumstances, however, it may be desirable to override the AUTO setting. For example, if the input signal is unusually noisy, setting the Preprocessing filter to HIGH will filter out the maximum amount of noise. A side-effect of noise filtering, however, is some softening of the picture. This effect is not necessarily objectionable, since some viewers may prefer a softer picture, as easier to watch. However, other viewers may prefer crisper images. Consequently, there is no right or wrong setting for the PREPROCESSING filter. The best policy may be to experiment with these four settings, and see if any of the three manual modes is preferable to AUTO mode for the given material and audience. The DEBLOCKING filter is more difficult to control manually. Unlike noise, which can be relatively constant for a given source, blocking artifacts in encoded video are highly transitory, and also tend to vary widely from scene to scene. Hence, while there is nothing wrong in experimenting with this filter setting (too), in all but the most unusual of circumstances, the best results will be achieved by leaving this second filter on its default AUTO setting.

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The second major section of the Video Tab page allows the output bit rate of the encoder to be controlled. In many respects, BIT RATE is the primary parameter for an H.264/AVC (MPEG-4) encoder, whose basic function is to provide higher quality pictures at lower bit rates than is possible with older and less efficient encoding technologies (like MPEG-2). Because output bit rate is a basic function of an encoder, this issue is not confined to the BIT RATE section of the VIDEO tab page. Video is only one of the three basic bit types that compose the output bit stream of an encoder: VIDEO bits AUDIO bits OVERHEAD bits Although the BIT RATE section of the VIDEO Tab page addresses only the first of these three bit types directly, the video bit rate settings interact with the other two bit types in important ways. The master control for a Telairity encoders output bit rate is located on the TRANSPORT tab page, under the label TOTAL BIT RATE (TBR)also called the OUTPUT MUX RATE (MUX) on some older encoder models. TBR (MUX) settings range from a minimum of a maximum of 27Mbps to a minimum of either 3Mbps (HD) or 1.8Mbps (SD). The number of bits output per second by the encoder will always exactly equal the setting of this Transport parameter. If the specified values for video, audio, and associated overhead do not add up to as much as this setting, zeros (nulls) will be added to the output stream to make up the shortfall. Consequently, any attempt to control the overall output bit rate of a Telairity encoder should begin by setting this parameter. If you have a target output bit rate, the simplest and best way to reach the goal is to begin by setting the TBR (MUX) parameter to this overall number. However, because an output bit stream is a complex in which video bits are only one component, it is impossible for the video BIT RATE setting to ever quite reach the TBR master setting. Even a silent stream (with no enabled audio programs, and hence no audio bits) must still contain some overhead bits that count towards the TBR number. In effect, the bits available for video in the encoder are calculated as a remainder, specifically, as whats left over after audio and overhead bits are subtracted from the TBR (MUX) setting. To accurately set the video bit rate, therefore, the settings on the video page should be the last bit rate settings made, rather than the first. 1. Start by setting the master TBR (MUX) parameter (on the Transport tab page). 2. Second, ENABLE the audio programs needed, and set the BIT RATE for each enabled program (on the Audio tab page). 

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3. Third, set the OUTPUT FORMAT, and then make the choices that affect overhead computations, specifically LATENCY and bit rate mode, CONSTANT or VARIABLE (on the Video tab page). 4. Finally, set the video bit rate SLIDER for the selected bit rate mode. This slider will automatically go to the maximum value possible for the given TBR (MUX) rate, after allowing for audio and overhead bits. As a rule, it is neither necessary nor desirable to manually adjust this slider to a lower value, since using fewer bits than are available for video encoding decreases video quality with no compensating gain. The images below show setting the minimum and maximum video Bit Rates for an 8000-series HD encoder (with pop-up windows enabled), above; and for a 9000-series SD encoder (without pop-up windows), below.
Video Bit Rate (HD). To set bit rate, click the radio button for Constant or Variable mode, then set the associated slider. The illustrations below show Constant bit rate set to the minimum (2Mbps, left) and maximum (15 Mbps, right) output bit rates possible for an HD encoder. Note that changing the active bit rate slider does not affect the setting of the slider for the inactive mode.

Video Bit Rate (SD). The illustrations below show Variable mode selected with the bit rate set to the minimum (100Kbps, left) and maximum (5Mbps, right) values possible for a 9000series SD encoder. The choice of Constant vs. Variable mode does not affect the range of possible bit rates for an encoder, but it does affect both video peaks and overhead. Variable mode allows higher video peaks, enhancing video quality, but it also requires a larger margin to allow for the potentially larger peaks. In situations where the total bit rate is restricted, the larger margin needed for Variable mode may result in more of the total bits going to overhead, with fewer bits on average available for data.

