MODELLING OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS TOWARD HUMAN PRODUCTIVITY AT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

MUHAMMAD NAIF HELMI BIN ABDUL MANAP

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

JUNE 2012

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UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING I certify that the project entitled MODELLING OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS TOWARD HUMAN PRODUCTIVITY AT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY is written by Muhammad Naif Helmi Bin Abdul Manap. I have examined the final copy of this project and in my opinion; it is fully adequate in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering. I herewith recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfilments of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical with Manufacturing Engineering.

Signature Name of Panel Position Date

: : : : DR. ABDUL ADAM BIN ABDULLAH SENIOR LECTURER

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SUPERVISORS DECLARATION

I hereby declare that I have checked this project and in my opinion, this project is adequate in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering with Manufacturing Engineering.

Signature

: IR. AHMAD RASDAN BIN ISMAIL HEAD OF PROGRAMME (INDUSTRY)

Name of Supervisor : Position Date : :

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STUDENTS DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work in this project is my own except for quotations and summaries which have been duly acknowledged. The project has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted for award of other degree.

Signature Name ID Number Date

: : : : MUHAMMAD NAIF HELMI BIN ABDUL MANAP ME 08022

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the name of Allah, the most loving and the most compassionate. I am grateful and would like to express my sincere gratitude to Defence Services Sdn. Bhd. for giving me the opportunity to do and completed my final year project research in the company. I also want to thanks to my project supervisor, Ir. Ahmad Rasdan Bin Ismail for his invaluable guidance, continuous encouragement and constant support in order to complete this project. He has always impressed me with his outstanding professional conduct, his strong conviction for engineering. I appreciate his consistent support from the first day I started doing the project until the concluding moments. I am truly grateful for his progressive vision about my efforts, his tolerance of my nave mistakes, and his commitment to my future career. I also would like to express very special thanks to the panels, for their suggestions and co-operation throughout the project. I would like to dedicate my sincerely thanks to them for the time spent proofreading and correcting my many mistakes.

My sincere thanks go to all the staff of the Defence Services Sdn. Bhd., who helped me in many ways and made my stay at the company pleasant and unforgettable. Many special thanks go to my projects partners for their excellent cooperation, inspirations and supports during this project.

I acknowledge my sincere indebtedness and gratitude to my parents for their love, dream and sacrifice throughout my life. I am also grateful to all my siblings for their sacrifice, patience, and understanding that were inevitable to make this work possible. I cannot find the appropriate words that could properly describe my appreciation for their devotion, support and faith in my ability to attain my goals. Special thanks should be given to my friends. I would like to acknowledge their comments and suggestions, which was crucial for the successful completion of this project and the report.

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ABSTRACT

This study tries to identify the effect of the environmental factors towards the workers and operators productivity and performance in the manufacturing industry. The examined parameters were illuminance (lx), noise (dB), air velocity (m/s) relative humidity (%) and air temperature (C). One manufacturing parts factory had been chosen as a location for the study. The subjects were workers at one of the workstation of the factory. Two sets of representative data including the illuminance (lx), noise (dB), air velocity (m/s) relative humidity (%) and air temperature (C) level and production rate were collected during the study. The production rate data were collected through observations and survey questionnaires while all the parameters were measured using Thermal Comfort SERI apparatus which is capable to measure simultaneously those mentioned environmental factors. The time series data of fluctuating level of environmental were plotted to identify the significant changes of factors. Further multiple linear regressions were employed to obtain the equation model in order to represent the relationship of these environmental factors towards productivity. The study reveals that the dominant factor contribute to the productivity at the selected workstation is air velocity and noise whereas the empirical finding is closely related to the perception study by survey questionnaire distribution. The productivity prediction equation model obtained is: Productivity = 29.242 0.009 illuminance + 6.022 relative humidity 8.98 air velocity 0.064 noise 0.107 air temperature.

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ABSTRAK

Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti kesan faktor-faktor persekitaran kepada pencapaian dan pengeluaran para pekerja dan operator di industri pembuatan. Parameter-parameter yang diukur adalah kadar pencerahan cahaya (lx), kadar kebisingan (dB), halaju udara (m/s), kadar kelembapan udara (%) dan suhu udara (C). Sebuah kilang industri pembuatan dipilih sebagai lokasi untuk kajian ini. Manakala subjek untuk kajian ini terdiri daripada pekerja-pekerja dari salah satu stesen kerja yang dipilih di dalam kilang tersebut. Dua set data termasuk kadar pencerahan cahaya (lx), kadar kebisingan (dB), halaju udara (m/s), kadar kelembapan udara (%) dan suhu udara (C) dan kadar pengeluaran telah diambil semasa kajian. Kadar pengeluaran diambil menerusi pemerhatian dan borang soal selidik, manakala parameter-parameter lain diukur menggunakan alat pengukur keselesaan thermal SERI yang mampu mengukur semua factor-faktor persekitaran tersebut secara serentak. Graf masa melawan setiap factor persekitaran diplot untuk mengenalpasti setiap perubahan yang berlaku. Kemudian, analisis regresi berganda digunakan untuk mencari model persamaan untuk mewakili/menunjukkan hubungan setiap faktor-faktor persekitaran terhadap pengeluaran. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa faktor utama yang mempengaruhi pengeluaran di lokasi kajian adalah halaju udara dan kadar kebisingan dan ia selari dengan hasil kajian daripada borang soal selidik yang diedarkan. Model ramalan pengeluaran yang diperoleh ialah: Pengeluaran = 29.242 0.009 kadar pencerahan cahaya + 6.022 kadar kelembapan 8.98 halaju udara 0.064 kadar kebisingan 0.107 suhu udara.

