Introduction

Geometry is a branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space. Geometry is one of the oldest mathematical sciences. Initially a body of practical knowledge concerning lengths, areas, and volumes. The earliest recorded beginnings of geometry can be traced to ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley from around 3000 BCE. Early geometry was a collection of empirically discovered principles concerning lengths, angles, areas, and volumes, which were developed to meet some practical need in surveying, construction, astronomy, and various crafts. The earliest known texts on geometry are the Egyptian Rhind Papyrus and Moscow Papyrus, the Babylonian clay tablets, and the Indian Shulba Sutras, while the Chinese had the work of Mozi, Zhang Heng, and the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, edited by Liu Hui. South of Egypt the ancient Nubians established a system of geometry including early versions of sun clocks. Until relatively recently, the teaching and development of geometry in Europe and the Islamic world was based on Greek geometry. Euclid's Elements was one of the most important early texts on geometry, in which he presented geometry in an ideal axiomatic form, which came to be known as Euclidean geometry. The treatise is not, as is sometimes thought, a compendium of all that Hellenistic mathematicians knew about geometry at that time; rather, it is an elementary introduction to it; Euclid himself wrote eight more advanced books on geometry. We know from other references that Euclids was not the first elementary geometry textbook, but the others fell into disuse and were lost In the Middle Ages, mathematics in medieval Islam contributed to the development of geometry, especially algebraic geometry and geometric algebra. Al-Mahani (b. 853) conceived the idea of reducing geometrical problems such as duplicating the cube to problems in algebra. Thbit ibn Qurra (known as Thebit in Latin) (836901) dealt with arithmetical operations applied to ratios of geometrical quantities, and contributed to the development of analytic geometry. Omar Khayym (10481131) found geometric solutions to cubic equations, and his extensive studies of the parallel postulate contributed to the development of non-Euclidian geometry. The theorems of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), Omar Khayyam and Nasir al-Din al-Tusi on quadrilaterals, including the Lambert quadrilateral and Saccheri quadrilateral, were the first theorems on elliptical geometry and hyperbolic geometry, and along with their alternative postulates, such as Playfair's axiom, these works had a considerable influence on the development of nonEuclidean geometry among later European geometers, including Witelo, Levi ben Gerson, Alfonso, John Wallis, and Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri. In the early 17th century, there were two important developments in geometry. The first, and most important, was the creation of analytic geometry, or geometry with coordinates and equations, by Ren Descartes (15961650) and Pierre de Fermat (16011665). This was a necessary precursor to the development of calculus and a precise quantitative science of physics. The second geometric development of this period was the systematic study of projective geometry by Girard Desargues (15911661). Projective geometry is the study of geometry without measurement, just the study of how points align with each other.

Two developments in geometry in the 19th century changed the way it had been studied previously. These were the discovery of non-Euclidean geometries by Lobachevsky, Bolyai and Gauss and of the formulation of symmetry as the central consideration in the Erlangen Programme of Felix Klein (which generalized the Euclidean and non Euclidean geometries). Two of the master geometers of the time were Bernhard Riemann, working primarily with tools from mathematical analysis, and introducing the Riemann surface, and Henri Poincar, the founder of algebraic topology and the geometric theory of dynamical systems. As a consequence of these major changes in the conception of geometry, the concept of "space" became something rich and varied, and the natural background for theories as different as complex analysis and classical mechanics. Calculus is a branch of mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. Calculus is the study of change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of operations and their application to solving equations. In mathematics, differential calculus is a subfield of calculus concerned with the study of the rates at which quantities change. It is one of the two traditional divisions of calculus, the other being integral calculus. The primary objects of study in differential calculus are the derivative of a function, related notions such as the differential, and their applications. The derivative of a function at a chosen input value describes the rate of change of the function near that input value. The process of finding a derivative is called differentiation. Geometrically, the derivative at a point equals the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at that point. For a real-valued function of a single real variable, the derivative of a function Derivatives are frequently used to find the maxima and minima of a function. point generally determines the best linear approximation to the function at that point.

Part I :Geometry To determine suitable dimensions for the cake, to assist in designing and decorating cakes that comes in many attractive shapes and designs, to estimate volume of cake to be produced Calculus (differentiation) To determine minimum or maximum amount of ingredients for cake-baking, to estimate min. or max. amount of cream needed for decorating, to estimate min. or max. size of cake produced. Progressions To determine total weight or volume of multi-storey cakes with proportional dimensions, to estimate total ingredients needed for cake-baking, to estimate total amount of cream for decoration

Part II

1. 1Kg=3800cm 5Kg=3800cm x 5 =19000 cm V=rh 19000=3.142(r)(7) r=863.872 r =29.39 diameter =29.39 x 2 =58.78 cm 2. a) From the formula, V=rh
d 2 d h V= 4 4V d = h 4V d = h d =

V = ( )h

V = 19000cm
24188.415 h 155.53 h

d=

Height, h (cm) 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Diameter, d (cm) 155.53 109.98 89.80 77.77 69.56 63.49

7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 21.0 22.0 23.0 24.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 31.0 32.0 33.0 34.0 35.0 36.0 37.0 38.0 39.0 40.0 41.0 42.0 43.0 44.0 45.0

58.78 54.99 51.84 49.18 46.89 44.90 43.14 41.57 40.16 38.88 37.72 36.66 35.68 34.78 33.94 33.16 32.43 31.75 31.11 30.50 29.93 29.39 28.88 28.40 27.93 27.49 27.07 26.67 26.29 25.92 25.57 25.23 24.90 24.59 24.29 24.00 23.72 23.45 23.19

TABLE 1 b) i . h < 7cm that is from height from 1cm to 6cm is not suitable. It is because the resulting diameter produced is too large to fit into the oven. Beside that, the cake would be too short or too wide, it will be less attractive. ii . h=15cm, d=40.16cm is most suitable for the cake. It is because it can fit into the oven and can handling easily. c) i. V = ( )h
d 2 d h V= 4 4V d = h 4V d = h d =

V = 19000cm
24188.415 h 155.53 h 1 h h

d=

d = 155.53 y=d,x=
1

Graph of d ag ainst 1/ h
180.00

160.00

140.00

120.00

100.00 d Graph of d against 1/ h h = 10.5 cm d = 42 cm 60.00 0.31, 48.00 0.27, 42.00

80.00

40.00

20.00

0.00 0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60 1 / h

0.80

1.00

1.20

ii. a) b) 3) a. From 2b (ii) h=15cm

d=40.16cm V=19000cm When covered with cream, new height =15cm+1cm = 16cm new diameter = 40.16cm+2cm =42.16cm radius =21.08cm new cake volume =rh =(3.142)(21.08)(16) =22339.19cm amount of fresh cream =22339.19cm -19000cm =3339.19cm b.