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Selection of either CONSTANT or VARIABLE bit rate mode is done by clicking on the corresponding radio button. In CONSTANT mode, the encoder video output will remain relatively constant at whatever bit rate is selected. In VARIABLE mode, the encoders video output will typically swing between a minimum and a maximum value, with the set bit rate treated as an average value to be achieved over time (within the constraints set by encode LATENCY). Where input source material differs noticeably in degree of difficulty, CONSTANT bit rate mode tends to produce uneven video quality, since both easy and difficult scenes enjoy the same bit rate. Conversely, VARIABLE bit rate mode tends to produce more consistent video quality, since more bits are allocated to more complex scenes and averaged out with the troughs created by simpler scenes. As a rule, with ASI output transmissions (selected by plugging a 75ohm coaxial cable into one of the data-out BNC connectors on the back of the encoder), the radio button for CONSTANT mode should be clicked. This selection allows the encoder to match its output rate to the fixed data rate characteristic of this type of transmission link. However, with IP output transmissions (selected by plugging a CAT-5 or CAT-6 Ethernet cable into one of the data-out RJ-45 connectors on the back of the encoder), the radio button for VARIABLE mode should be clicked. This selection allows the encoder to maximize its video quality, since IP networks generally can accommodate fluctuations in a transport stream bit rate. The range of available video bit rates varies primarily by encoder model. a. HD encoders in the 8000-series support a maximum output of 15Mbps and a minimum output of 2Mbps. b. SD encoders in the standard-compression 7000-series support a maximum output of 8Mbps and a minimum output of 1Mbps. c. SD encoders in the high-compression 9000-series support a maximum output of 5Mbps and a minimum output of 100Kbps. Depending on latency, however, the choice of bit rate mode also may affect the range of possible video bit rates. More exactly, with long latency settings (1s or more), the maximum slider value for a given TBR (MUX) rate will differ in CONSTANT vs. VARIABLE mode, because the overhead allowance for Constant mode is much smaller (leaving more bits available for video).



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Click on the Audio tab at the top of the controller screen to bring up the Audio Tab page showing the settable audio parameters. Unlike the Video tab page (but like the Transport, IP Out, and Control tab pages), the Audio tab page of the Web controller is identical for all encoder models, both HD and SD.
Audio Tab Page. Since all Telairity encoders support the same range of audio encoding options, this tab page is the same across all models. Telairity encoders support four audio programs (stereo pairs) for each video channel. To show the parameters for an audio program, click on its number in the pull-down menu associated with the Audio tab.

Audio Parameters. Configuration settings for audio program 1. All four audio programs support exactly the same set of five parameters. To configure another audio program, click on the audio tab and select the next program from the pull-down menu. To turn an audio program on/off, simply click the check box to ENABLE/DISABLE it.

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At the top, the Audio Tab page includes a pull-down selection for the audio source, in case the encoder is equipped with an External audio card. Encoders with an audio card can accept audio sources either embedded in the SDI stream, or provided from separate digital AES or analogue stereo inputs. Encoders without the optional audio card accept only embedded SDI audio.
Audio Source. Models without optional external audio inputs allow only EMBEDDED audio sources in the SDI (or HD-SDI) stream. Adding external audio inputs to a system provides a choice between using embedded or EXTERNAL inputs for audio encoding.

Telairitys encoders support an audio sampling frequency of 48 KHz. Once an audio program is selected from the pull-down tab menu, the audio parameters displayed in the Audio Tab page area consist of a check-box to enable (or disable) the selected audio program (numbered from 1 to 4), and a set of five audio parameters. The first choice for an audio program is its ENABLE check box. Clicking on a blank box will check it to enable (or, if already checked, blank it to disable) the given audio program. For enabled audio programs, the indicated Program ID (PID) for that program (0X21 by default for Program 1) will carry a stream of encoded audio bits. If an ENABLE check box is blanked, no audio bits are allocated to the corresponding Program ID. Since each enabled audio stream must consume a minimum of 64Kbps (and may consume as many as 384Kbps), especially for low bit-rate applications, only necessary audio programs should be enabled. For enabled audio programs, there are five pull-down parameters that need to be set. 1. The first audio pull-down parameter is Program Type. The default choice here is STEREO, with distinct left and right audio channels, but it is also possible to select a MONO program, in which only the left channel carries audio; or a DUAL_MONO program, in which both channels carry the same audio stream.



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2. The second audio pull-down parameter is GROUP TYPE. In combination with the next parameter (Channel Pair), this parameter allows arbitrary mapping of any audio input to any audio output. Embedded audio (in the SDI stream) can consist of up to eight stereo pairs. External audio can consist of up to two digital AES pairs and two analogue stereo pairs. In the maximum case, where eight embedded stereo inputs are present in the input SDI stream, the audio inputs will be arranged into four groups, with each group consisting of two stereo pairs. By using this pull-down menu, any of the four groups can be selected for encoding as Program 1, e.g. Group_1.

3. The third audio pull-down parameter is CHANNEL PAIR. Channel Pair selects one of the two input stereo pairs (1-2 or 3-4) that comprise a GROUP to be output by the given enabled audio program (Pair 1-2 by PROGRAM 1 in this example).

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Packet IDs (PIDs) for the four possible output Audio programs are set and changed on the TRANSPORT parameters page. Some already encoded audio inputs signals are automatically detected and passed through without any specific action by the user, including Dolby Digital audio signals. However, please note that in order to have audio output included in the transport stream, the appropriate channels must be enabled on the audio control page. This is true for EMBEDDED or EXTERNAL input, as well as pre-encoded PASS-THROUGH audio.



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4. The fourth audio pulldown parameter is ENCODING method. Telairity encoders support both AAC-LC (Advanced Audio Coding Low Complexity) and MPEG1L2 (MPEG-1, Layer 2) audio compression. MPEG-1, Layer 2 compression is a widely available free standard. AAC-LC offers a better compression ratio for lower audio bitrates. 5. The last parameter for an audio program is BIT RATE. For an audio program, this can be set as low as 64Kbps or as high as 384Kbps. As a rule of thumb, AAC-LC encoding will yield good results at 128Kbps and below, while MPEG1-L2 quality will be acceptable at 128Kbps and abovebut, as always, some experimentation with encoding method and bit rate may be needed to find the best combination of encoding method and bit rate for a given application.