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TABLES OF CONTENTS

Pages EXAMINERS DECLARATION SUPERVISORS DECLARATION STUDENTS DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT TABLES OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES ii iii iv v vi viii xii xiii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.0. 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6.

Introduction
Background Of Study

1 ` 1 2 3 3 3 4

Problem Statement Objectives of Study Scope of Study Significant of Study Structure of Report

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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3

Introduction Definition of Environmental Ergonomic Definition of Thermal Comfort Standard References 2.3.1 Summary of Standard References 2.3.2 ISO 7730 2.3.3 ISO 8996 2.3.4 ISO 9920

5 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 11 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 17 19 21 21

2.4

Environmental Factors 2.4.1 Illuminance 2.4.2 Thermal Environment (Heat) 2.4.3 Air Velocity 2.4.4 Noise 2.4.5 Relative Humidity 2.4.6 Clothing Insulation 2.4.7 Metabolic Rate

2.5

Thermal Indices 2.5.1 2.5.2 Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD)

2.6

Reviews on Previous Research 2.6.1 Effect of environmental factors on workers

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3

Introduction Description of Workstation Subject of Study Procedure of Study

30 31 34 34

3.4

Data Collection Method 3.4.1 Questionnaire Form 3.4.2 Field Work Data Measurement 3.4.3 Equipments Used for Data Collection 3.5.4 Measurement Parameters

37 37 38 38 39 39 40 40

3.5

Data Analysis Method 3.5.1 PMV and PPD Method 3.5.2 Computational Analysis Using SPSS Software

CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

4.0 4.1

Introduction Questionnaire Analysis 4.1.1 Respondents Profile Survey 4.1.2 Respondents Profile 4.1.3 Workers Perception Analysis

42 42 42 43 44 45 45 49 53 56 61 65 68

4.2

Experimental Data Analysis 4.2.1. 4.2.2. 4.2.3. 4.2.4. 4.2.5. Result for Illuminance Result for Relative Humidity Result for Air Velocity Result for Air Temperature Result for Noise

4.3 4.4

PMV and PPD Analysis Comparison of Result to Standard Values

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 5.2

Introduction Recommendations

69 69

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5.3

Conclusion

69

REFERENCES

71

APPENDICES A B C Raw Data Gantts Chart for Semester 1 Gantts Chart for Semester 2 79 80 81

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LIST OF TABLES

Table No. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13

Title The influence of accuracy of estimate of metabolic rate and clothing insulation on PMV and PPD values Thermal insulation for typical combinations of garments Metabolic rate (human activity level) for different activities 7-point thermal sensation scale Summary of Previous Research Illuminance, production rate and time data Regression and ANOVA analysis of illuminance Relative humidity, production rate and time data Regression and ANOVA analysis of relative humidity Air velocity, production rate and time data Regression and ANOVA analysis of air velocity Air temperature, production rate and time data Regression and ANOVA analysis of air temperature Noise, production rate and time data Regression and ANOVA analysis of noise Metabolic rate value of the workers in the workstation. Clothing insulation value of the workers in the workstation. PMV and PPD values at measured locations. Comparison of results to standard values

Page 10 16 17 20 24 46 48 50 52 53 55 57 60 61 63 65 65 66 68

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14

Title PMV and thermal sensation Graph of PPD as a function of PMV Workflow at the painting workstation View of the plastic curtains (door) and steel cages Inside view of the workstation One of the workers preparing paints Flow Chart of Study Thermal comfort instrument Respondents Gender Respondents Age Respondents Working Experiences Workers Perception Analysis toward environmental factors of Workplace Graph of production rate versus illuminance Time series of illuminance data measured at the workstation Graph of production rate versus relative humidity Time series of relative humidity data measured at the workstation Graph of production rate versus air velocity Time series of air velocity data measured at the workstation Graph of production rate versus air temperature Time series of air temperature data measured at the workstation Graph of production rate versus noise Time series of noise data measured at the workstation

Page 18 20 32 32 33 33 36 38 43 43 44 45 46 47 50 51 54 54 57 58 62 62

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0

INTRODUCTION

Environmental ergonomics addresses the problems of maintaining human comfort, activity and health in stressful environments. Its subject areas include thermal environments, illumination, noise and hypo- and hyperbaric environments. Ergonomics can be defined as the application of knowledge of human characteristics to the design of systems. People in systems operate within an environment and environmental ergonomics is concerned with how they interact with the environment from the perspective of ergonomics. Although there have been many studies, over hundreds of years, of human responses to the environment (light, noise, heat, cold, etc.) and much is known, it is only with the development of ergonomics as a discipline that the unique features of environmental ergonomics are beginning to emerge, (K.C. Parsons, 2000).

1.1

BACKGROUND OF STUDY

In this modern and competitive world of technology, manufacturing industry is one of the largest and important sectors which can turns under all types of economic systems such as free market economy and collectivist economy. All the products generated is competing to gain demand and satisfactory from customers. Dealing with continuous and challenging competition, company not only needs to produce quality product but excellence production systems and management also plays an important roles. In order to achieve that, the human/workers productivity in the sector needs to be improved and optimize.

The aim of the research/study is to improve the human productivity of an assembly line in manufacturing production industry. The objectives are to asses and study the effect of some environmental factors condition on the staffs and workers productivity and performance and also to create a better solution to improve them. Various types of environmental factors will be assessed in this study, which are: illuminance (lx), noise (dB), air velocity (m/s) relative humidity (%) and air temperature (C), (Ismail et al., 2009).

Some environmental factors data such as illuminance (lx), noise (dB), air velocity (m/s) relative humidity (%) and air temperature (C) and production rate for the selected assembly line factory are collected. The time series data of fluctuating level of environmental were plotted to identify the significant changes of factors. Then the optimum level for the five factors will be determined for optimum productivity. Further multiple linear regressions were employed to obtain the equation model in order to represent the relationship of these environmental factors towards productivity, (Ismail et al., 2008).