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Click on the Transport tab at the top of the controller screen to bring up the Transport page showing the settable DVB-ASI transport stream parameters and Audio Program PIDs. Unlike the Video tab page (but like the Audio, IP Out, and Control tab pages), the Transport tab page of the Web controller is identical for all encoder models, both HD and SD.
Transport Tab Page. Since all Telairity encoders support the same Transport options, this page is the same across all models. Note that, because of its length, it may be necessary to scroll down to see the Audio Programs parameters near the bottom of the page.

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The Transport page consists of all general ID and other TRANSPORT PARAMETERS for the output transport stream carrying encoded video, plus the four PIDs for the associated AUDIO PROGRAMS. With the exception of Output MUX Rate, which is set by a slider, all the transport stream parameters consist of text/number-entry field boxes for: A hexadecimal Service Number Seven possible hexadecimal PIDs (counting the four AUDIO PROGRAMS) A hexadecimal Transport Stream ID Two text entries for a Service Name and a Service Provider A numeric box and associated slider to set the Output MUX Rate

This is perhaps the most technical page in the controller, requiring an understanding of the configuration of your local network. If you do not understand these values, do not attempt to set or change any parameters on this page. 1. Parameters for Video and Audio output (set of nine numeric text-entry boxes). These provide essential header information for MPEG-2 transport stream packets. The factory default values are given below. By saving new values for these parameters in Profile 1, however, the user can establish whatever settings are needed when the unit is powered on. a) Service Number (1 text-entry box). Required for multiplexing the output transport stream. Factory default setting is a decimal value of 1 (hex 1). b) Service PID (1 text-entry box). Packet Identifier for service. Factory default setting is a decimal value of 31 (hex 1f). c) Video PID (1 text-entry box). Packet Identifier for video stream. Factory default setting is a decimal value of 32 (hex 20). d) PCR PID (1 text-entry box). Program Clock Reference Packet Identifier. Used to synchronize the video and audio streams for a program. Factory default setting is a decimal value of 32 (hex 20). e) Transport Stream ID (1 text-entry box). Identifier for the transport stream. This ID can be set to any 16-bit value (decimal number between 0 and 65,536). Factory default setting is a decimal value of 32,282 (hex 7e1a). f) Audio Program PIDs (4 text-entry boxes). Four packet Identifiers for the four possible output audio programs, 1, 2, 3, 4. Factory default settings are decimal values of 33, 34, 35, 36, respectively (hex 21, 22, 23, 24). 2. Service Name and Service Provider. Two text-entry boxes which can be used to distinguish the output stream of a Telairity encoder. By default, the service name field is set to Telairity Encoded, while the Service Provider field is set to Telairity Inc. These values can be changed to any desired identifiers by the user, e.g., replacing Telairity with another companys name.



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3. Total Bit Rate (Output MUX rate) (slider). This parameter is the master control for the output bit rate of the encoder, including all video, audio, and overhead bits. The maximum value for this slider is 27Mbps across all encoder modelsa value well above the output bit range of any Telairity H.264/AVC encoder, HD or SD. If you have a target total bit rate in mind, simply set this parameter to that value (or as close as it goes to your target value). After making your audio selections and setting the video parameters that affect overhead (primarily latency and bit rate mode), the video bit rate slider will indicate the maximum video bit rate available. If you have a target video bit rate in mind, some experimentation may be necessary to find the right total bit rate setting. Pick a value above the desired video bit rate to allow for audio and overhead. Make your audio and overhead (latency, mode) settings as usual. If the video bit rate slider is above the target rate, move the TBR (MUX) setting lower until the video slider is at (or as near as possible) to the target video bit rate. Conversely, if the video bit rate slider is below the target rate, adjust the TBR (MUX) setting higher until the goal is reached. In general, following the four step procedure outlined in section 3.4.7, Video Bit Rate, will allow accurate output bit rates to be set, allowing for necessary audio and overhead bits, with all the remaining bandwidth allocated to video for best possible picture quality. Where high latency settings (1s or more) are acceptable, they should be used to reduce overhead allowances.

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NOTE: As the graphic below shows, the MUX rate slider is non linear, with small motions on the high end of the scale producing much greater numeric changes than larger motions on the low end. It is also a discrete rather than a continuous scale. That is to say, it allows selection from a set of possible values between its maximum (27Mbps) and minimum (3Mbps for HD, 1.8Mbps for SD) settings, but is not possible to select any arbitrary number in this range. For example, the first available value below 27Mbps is 24Mbps, while the next lower value is 21.6Mbps. No choice between 27 and 24 is possible, or between 24 and 21.6. (Not all possible values are shown below, in particular, the numerous small steps below 13.50Mbps.)

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Click on the IP Out tab at the top of the controller screen to bring up the IP Out page showing the settable IP transport stream parameters. Unlike the Video tab page (but like the Audio, Transport, and Control tab pages), the IP Out tab page of the Web controller is identical for all encoder models, both HD and SD. The IP out tab page is divided into two general sections, one for SOURCE information about the encoder, and the other for TARGET information about the decoder.
IP OUT Tab Page. Since all Telairity encoders support the same IP output options, this page is the same across all models. Note that, because of its length, it may be necessary to scroll down to see parameters near the bottom of the page.

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The SOURCE parameters consist of a set of four text-entry boxes. 1. IP Address assumes the encoder belongs to a Class C private network (address range 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255). In the example show, the last two (variable) fields of this address are set to 10.177. In a new installation, these fields should be assigned whatever values make sense in the context of the local network.

The TARGET parameters consist of three text-entry boxes, used for information about the target system, plus a set of four pulldown menus used to enable Forward Error Correction (FEC) in the stream sent to the target device. 1. IP Address (text-enty box). This address can fall into either the unicast range (0.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255), pointing to one particular host; or into the multicast range (224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255), pointing to multiple hosts. The example shown uses the multicast Target address 224.0.1.11. In a new installation, this Target IP Address should be set to whatever value makes sense in the context of the target decoder.



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2. Subnet Mask will depend on the encoders local subnet. In the example shown, the appropriate mask is 225 225 225 0. 3. Gateway is also determined by the configuration of the encoders local network. Specifying a gateway is important whenever the encoder needs to send video outside its local network to a remote location. In the example shown, the gateway address is 192 168 010 001. 4. Port is set to 45678 in the example shown. 2. Port (text-entry box). The entry-point used to communicate with the target decoder. In the example shown, set to 10001.

3. Time to live (TTL) (text-entry box). The TTL variable controls the number of network switches that transport stream packets will pass through. If TTL is set to 0, the transport stream dies at the first switch encountered in the network. Possible TTL values range from 0 to 255. By default, this variable is set to a value of 25, ample for most network configurations.

4. IP Mode (pulldown menu). By default, this is set to UDP (User or Universal Datagram Protocol). To enable FEC, the mode must be set to RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol)otherwise, the remaining three pull-down menus for FEC control will be inaccessible (grayed-out).

5. FEC_Mode (pulldown menu). There are three choices here. OFF, the default and only mode available with UDP, or (with RTP enabled) either COLUMNS or COLUMNS AND ROWS (one dimensional or two dimensional error correction).

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6. FEC Columns, Rows (pulldown menus). A set of two pulldown menus, the COLUMNS ranging from 1 to 20 and the ROWS from 4 to 20.

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Click on the Control tab at the top of the controller screen to bring up the Control page showing the settable control parameters. Unlike the Video tab page (but like the Audio, Transport, and IP Out tab pages), the Control tab page of the Web controller is identical for all encoder models, both HD and SD. This page controls the IP address information used by the Web controller to communicate with the encoder.
Control Tab Page. The Control page is the same across all models. Its function is to allow configuration of the encoders Ethernet control port. After making changes, click on the SAVE CONTROL PARAMETERS button to apply the new settings. The Web Controller window will automatically reset to the new IP address.

1. IP address (text-entry box). The IP address that the encoder will be using on the network. The Web controller must know this address to communicate with an encoder. By default, this is set to: 10.10.1.10, but has been reconfigured in the example shown to 10.10.1.13 to allow for multiple encoders on the same subnet. 2. Subnet mask (text-entry box). The subnet mask that is used on the network for the encoder. By default, this is set to 255.255.255.0. 3. Gateway (text-entry box). The gateway address that enables the encoder to communicate across networks. By default this is set to 10.10.1.1. 4. Source MAC Address (read only). Provides address information specific to your encoder. The source Media Access Control (MAC) address is assigned at the factory to be unique (from a range of addresses allocated to the manufacturer). The value should look something like the example shown, 50C278DO9F. Although this value is never user-settable, it is shown on the Control page for informational purposes.

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Click on the Info tab at the top of the controller tab page area to bring up the Information Tab page showing software revision information as well as some information about the units physical state. The layout of this page is the same for all controller models, though the information on the page varies not only by model but also changes over time for the same model, whenever the encoder is upgraded.
Info Tab Page. The information displayed on this page is specific not only to the model number, but to the revision of code running on the unit. There are no settable parameters on this page, but the status information shown can be of vital importance in determining whether the unit needs either software upgrade or hardware maintenance.

Since it is typical for some software components of the encoder to be built at the same time, some components will usually show the same Build Date (though slightly different Build Times). By looking at the date information, a user can determine how long it has been since an encoder was last upgraded. If the current software is not recent, it may be worthwhile to check with Telairity to see if a later upgrade package is available. See Section 6. for a description of the upgrade procedure. Similarly, the Temperature, Fans, and Backup Power indicators can tell whether the unit is still functioning at full capacity, or needs hardware maintenance.



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After the encoder is powered on, the front panel should appear as below. Values for an HD encoder are illustrated; however, the screen layout is the same for SD encoders. Custom > Profile 1 Profile 2 Profile 3 Profile 4 VID: CBR, 15000kbits AUD#1: 128kbits AUD#2: Off AUD#3: Off AUD#4: Off

By default, the encoder begins operating with Profile 1, as indicated by the selection arrow to the left of the Profile 1 name. Key video and audio elements of this profile are shown in the right part of the front panel, specifically: encoding mode (CBR or VBR), and bit rate. Each of the 4 audio channels is also displayed. If an audio channel is enabled the bit rate set for that channel is shown; otherwise the channel is indicated as Off. To see all the parameters associated with the currently selected profile, it is necessary to look at the Web Controller. Selecting a different profile Different profiles may be selected using the two up and down arrow buttons on the front panel, and the select button in the center (see picture of keypad below). The arrow cursor to the right of the profile name will move up or down to track the current position and the values in the right part of the screen will change to match the indicated profile. Custom Profile 1 Profile 2 > Profile 3 Profile 4 VID: CBR, 8000kbits AUD#1: 128kbits AUD#2: 64kbits AUD#3: Off AUD#4: Off

Front panel after two presses of down arrow Please note that to change the encoding profile, you MUST press the select button in the center of the keypad. Changing profiles will cause the encoder to stop and restart with the new values, a process that takes only a second or two. The arrow to the left of the profile name will then move to the left of the selected profile (in the case illustrated, the arrow will move from Profile 1 to Profile 3).