1.2

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Nowadays, for manufacturing company, the most important goals for almost all manufacturing company is to increase the productivity, which reflect to get a better production line efficiency. But to achieve this goal, the most important thing to do is to optimize the human productivity in the industry. The human productivity is influenced by some environmental factors their workplace. For example, illuminance (lx), noise (dB), air velocity (m/s) relative humidity (%) and air temperature (C) of the workplace will give some effects on the production rate of the workers. This study tries to identify the effect of the environmental factors that stated above towards the workers and operators productivity and performance in the manufacturing industry.

1.3

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The study is going to be conduct at a selected manufacturing industries workstation. Basically, the main purposes and objectives in accomplishing this study are:

a. To determine the dominance effects of environmental factors such as illuminance (lx), noise (dB), air velocity (m/s) relative humidity (%) and air temperature (C) on the operators productivity. b. To investigated the thermal comfort level experienced by workers by performing survey approach among the workers in order to collect the relevant data for thermal comfort assessment and perception on the comfort level at the working environment at selected industries. c. Conduct the human perception as well as quantitative measurement of environmental ergonomics, analysis the data using design of experiment and optimize the result.

1.4

SCOPES OF STUDY

The scopes of this study are:

a. To conduct the human perception of environmental ergonomics at selected Manufacturing Industries. b. Model and optimize the result from quantitative measurement for ergonomics environment.

1.5

SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

The environmental ergonomics study at manufacturing industries in Malaysia is considered a good steps to assess thermal environment and implement environmental ergonomic. From this research, it will help to increase the importance of environmental ergonomic level awareness among the workers and to be able to identify the comfortable working environment in industrial sector.

1.6

STRUCTURE OF REPORT

This report will be consisting of three chapter which is Chapter 1(Introduction), Chapter 2(Literature Review) and Chapter 3(Methodology). All these chapters will describe all things and information about the study. Chapter 1 is focusing about the basic information about the study which is background of study, problem statement, objective of study, scopes of study, significant of study and the structure of this report.

While in Chapter 2, it will be focusing about the review of past study that are related to this study. This chapter includes about environmental ergonomic, thermal comfort, human productivity and environmental factor. A review of other relevant research studies is also provided. The review is organized chronologically to offer insight to how past research efforts have laid the groundwork for subsequent studies, including the present research effort. The review is detailed so that the present research effort can be properly tailored to add to the present body of literature as well as to justly the scope and direction of the present research effort.

Finally, Chapter 3 will be providing a review of the methodology that has been suggested in conducting the study. It is start with the designing of the study, where the methodology in performing this study has been review. Framework of the study in the other hand, will review the planning that have been suggested in conducting the study. A review of data analysis and modeling software that will be used also will be discussed in general. .

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0

INTRODUCTION

Chapter 2 is explains about the literature review of the project. All the theories, concepts and others related standard or parameter that included in the study will be reviewed. It is including about environmental ergonomic, thermal comfort, human productivity and environmental factor. A review of other relevant research studies is also provided. The review is organized chronologically to offer insight to how past research efforts have laid the groundwork for subsequent studies, including the present research effort. The review is detailed so that the present research effort can be properly tailored to add to the present body of literature as well as to justly the scope and direction of the present research effort.

2.1

DEFINITION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ERGONOMIC

Ergonomics can be defined as the application of knowledge of human characteristics to the design of systems. People in systems operate within an environment and environmental ergonomics is concerned with how they interact with the environment from the perspective of ergonomics. Environmental ergonomics will encompass the social, psychological, cultural and organizational environments of systems, however to date it has been viewed as concerned with the individual components of the physical environment (K.C. Parsons, 2000). Some articles state that, enhanced environmental control improves employee performance and organizational effectiveness. A growing body of research shows strong links between degree of environmental control and outcomes such as stress and group and

individual performance and speed and cost of business processes between departments (Carayon and Smith, 2000; Lee and Brand, 2005; ONeill, 1998; ONeill and Evans, 2000; ONeill, 2007; Robertson, Huang, ONeill, & Schleifer, 2008; Sundstrom, Town, Rice, Osborn, and Brill, 1994). The benefits of environmental control transcend age, generational affiliation, gender, and other demographic characteristics (ONeill, 1998; 2007). Although numerous studies on the effect of job satisfaction in industries exist, findings were often specific to the particular investigation, and to date mainly consider individual components of the physical environment (Clegg et al, 1997). Nonetheless, factors related to job satisfaction are relevant in the prevention of employee frustration and low job satisfaction because employees will work harder and perform better if they are satisfied with their jobs. Many factors affect job satisfaction according to (Bowen et al, 1994, DeSantis and Durst, 1996 and Gaesser and Whitbourne, 1985).

2.2

DEFINITION OF THERMAL COMFORT

Thermal comfort can be defined as that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment (ASHRAE, 2005). Thermal comfort is very difficult to define. This is because we need to take into account a range of environmental and personal factors when deciding on the temperatures and ventilation that will make feel comfortable. The best that we can realistically hope to achieve is a thermal environment which satisfies the majority of people in the workplace, or put more simply, reasonable comfort (HSE, 1999). According to J.L.M. Hensen (1990) thermal comfort is generally defined as that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment (e.g. in ISO 1984). Dissatisfaction may be caused by the body being too warm or cold as a whole, or by unwanted heating or cooling of a particular part of the body (local discomfort). From earlier research (as reported and reviewed in e.g. Fanger, 1972, McIntyre, 1980, Gagge, 1986) we know that thermal comfort is strongly related to the thermal balance of the body. This balance is influenced by: Environmental parameters like: air temperature (Ta) and mean radiant temperature (Tr), relative air velocity (v) and relative humidity (rh).