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If the select button is not pressed after making the profile change with the up/down keys, the display cursor will revert to the existing profile in ten seconds. Front Panel controls Only the three buttons indicated are active on the front panel. up arrow select down arrow



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If the encoder is accidentally set to an unknown IP address making further communication with the unit impossible, it easily can be reset to a known state by restoring the factory default values. The black reset button is concealed behind a vent hole directly below the on/off switch on the front panel, as show below.

Reset button

To restore factory default values, follow the simple three-step procedure below: 1. With the unit switched off (power switch set to 0), use a toothpick or other slim rod to push and hold down the reset button. 2. Turn on power by flipping the power switch to 1. 3. Continue to hold the reset button down for at least 10 seconds after turning on power. The unit should now be reset to the default IP values shown in section 3.6: IP address 10.10.1.10 Subnet mask 255.255.255.0 Gateway address 10.10.1.1

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Telairity encoders are fully programmable. For more information on the unique technology used in Telairity systems, see Appendix 1: Telairity Technology Overview. The encoder is implemented as a set of firmware and software modules, all of which can be upgraded in the field by downloading new code from the Telairity FTP site and installing it in on target systems. The procedure is very simple and takes only a few minutes. First, a logon name and password are needed to access the Telairity FTP upgrade site. These are supplied in combination with notifications about available upgrades. Follow the instructions supplied in the upgrade notification to download the latest encoder software to your control PC. As a rule, the download will consist of an executable file for updating the encoder firmware (e.g., FirmwareUpdate.exe). Once the update file(s) have been downloaded to the control PC, you are ready to begin the update procedure. There are two basic types of upgrade that may be attempted, complete and partial. You should receive instructions about the type of upgrade to perform together with the notification than an upgrade is available Complete upgrades require appending the all (dash-all) option to the upgrade command. Complete upgrades cannot be interrupted for any reason once startedthey must run to completion. Otherwise the encoder may be left in an unusable state, requiring a factory exchange. Since it is impossible to back up to retry anything when performing a complete upgrade, it is very important to follow all the on-screen prompts precisely. Partial upgrades do not require use of the dash-all option. Partial upgrades are completely safe, i.e., even if power is lost during the upgrade process, no damage is done to the encoder. Simply restart the upgrade process over again from the beginning.

The upgrade process itself consists of the following steps. 1. Download the FirmwareUpdate.exe file to a Windows PC connected to the same subnet as the encoder. Make sure the PC can communicate with the encoder (e.g., by pinging the encoder). 2. Switch on the encoder.



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3. For a partial upgrade, simply double-click on the FirmwareUpdate.exe file in Windows explorer. For a complete upgrade, execute the following command from a command prompt window on the PC: > FirmwareUpdate.exe all 4. A window will open on the PC to display progress messages. The first phase of the upgrade process should end with the displayed instruction:
Please cycle the power on the encoder and press any key to continue

5. Switch the encoder off and back on again (according to the instruction). Then press any key on the control PC to resume the update process, installing the default profiles. This second phase of the upgrade process should end with the displayed message:
Firmware updated with no errors. Please cycle the power on the encoder and press any key to continue.

6. Switch the encoder off and back on again a second time. The encoder is now ready for use with the latest updated software. Press any key on the control PC to continue. Below are two screen shots. The first shows a typical set of messages produced by a partial update, the second by a complete update.
Messages produce by a partial update. Note that the combined time needed to update the control, audio, transport, and encoder firmware is less than 1 minute.

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Messages produce by a complete update. Note that the combined time needed to update the control, audio, transport, and encoder firmware, plus update three hardware modules, is less than 2 minutes.

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Telairity encoders support a simple file capture utility or recorder that runs on any server. Using this utility, the live MPEG-2 transport stream (TS) output by a Telairity H.264/AVC encoder can be saved to a file in either native .TS format, for replay by streaming decoders, or in .MOV file format, for replay by file-based decoders like Windows Media Player or Apple Quicktime. The recorder is located on the flash drive that ships with Telairity encoders, or it can be downloaded from Telairitys FTP site.
NOTE: A logon name and password are needed to access Telairitys FTP site. These are supplied by email, in combination with notifications about available downloads. Follow the instructions supplied in the download notification to acquire the appropriate files.

The recorder program is called ts2mov_record.exe. It requires only about 240KB of disk space on the target server. The encoder must be set up to stream video to the target server system, where the recorder will capture encoded files for later playback. Assuming the recorder program is placed on the server desktop, to open it, simply double-click on its icon. This will open up the initial recorder screen.

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The top level File menu is only used to exit the utility program, while the Interface menu shows the servers IP connections.

The set of text boxes opposite the mode pull-down menu (showing UDP) are used to enter the IP address (in the example shown, 226 0 1 10) and port number (in the example shown, 10000) of the server used by the video stream targeted for file capture. The text box under the IP address box is used to enter the name of the capture file (in the example shown, C:\recorded). The mode pull-down menu offers three choices : UDP, RTP, or FEC. By default, this is set to UDP.