Personal parameters like: activity level or metabolic rate (M) (units: 1 met = 58 W/m2) and clothing thermal resistance (Icl) (units: 1 clo = 0.155 m2.K/W).

2.3

STANDARD REFERENCES

According to K.C. Parsons, 2000, the existing thermal comfort standard (ISO 7730) is considered in terms of these criteria as well as ISO 8996 (metabolic rate) and ISO 9920 (clothing). The consequences of inaccuracy in estimation of metabolic rate and clothing insulation show that reasonable estimates can provide a range of thermal sensation predictions. The others are ISO/TC 159 SC5, Ergonomics of the physical environment, ISO 7726 (instruments), ISO 10551 (subjective measures), ISO TS 13732 Part 2 (contact with surfaces at moderate temperature), ISO 14505 (vehicles), and ISO 14515 (people with special requirements). Some other standards are:

ISO 7243: 1995 Hot environments estimation of the heat stress on working man, based on the WBGT index (wet bulb globe temperature). ISO 7726: 1998, Thermal environments instruments and methods for measuring physical quantities. ISO 7730: 1994, Moderate thermal environments determination of the PMV and PPD indices and specification of the conditions for thermal comfort. ISO 9920: 1995, Ergonomics of the thermal environment estimation of the thermal insulation and evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble. ISO 10551: 1995, Ergonomics of the thermal environment assessment of the influence of the thermal environment using subjective judgement scales.

2.3.1

Summary of Standard References That Were Used

1. Thermal comfort - ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers) defined thermal comfort as a condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the surrounding environment and the standard thermal comfort for winter is 68 to 74F (20 to 23.5C) and for summer is 73 to 79F (22.5 to 26C)(ASHRAE Standard 55).

2. Relative humidity - Relative humidity was influencing employee perception on the comfortable during working (Attwood et al. 2004). The standard of humidity is 40% RH (20 to 60% ranges) (ASHRAE Standard 55). 3. Noise - These conditions decrease employee concentration towards tasks which lead to low employee performance such as low productivity, poor quality, physicaland emotional stress, which cause high cost (Kahya, E. 2007). The limitation of noise at industrial, commercial and traffic areas generally is 70 dB in 24 hours (World Health Organisation (WHO) Guidelines for Community Noise, 1999). 4. Clothing - winter clothing is 0.8 to 1.2 clo and for winter clothing is 0.8 to 1.2 clo, (ASHRAE Standard 55). 5. Air flow - Air velocity less than 40 fpm (0.2 m/s), (ASHRAE Standard 55). 6. Lighting Parsons (2000) stated that light can cause both discomfort and positive sensation. There are have two type of lamps are suitable for factories; high pressure mercury (HPMV) 50 watt, fair color and has 5000 life hours. High pressure sodium (HPSV) SON, 90 watt, fair color and has 6000-12000 life hours. (Bureau of Energy Efficiency). The ISO standard ISO 8995-1:2002 (CIE 2001/ISO 2002) states that in the areas where continuous work is carried out the maintained work plane illuminance should not be less than 200 lx. ISO 7730 Moderate Thermal Environments Determination of the PMV and PPD Indices and Specification of the Conditions for Thermal Comfort

2.3.2

This standard describes the PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) and PPD (Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied) indices and specifies acceptable conditions for thermal comfort. The PMV predicts the mean value of the votes of a large group of people on the ISO thermal sensation scale (+3 = hot; +2 = warm; +1 = slightly warm; 0 = neutral; -1 = slightly cool; -2 = cool; -3 = cold). The PPD predicts the percentage of a large group of people likely to feel too warm or too cool. The indices are exactly as described by Fanger (1970). A draft rating index is provided in the standard as an equation involving air temperature, air velocity and turbulence intensity. It is applicable to mainly sedentary people wearing light clothing with a whole-body

thermal sensation close to neutral. Recommended thermal comfort requirements are provided in Annex D of the standard (informative not a formal part of the standard). This includes optimum operative temperature; vertical air temperature gradient; mean air velocity; floor temperature; and relative humidity. ISO 7730 has been criticised because of its lack of theoretical validity. The PMV/PPD indices were established in 1970. Since then there have been improvements to the human heat balance equation. There are also dynamic models of human thermoregulation that offer more accurate representations of physiological measures such as mean skin temperature and sweat rate. The prediction of sensation away from neutrality (towards warm or cool) is based upon the principle of thermal load. This has been criticised (Humphreys and Nicol, 1996). A more valid approach may be to predict deviation from neutrality using predictions of body state, such as skin temperature, sweat rate, or skin wettedness (Gagge et al., 1971). ISO 8996 Ergonomics Determination of Metabolic Heat Production

2.3.3

This standard describes six methods for estimating metabolic heat production, an essential requirement in the use of ISO 7730 and the assessment of thermal comfort. The methods are divided into three levels according to accuracy. Level 1 provides tables of estimates of metabolic rate (assumed identical to metabolic heat production) for kinds of activity and occupation. This is rough information where the risk of error is great. Level II presents tables of estimated metabolic rate based upon group assessment, specific activities, and measurement of heart rate. This is High error risk accuracy 15%. The most accurate measure ( 5%) is a method of estimating metabolic rate by analysis of expired air from the lungs (indirect calorimetry). The principle is that energy is produced from burning food in oxygen. Comparison of the oxygen content of expired air (collected in a Douglas bag or other method a typical value will be around 16% to 18%) with that of inspired air (20%) provides the rate of oxygen used by the body. With adjustments for type of combustion (from CO2 output) temperature and pressure, the metabolic rate can be derived from the calorific value of food. The units are presented as Watts per square meter of the body surface of a standard person (70 Kg, 1.8 m2 male; 60 Kg, 1.6 m2

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female). For an activity, such as walking up hill, the weight of the person will be important and adjustments may need to be made.