To reset to one of the other two modes, select the desired choice off the pull-down menu, then press the Configure button at the bottom of the recorder window.



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The following two sets of paired before-and-after screen shots show the recorder being configured, first, to operate in RTP mode, and, second, to operate in FEC mode. Note that FEC mode (only) activates two new FEC addresses, FecC and FecR, shown immediately below the common Data: address. Also note the message at the bottom of the window (below the Configure button) in the two before screens, indicating the Configure button is active and needs to be clicked to effect the mode change. Recorder configured for RTP Mode:

Recorder configured for FEC mode:

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The remaining pull-down menu controls the format of the captured file. By default, the file is captured in the MOV format used by many file-based players and editing tools. This menu also provides the option to capture the native transport stream output by the encoder in a TS file.

To start recording (whenever the Ready to record! message is show at the bottom of the window), simply press the Record button in the bottom right corner of the recorder window. This will change the button label to Stop, and recording will continue until this button is pressed a second time to end the recording session. The size of the record file (in bytes) is tracked in the Recorded message displayed at the bottom of the window.

NOTE ABOUT SOFTWARE PLAYERS Some software players, including older versions of QuickTime and many versions of VLC, do not properly support interlaced video formats. For this reason, where target software players cannot be qualified to determine if they do support interlaced video, it is safest to encode video using progressive formats wherever possible. Telairity encoders support progressive formats for all SD resolutions, as well as 720p50/60 for HD resolution. Support for 1080p25/30 can be added to Telairity HD encoders but is not yet a standard feature; please contact the factory for availability of this option. 

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As the owner of a Telairity encoder, you already appreciate the unique features of Telairity systems, like: instant on, very low encode latency, high transmission robustness, full software upgradeability, and the ability Telairity has to add or change features quickly, on request. This appendix is intended to provide background information on the underlying Telairity technology that makes these features possible. For the most part, when considered in light of the technologies employed to develop systems, companies that develop professional broadcast encoders fall into one of three groups. Some companies adopt a commercial encoder chip developed for a related but distinct and much higher volume market (e.g., cameras), and build encoders around that base System on a Chip (SoC) hardware platform. Other companies adopt a general purpose CPU (like the latest generation of x86 architecture processors), and implement encoders in software on a PC hardware platformperhaps using some add-in video accelerator board. A third group of companies eschews both of these approaches (special-purpose SoCs or general-purpose CPUs), and develops encoders around some combination of commercially available DSPs and FPGAs.

Prominent among Telairitys distinctions as an encoder company is the fact that it uses none of the technical strategies listed above for product development. Instead, Telairity has leveraged its roots in the semiconductor industry, together with its patented technology for developing complex ASICs with small hardware design teams in a relatively short time, to create the 594 MHz Telairity-1 T1P2000 video processor, targeted to video encoding. Telairity complements its unique hardware platform with custom AVClairity encoding software, expressly designed to run directly on the T1P2000 video processoravoiding the overhead of an operating system on the one hand, while harnessing all the horsepower available on the T1P2000 chip on the other hand. Finally, Telairity also creates the Broadcast Encoder (BE) systems that incorporate both Telairity video processors and AVClairity encoding software, all the way from board design through system manufacture. The result of this top-to-bottom investment in technology is fast, powerful, and highly reliable encoding platforms. Each T1P2000 video processor chip implements five identical, loosely-coupled TVP400 processing cores. Each TVP400 core, in turn, comprises five separate execution engines: 4 vector pipelines and a scalar pipeline. Although the lone scalar engine is a simple 32-bit RISC design, capable of dispatching one instruction every clock cycle, the four 16-bit vector engines are each capable of

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executing up to five operations per clock cycle: 2 arithmetic-logical operations, 2 loads, and 1 store. Summing up the potential operations performed per core, per chip, and per board in a Telairity HD encoder design yields a staggering total of nearly 500 billion operations per

second, as shown in the figure below. The 16-bit length of vector operations reflects the fact that over 90% of all multimedia data is 16-bits or less in length. Exceptions to this rule can be handled either by the 32bit scalar engine in each core, or by chaining two of the 16-bit vector units together. And, since a single vector instruction can trigger anywhere from 1 to 32 sequential operations, the highly parallel, multicore, multipipe architecture of the T1P2000 chip is a perfect match for many of the repetitious (indeed, tedious) operations involved in video compression. This includes the most compute-intensive motion estimation and motion compensation tasks performed on the multiple, adaptive macroblock sizes allowed by H.264/AVC coding. The 4x4 block intra-prediction algorithm, for example, calculates eight modes simultaneously, using the two arithmetical operations supported by each of the 4 vector pipes in a corefully 8X faster than this particular algorithm could run on a single scalar unit. In short, a Telairity-designed board based on Telairitys purpose-built T1P2000 video processor yields enormous raw horsepower, efficiently applied to H.264/AVC compression by Telairitys custom AVClairity encoding software. The result is powerful encoding systems, capable of generating quality images using minimal bits in just a few



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frames of latency. The efficiency of Telairity systems is marked by the fact that they dissipate relatively little heat (contributing to their reliability, since heat is a leading cause of electronic component failure), run quietly, and boot up within three seconds of power on. Indeed, enough room is left over inside the compact 1RU system enclosure used for all Telairity encoders to allow for dual redundant power supplies, further augmenting the robustness of Telairity systems. The fact that encoder functions are implemented in Telairitys AVClairity software, rather than hardwired into the T1P2000 video processor, makes Telairity encoders fully field upgradeable via a simple download (see Section 6. Upgrading Telairity Encoders). At the same time, the fact that the Telairitys AVClairity encoder software runs directly on Telairitys T1P2000 video processor, without any need for an intervening operating system, reduces the latency of all encoding operations, improves system responsiveness, and at the same time eliminates a significant potential source of problems. Taken together, the direct consequence of Telairitys top-to-bottom investment in encoding technology is a family of HD and SD H.264/AVC encoders that offer customers a value proposition unmatched by any other H.264/AVC encoders available on the market today.