2.3.4

ISO 9920 Ergonomics of the thermal environment

ISO 9920 provides an extensive database of the thermal properties of clothing and garments. The properties are based upon measurements on heated manikins where basic (or intrinsic) thermal insulation is measured as well as vapor permeation properties of garments and ensembles. It is important to have a view of how accurately the standard can predict clothing insulation properties. No guidance is provided on this. If we assume around 15% accuracy and combine it with metabolic rate ( 15% accuracy) the results in Table 2.1 show how the PMV/PPD indices vary for sitting at rest in a business suit and light activity in a business suit. It can be seen that predictions of discomfort will vary within the accuracy of metabolic rate and clothing insulation estimates. Inaccuracies in estimates of environmental variables will increase this uncertainty.

Table 2.1: The influence of accuracy of estimate of metabolic rate and clothing insulation on PMV and PPD values (Ogulata, 2001)

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2.4

THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS TO HUMAN PERFORMANCE

In the recent years, several studies have been completed that investigated the effect of such factors as pollution load and ventilation rate on human productivity. As a result, it was documented for the first time that the performance of office work is affected by the indoor air quality. Studies of this nature continue with an extended scope that includes not only the performance of office employees, but also indoor environmental effects on the performance of school work by children. Indoor environment factors to be investigated include air cleaning, temperature control, ventilation rate, etc. It is also stated that prior literature on the relationship of indoor environments to productivity has focused primarily on potential direct improvements in workers cognitive or physical performance from changes in temperatures or lighting (W.J. Fisk, 2000). Pech and Slade (2006) argued that the employee disengagement is increasing and it becomes more important to make workplaces that positively influence workforce. According to Pech and Slade the focus is on symptoms of disengagement such as distraction, lack of interest, poor decisions and high absence, rather than the root causes. The working environment is perhaps a key root causing employees engagement or disengagement. Another research indicates that improving the working environment reduces complaints and absenteeism while increasing productivity (Roelofsen, 2002). Wells (2000) stated that workplace satisfaction has been associated with job satisfaction. In recent years, employees comfort on the job, determined by workplace conditions and environments, has been recognized as an important factor for measuring their productivity. Some examples of the environmental factors are:

2.4.1

Illuminance

Light can cause discomfort to the occupants of an environment as well as positive sensations such as pleasure and emotional sensations (cold, warm, etc.). Lighting conditions which produce definite discomfort can generally be identify and criteria in terms of physical lighting parameters are available for assessing lighting environments (CIBSE, 1994). The conditions that create emotional responses or

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pleasant environments are not as well understood and designing for these conditions remains both an art and a science. Lighting conditions that are satisfactory are context dependent, depending upon the function of the building, user population, etc. However, there are a number of measurements of lighting environments that are related to subjective responses to lighting and recommended limits can be provided in terms of these parameters. For a detailed discussion the reader is referred to Boyce (1981) and for practical recommendations to CIBSE (1994). The parameters include illuminance and illuminance ratios that are related to the acceptable light distribution arriving on surfaces in a room; Vector/scale ratio and vector direction that affect the three-dimensional appearance of objects; and measures of surface reflections, color, glare, and day lighting can all be used to provide guidelines for good lighting practice. Although light can affect human performance at general tasks, glare can cause a distraction effect; for example, the main effects of light are on visual performance (Parson, 2000). At the individual level, research suggests that environmental control over workstation components has a direct relationship to performance (ONeill, 1994; 2007). Measuring the impact of giving individuals control over lighting in their environment, Moore, Carter and Slater (2004) found that the option for control over lighting in individual workspace may account for higher occupant satisfaction than actual differences in luminance. This study also reported that workers may be more likely to forgive unsatisfactory features of an environment if they can control other features related to comfort. The ISO standard ISO 8995-1:2002 (CIE 2001/ISO 2002) states that in the areas where continuous work is carried out the maintained work plane illuminance should not be less than 200 lx. In all the reviewed recommendations, the minimum work plane illuminances in offices were higher. ISO 8995-1:2002 standard does not give any recommendation for uniformity of illuminance on the work plane, but suggests that the illuminance in the vicinity of the task should not be too low in comparison to the illuminance on task area.

2.4.2

Thermal Environment (Heat)

Thermal comfort can be defined as `that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment a (ASHRAE, 1966). The reference to &

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mind' indicates that it is essentially a subjective term; however, there has been extensive research in this area and a number of indices exist which can be used to assess environments for thermal comfort. Although simple values of air temperature or globe temperature can be used to provide conditions for comfort in rooms a more detailed, practical approach is usually taken. Fanger (1970) suggested three conditions for comfort; these are that the body is in heat balance and that the mean skin temperature and sweat rate are within limits required for comfort. Conditions required for heat balance can be derived from a heat balance equation. Mean skin temperatures and sweat rates that are acceptable for comfort have been derived from empirical investigation (Fanger, 1970). A fourth condition for comfort is that there should be no local discomfort. This could be caused by draughts, radiant asymmetry or temperature gradients. Wing (1965) and Ramsey (1995) investigated a wide range of mental tasks and present limits in terms of WBGT values that provide general guidance on exposure times within which there would be no significant decrement in mental performance. Decrements in performance occur not only at high environmental temperatures. Performance at vigilance tasks can be lowest in slightly warm environments that can have soporific effects. An increase in environmental stress can then increase performance. In addition, as the rate of chemical reactions in the body increase with temperature, a person's speed at both physical and mental tasks can be increased (Poulton, 1976).

2.4.3

Air Velocity

Air speed is the average speed of the air to which the body is exposed. The air velocity is speed of moving air across the workers and can make the workplace cool when it is well within the comfort guidelines for dry bulb temperature (Fanger, 1977). The moving air in warm or humid conditions can increase heat loss through convection without any change in air temperature. Air speed is a rate where the air moving in the certain distance. The mean air speed should be less than 0.15 m/s during the winter and 0.25 m/s in the summer (ISO 1984). Air speeds of 0.1 m/s to 0.3 m/s are typical in the comfort zone for sedentary and light work assembly. Often, fans are brought into work areas as the air temperatures move to warm end of the comfort zone or above.

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2.4.4

Noise

Noise is one of the physical environmental factors affecting our health in todays world. Noise is generally defined as the unpleasant sounds which disturb the human being physically and physiologically and cause environmental pollution by destroying environmental properties (Melnick, 1979). According to (USEPA, 1974), Exposure to continuous and extensive noise at a level higher than 85 dBA may lead to hearing loss. Continuous hearing loss differs from person to person with the level, frequency and duration of the noise exposed. Hearing losses are the most common effects among the physiological ones. It is possible to classify the effects of noise on ears in three groups: acoustic trauma, temporary hearing losses and permanent hearing loss (Melamed et al, 2001). Blood pressure increases, heart beat accelerations, appearance of muscle reflexes, sleeping disorders may be considered among the other physiological effects. The psychological effects of noise are more common compared to the psychological ones and they can be seen in the forms of annoyance, stress, anger and concentration disorders as well as difficulties in resting and perception (Cheung, 2004; Ohrstrom. 1989; Finegold, 1994). For the standards value, in the U.S., the Occupational Noise Exposure Regulation states that industrial employers must limit noise exposure of their employees to 90 dB for one 8-h period (USEPA, 1974; Eleftheriou, 2002). This permitted maximum noise exposure dose is similar to the Turkey Standard, which is less than 75 dB for one 7.5 h period (Turkey organization standards, noise exposure regulation, 1986).

2.4.5

Relative humidity

Relative humidity is a term used to describe the water vapor pressure of the air at a given temperature (Bridger, 1995). If the relative humidity is high, the latent heat dissipation ability of the body is decreased due to the decrease in vapor pressure and the increase of sweat remaining on the body (Atmaca and Yigit, 2006). Workplace environmental conditions, such as humidity, indoor air quality, and acoustics, have significant correlation with workers satisfaction and performance (Tarcan et al. 2004; Marshall et al. 2002; Fisk, 2000). Indoor air quality can have a direct impact on health problems and can lead to uncomfortable workplace

15

environments (Juslen and Tenner, 2005; Fisk and Rosenfeld, 1997; Marshall et al. 2002). On the basis of human exposure studies with clean and humidified air, it was concluded that low RH (i.e. 10%) had little or no influence on the development of dry mucous membranes in the eyes and airways in a consistent manner (Andersen et al., 1974). In their journal, Ho et al. (2008) states that relative humidity can be calculated based on the procedure recommended by ASHRAE (2005).

2.4.6

Clothing Insulation

The temperature and humidity of the environment may profoundly influence the bodys skin and interior temperature (Threlkeld, 1970). The human body is adapted to function within a narrow temperature range. Generally, the human body keeps its body temperature constant at 37 0.5 C under different climatic conditions. Human thermal comfort depends on combinations of clothing, climate, and physical activity. The human body converts the chemical energy of its food into work and heat. The amount of heat generated and lost varies markedly with activity and clothing levels (Layton, 2001). The heat loss from the body and the feeling of individual comfort in a given environment is much affected by the clothing worn (Ogulata, 2001). Clothing slows down the rate of conduction, and the nature of the clothing influences the rate of conduction loss (Ck). The conduction heat loss is usually insignificant. Also, the rate of change of heat stored in the body is neglected in a steady-state heat transfer with its environment (Threlkeld, 1970). The clothing insulation (Icl) can be estimated directly from the data presented in Table 2.2 for typical combinations of garments (the values are for static thermal insulation), or indirectly, by summation of the partial insulation values for each item of clothing, Iclu.

16

Table 2.2: Thermal insulation for typical combinations of garments (ISO 9920)

2.4.7

Metabolic rates

The metabolic rate is proportional to body weight, and is also dependent upon the individuals activity level, body surface area, health, sex, age, amount of clothing, and surrounding thermal and atmospheric conditions. Metabolism rises to peak production at around 10 years of age and drops off to minimum values at old age. It increases due to a fever, continuous activity, or cold environmental conditions if the body is not thermally protected. Some information/standards on metabolic rates are given in ISO 8996. That elderly people often have a lower average activity than younger people also needs to be taken into account. The metabolic rate (human activity level) can be estimated directly from the data presented in Table 2.3.

17

Table 2.3: Metabolic rate (human activity level) for different activities

2.5

THERMAL INDICES

2.5.1

Predicted mean vote (PMV)

Predicted mean vote (PMV) is a parameter for assessing thermal comfort in an occupied zone based on the conditions of metabolic rate, clothing, air speed besides temperature and humidity. PMV values refer the ASHRAE thermal sensation scale that ranges from 3 to 3 as follows: 3=hot, 2=warm, 1=slightly warm, 0=neutral, 1=slightly cool, 2=cool, 3=cold. Figure 2.1 summarizes the overall process of using the six variables associated with thermal comfort sensation to evaluate the PMV. The general comfort equation developed by Fanger to describe the conditions under which a large group of people will feel in thermal neutrality is too complex and cannot be used in real time applications. Individual differences are &accounted for' by providing a method for predicting the percentage dissatisfied (PPD) with the environment as a function of PMV values. The PMV index is a widely used method for assessing thermal comfort. There are a number of other thermal comfort indices and the standard effective temperature (SET) has been developed in the USA (Nishi and Gagge, 1977). The SET is a complex index that can be used in heat and cold stress environments as well as for measuring thermal comfort. The PMV index has been adopted as the International Standard method for assessing thermal comfort (ISO 7730, 1994).