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H.264 / AVC / FRExt A video coding standard jointly authored by the ITU and the ISO MPEG committee, finalized in 2003. H.264 / AVC is designed to achieve the same or better quality than MPEG-2 video compression with just half the MPEG-2 transmission bit rate or storage capacity. Because of its significant advantages in achieved compression, H.264 / AVC is generally expected to replace MPEG-2 HD for HD broadcast encoding. Confusingly, this standard is known by multiple names. The most common are H.264 (ITU standard designation), MPEG4, Part 10 (ISO standard designation), and AVC (Advanced Video Coding, its official MPEG designation, intended to explicitly parallel the AAC Advanced Audio Coding acronym). Less commonly found are terms like: the JVT codec (after the Joint Video Team from ITU and MPEG that developed the standard), H.26L (the original ITU project that ultimately evolved into H.264), and IS0/IEC 14496-10 (the formal number for MPEG-4, Part 10). Although the H.264 / AVC standard was finalized in 2003, the JVT continued to work on possible additional improvements in video coding. These additions were released in 2005 as a set of four additional profiles, under the name: Fidelity Range Extensions (FRExt). The most important of these extensions is a new High profile that augments the original H.264 Main profile with several still more advanced compression technologies. Since High profile achieves about 10% better overall compression than Main profile without any burdensome added penalty in compression time, High profile already has been adopted as the preferred standard (over Main profile) for a number of applications. All Telairity HD AVC encoders support the High profile. BNC Connector RF connector used to terminate coaxial cables, especially those used in professional video, amateur radio, and electronic test applications. Initialled after its Bayonet mountlocking mechanism and its two inventors, Paul Neill (of Bell Laboratories) and Carl Concelman (of Amphenol). DVB-ASI Digital Video Broadcast-Asynchronous Serial Interface. Data format, primarily used in television applications, designed to transport MPEG video streams over standard 75 Ohm coaxial cables (with BNC connectors) at up to 270 Mbps. The data rate is consistent with the 27 MHz clock for the SDI SMPTE 259M standard, with similar electrical signal levels, restrictions on signal distance, etc. SD-SDI vs. HD-SDI Standard Definition- vs. High Definition-Serial Digital Interface. SDI provides the high bitrates needed to transmit uncompressed digital component signals (4:2:2 YCbCr) over the relatively short distances found within a typical production facility (e.g., 100 meters 

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or less). All versions of SDI rely on standard 75 Ohm coaxial cables with BNC connectors for their physical link. SD-SDI and HD-SDI are distinguished by the bit rates they support (with associated electrical signalling requirements). For SDTV broadcasts, SD-SDI (SMPTE 259M standard, often referred to simply as SDI) typically supports 270 Mbps for standard 4:3 aspect ratio displays, with higher data rates of up to 360 Mbps for widescreen formats. For HDTV broadcasts, HD-SDI (SMPTE 292M standard) nominally supports 1.5 Gbps. However, the two bit rates actually defined by HD-SDI are 1.485 Gbps and 1.485/1.001 Gbps (to support HDTV fps rates of 60 50 30 25 24 and 59.94 29.97 23.98, respectively). HDTV vs. SDTV High Definition TV vs. Standard Definition TV. Two standards distinguished by their aspect ratio and resolution. SDTV uses the classical movie 4:3 (1.33:1 width:height) aspect ratio, with a picture just 33% wider than it is high. NTSC SDTV format, used in North America and other parts of the world, consists of frames composed of 480 lines, flashed at a rate of 30 frames per second (fps). PAL SDTV format, used in Europe and other parts of the world, consists of frames composed of 576 lines, flashed at a rate of 25 fps. In both formats, frames are displayed as two interlaced fields, consisting of alternating sets of odd and even lines, respectively (flashed at twice the frame rate). HDTV uses a moderate 16:9 (1.78:1) widescreen aspect ratio with a picture 78% wider than it is high. Two standard HDTV resolutions are defined for broadcast use worldwide: 720p and 1080i. 720p format consists of frames composed of 720 lines flashed all at once (progressive), 60 times a second. 1080i format consists of frames composed of 1080 lines flashed as two interlaced odd/even fields 60 times a second (or a frame rate of 30fps). HD encoders support HDTV rates of 720p60 and 1080i30. IEC, ISO, ITU, JPEG, MPEG Various standards organizations: specifically, the International Electrotechnical Commission, the International Standards Organization, the International Telecommunication Union, the Joint Photographic Experts Group, and the Motion Picture Experts Group. JPEG and MPEG are committees of ISO that have developed widely used lossy compression standards for digital still and motion pictures, respectively. The MPEG standard has gone through three iterations, known as MPEG-1 (1993), MPEG-2 (1994), and MPEG-4 (2000). The dominant versions of MPEG have been jointly developed between ISO and ITU. MPEG-2, the current standard for video encoding, is ITU standard H.262, just as MPEG-4, Part 10 (AVC) is H.264. ITU standards H.261 (1990) and H.263 (1995-2001) are primarily aimed at teleconferencing. Interlacing A technique for creating moving images by alternately flashing two separate fields composed of odd and even lines, respectively, at twice the overall frame or image rate. In SDTV broadcasts, for example, NTSC 486i frames (images) are composed of two 243 line fields, one field comprised of lines 1,3,5,7 ... 485; and the other field comprised of lines 2, 4, 5, 8 ... 486. For each complete 486 line image, the even-numbered field is flashed first for a 60th of a second, followed by the odd-numbered field for a 60th of a