18

Figure 2.1: PMV and thermal sensation (Nishi and Gagge, 1977).

Calculation of PMV is as follow: PMV = [0.303 exp (-0.036M) + 0.028] {(M-W) 3.9610-8 fcl [(Tcl + 273.15)4 (Trad + 273.15)4] fclhc (Tcl Ta) - 3.05 [5.733-0.007 (M-W) 0.001pw] 0.42 [(M-W) -58.15] 0.0173M (5.867 0.001pw) 0.0014M (34-Ta)} where, 35.7 0.0275(M-W) Rcl {3.9610-8 fcl [(Tcl + 273.15)4 (Tr + 273.15)4] + fclhc (Tcl Ta)} hc = 2.38 (Tcl Ta)0.25 12.1v0.5 2.38 (Tcl Ta)0.25 > 12.1v0.5 2.38 (Tcl Ta)0.25 12.1v0.5 Icl 0.5clo Icl > 0.5clo

Tcl =

fcl =

1.0 + 0.2Icl 1.05 + 0.1Icl

Rcl =

0.155Icl

19

The parameters are defined as follows: PMV: predicted mean vote. M: metabolism (W/m2) W: external work, equal to zero for most activity (W/m2) Icl: thermal resistance of clothing (Clo) fcl: ratio of bodys surface area when fully clothed to bodys surface area when nude. Ta: air temperature (C) Tmrt: mean radiant temperature (C) Vair: relative air velocity (m/s) Pa: partial water vapour pressure (Pa) hc: convectional heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K) Tcl: surface temperature of clothing (C)

However, The PMV and PPD values also can be calculated using thermal comfort online calculator which based on ISO7730 (1993). This thermal comfort online calculator is designed by Dr. Andrew Marsh PhD, B. Arch. (Hon), who is a graduate architect who specializes in the computer simulation of building performance.

2.5.2

Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD)

Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) is an index that used as a quantitative measure of the thermal comfort of a group of people at a particular thermal environment. The PMV predicts the mean value of the thermal votes of a large group of people exposed to the same environment. But individual votes are scattered around this mean value and it is useful to be able to predict the number of people likely to feel uncomfortably warm or cool. The PPD is an index that establishes a quantitative prediction of the percentage of thermally dissatisfied people who feel too cool or too warm. For the purposes of this International Standard, thermally dissatisfied people are those who will vote hot, warm, cool or cold on the 7-point thermal sensation scale given in Table 2.4. With the PMV value determined, calculate the PPD using equation below:

20

PPD = 100 95 exp (-0.03353PMV4 0.2179PMV2)

Table 2.4: 7-point thermal sensation scale

+3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3

Hot Warm Slightly warm Neutral Slightly cool Cool Cold

According to Butera F.M. (1998), the relationship of PPD as a function of PMV is shown as the Figure 2.2 below:

Figure 2.2: Graph of PPD as a function of PMV (Butera F.M. 1998),

21

2.6

REVIEW ON PREVIOUS RESEARCH

There are lots of researches that have been done by others before this about the effect of environmental factors toward the workers productivity and performance and also about human comforts. All the past studies are important to be reviewed in order to do some comparison between the results and methods that will be used and collected later to make sure that the study can be done correctly. 2.6.1 Effects of Environmental Factors on Workers Performances

According to Dawal, et al, (2004) there is significant positive correlations occurred between job satisfaction and perception of all environmental factors. The outstanding correlation for Auto1 was perception of light and for Auto2 was perception of humidity. The results indicated that environment conditions, especially temperature, humidity, noise and light affect job satisfaction in automotive industries. The management of both companies should attempt to optimize temperature, humidity and noise because measurements of these factors are outside the comfortable boundary and respondents are not satisfied with them. Standard environmental conditions (including temperature, humidity, noise, and light) for automotive industries in Malaysia must be revised to maintain workers health physically and mentally, thereby increasing productivity and job satisfaction as well as performance. Light, noise, air quality and the thermal environment were considered factors that would influence the acceptability and performance on the occupants of premises (Nishi and Gagge, 1977).

Previous research done by Keith (1998) showed that the work environments were associated with perceived effects of work on health. This research used a national sample of 2048 workers who were asked to rate the impact of their respective jobs job on their physical and mental health. Regression analyses proved that the workers responses were significantly correlated with health outcomes. In addition to this, Shikdar et al. pointed out that there was high correlation between performance indicators and health, facilities, and environmental attributes (Nishi and Gagge, 1977). In other words, companies with higher health, facilities, and

22

environmental problems could face more performance related problems such as low productivity, and high absenteeism. Employees with complaints of discomfort and dissatisfaction at work could have their productivity affected, result of their inability to perform their work properly (Maher et al, 1999). Workplace environmental conditions, such as humidity, indoor air quality, and acoustics have significant relationships with workers satisfaction and performance (Keith, 1998; Fisk, 2000; Chubaj, 2002). Indoors air quality could have a direct impact on health problems and leads to uncomfortable workplace environments (Shiaw, 2002; Wilson, 2001; Ka Wing and Wai Tin, 2008).