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second. The even lines from the next image are then flashed, followed by the odd lines, and so on, at equal 1/60th second (16.67ms) intervals. The result is the display of 30 complete frames each second. PAL 576i SDTV, as well as 1080i HDTV, use exactly the same interlacing technique to create moving images. Interlacing conserves transmission bandwidth, by cutting the amount of data transmitted at one time in half. At the same time, the 16.67ms temporal displacement between the odd and even fields creates interlacing artifacts, that become visible as combing effects along the moving edges of objects whenever the two fields are knitted together to form a single complete image. IP Network An Internet Protocol network, specifically, a packet-based network like the Ethernet, governed by the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) standard that forms the basis of the public Internet. Video is increasingly shifting away from use of dedicated (and more expensive) transmission pathways like SDI to use of commonly available IP networks; a shift enabled in part by the availability of advanced video compression technologies like MPEG-4. Mb vs. MB, Mbps Megabit vs. Megabyte, Megabits per second. Although the prefix Mega consistently refers to a unit quantity of one million, one million takes different values in decimal and binary numbering schemes. Used in connection with transmission rates, e.g., 1 Mbps, a million typically refers to a decimal value of exactly 1,000,000. Used in connection with storage requirements, e.g., 1 MB, a million typically refers to a binary value of 220, equal to 1,048,576 in decimal. Since a byte is eight bits, regardless of the scale (decimal or binary), it is easy to convert between bytes and bits by either dividing or multiplying by eight, as appropriate. Thus, a MB of storage is 1,048,576 x 8 = or a total of 8,388,608 bits, requiring exactly 8.388608 seconds to transmit at a rate of 1 Mbps. NTSC, PAL/SECAM Two alternate formats developed for broadcast standard definition television (SDTV). NTSC was developed by (and named after) the National Television System Committee standards body in the USA (established 1940 by the Federal Communications Commission). The NTSC first released a black-and-white (only) version of their standard for analogue broadcast television in 1941, followed by a second, modified version in 1953 to accommodate compatible color broadcasts. On June 12, 2009, the venerable NTSC standard was largely superseded in the USA by ATSC, a standard for digital television transmission developed by the Advanced Television Systems Committee. Technically, the key features of the NTSC standard are the selection of 525 vertical scan lines, a refresh rate of 30 frames per second (fps), a horizontal to vertical aspect ratio of 4:3, and the use of frequency modulation (FM) for the associated sound signal. Of the 525 lines that comprise each NTSC frame, only 486 are visible. The remaining 

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39 lines comprise the vertical blanking interval (VBI), originally used for synchronization and vertical retrace on early (slow, simple) TV receivers, and later adapted to carry auxiliary data, like closed captioning and timecodes. References to the NTSC standard as 486i count the 486 visible lines used to form images in this standard , and indicate that each image is formed by interlacing (i) two separate fields of 243 odd and 243 even numbered lines together within the frame rate interval. However, with the spread of color broadcasting in the 1960s, the inability of even the revised NTSC standard of 1953 to prevent color tone shifting under poor broadcast conditions (leading to waggish reinterpretations of NTSC as Never Twice the Same Color) triggered development of two new broadcast standards by western European countries. The PAL (Phase Alternating Line) standard was first proposed by a German company, Telefunken, in 1963, and implemented for broadcast in Germany and the UK beginning in 1967. Meanwhile, a distinct but closely related standard called SECAM (for Sequential Color with [avec] Memory) was developed in France. In terms of video format, the two primary differences between NTSC and PAL/SECAM are the adoption by the latter standards of 625 lines per frame (vs. 525) with an image refresh rate of 25fps (vs. 30fps). Each 625 line frame consists of 576 lines used for images and 49 lines of VBI. As in the NTSC standard, each frame is composed of two interlaced fields of odd and even lines, with moving images created by flashing fields sequentially at twice the frame rate (50 times a second). References to PAL/SECAM as 576i capture the distinctive number of image lines per frame, as well as the common (with NTSC) interlaced format of frames. Since the additional 100 lines that have to be transmitted per frame for PAL/SECAM (a 19% increase vs. NTSC) are largely cancelled out by the fact that 5 fewer frames are transmitted per second (a 17% decrease vs. NTSC), the per second bit rates of PAL/SECAM and NTSC transmissions are very similar. Today, NTSC (or its digital successor ATSC) is used throughout North America, in parts of South America, and in some Asian countries including Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines. PAL or SECAM is in use throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Australia, as well as in much of Asia. SMPTE Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. A USA-based international professional association of engineers working in the motion imaging industries. SMPTE has developed over 400 standards used in video broadcasting and related fields.

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