Most of the past studies that been reviewed are from Ismail and his partners. However, their studies only focusing in automotive industries which are differ from this study that is going to be conducted in a manufacturing industry. Furthermore, their research only about the thermal comfort which is not including environmental factor that is noise. Their studies have been took place at various stations at automotive plant industries. They used both physical measurement and questionnaire survey methods in order to investigate the environmental factors influences and determine thermal comfort among the workers and their productivity at each workstation. One of his study that was conducted at tire receiving station has the lowest PMV value ranges between 1.07 and 1.41 compared at others stations (Ismail et al., 2009). The average metabolic rate of worker at this station is 116 W/m2 with the clothing rate of 0.8 clo for short sleeves and light working trousers. Even though, the tire receiving station still was not comfort with only 54.03% workers satisfied with thermal condition. The empirical study from PPD and PMV index indicated that workers working at this were influenced by the heat. It is because nearly half of the population of subjects satisfied with the thermal comfort while the PMV index showed the area of work is slightly warm.

Ismail et al. (2009) have studied the dominance effects of environmental factors such as WGBT (C), relative humidity (%) and illuminance towards the workers productivity at Malaysian automotive industry. Two sets of representative data and production rate collected for this study. Then, Taguchi method was used to find the sequence of the dominant factor that contributing to the workers

23

productivity. The optimum level for the three environmental factors determined for optimum productivity. The multiple linear regressions were employed to obtain the equation model in order to represent the relationship of these environmental factors towards productivity. The study exposed that the dominant factors that contribute to the productivity at the body assembly production line is WBGT and illuminance. This experimental finding is almost similar to the perception study through survey approach. Meanwhile, the thermal comfort assessment at body assembly station shows that the PMV index was between the range of 1.76 and 2.1. The average metabolic rate of worker at this station is 116 W/m2 with the clothing rate of 1.1 clo for long sleeves. As a result, the PPD value higher than tire receiving station with 65% to 81% (Ismail et al., 2009). This shows that the thermal sensation at body assembly was warm. Furthermore, the paint shop area considered as most discomfort environment with PMV value was 2.1 and 2.8 with PPD value was 81.1% to 97.8% (Ismail et al., 2010). The average metabolic rate of worker at this station is 93 W/m2 with the clothing rate of 0.9 clo for long sleeves. This showed that at the paint shop area the thermal sensation was warm and almost hot. In overall, the findings of the researches by Ismail and colleagues at Malaysian automotive industry reveals that the thermal comfort level still poor and required lot of improvisation in order provide comfort working environment to the worker and it will help to increase the productivity. Another research from Ismail and colleagues show that the optimum environmental factors for thermal comfort manage to be predicted through Artificial Neutral Networks (ANN) analysis system which commonly used the method of best linear relationship. They managed to found the optimum value of production attained when the WBGT is 24.5C, relative humidity is 54.86% and lighting value is 146.386 lux from the linear relationship (Ismail et al., 2010). Through these optimum values, the optimum production rate has been achieved in one manual production line in the Malaysian automotive company.

One of the study that was conducted by Ismail et. al. in (2009) has almost the same title as this study which entitled, Modelling Of Environmental Factors Towards Workers Productivity For Automotive Assembly Line. The only different between both of the studies is only where the environmental data was collected which one of them is in automotive industry, while the other one in conducted in manufacturing

24

industry. The paper consists of a study to determine the effects of humidity and of air temperature on the operators productivity and performance in the Malaysia automotive industries. The result of the study show that it is indicates a significant relationship between humidity, wet bulb globe temperature and workers productivity. The finding from Ismail and colleagues shows that the obtained relationship for relative humidity was Y = 2.79X 46.1. For WBGT, the obtained relationship was Y = -13.3X + 425.

Table 2.5: Summary of Previous Research

No. 1.

Author(s) and Title Ismail, Rani, Makhbul, Deros, Assessment (2009). of

Objective To determine effects the of

Findings The study reveals that the dominant factor contribute to the productivity at the body assembly production line is WBGT and Illuminance whereas the empirical finding is closely related to the perception study by survey questionnaire distribution.

dominance

environmental factors such as Illuminance (lx), relative humidity (%) and WBGT (C) on the operators

Thermal Comfort and Optimization of

Environmental Factors at Industry. Automotive European

productivity at Malaysian automotive industry.

The thermal comfort assessments of this station which is the scale PMV is 2.1 and PPD is 19% are likely to be satisfied by the worker.

Journal of Scientific Research. pp.409-423. 2. Ismail, Yao, Yunus, (2009). Relationship To measure the effect of occupational stress on job satisfaction employees. of academic Vol.31.

This result demonstrates that level of physiological stress has increased job satisfaction, psychological and stress level had of not

Between Occupational Stress and Job An Study in The Economic

Satisfaction: Empirical Malaysia. Romanian Journal.

decreased job satisfaction. Further, the study confirms that occupational stress does act as a partial

determinant of job satisfaction in the stress models of the organizational sector sample.

3.

Ismail et. al. (2009). Optimization Environmental Factors: A Study at Malaysian Automotive of

To determine the effects of humidity temperature and on of air the

The result of the study show that it is indicates a significant relationship between humidity, wet bulb globe temperature productivity. and The workers obtained

operators productivity and performance.

25

Industry. ISSN Vol.27 , pp.500-509.

relationship for relative humidity was Y = 2.79X 46.1. For WBGT, the obtained relationship was Y = 13.3X + 425.

4.

Ismail, Rani, Makhbul, Nor, Rahman, (2009). A Study of

To show the effect of temperature humidity productivity. and on relative worker

The study shows that there is extremely strong evidence that the productivity-humidity model is

Relationship between WBGT and Relative Humidity to Worker Performance, Volume 51.

significant. The t-value for t1= 4.795 has a p-value of 0.002, which indicates that the regressor humidity contributes significantly to the

model. Then, for temperature, it shows extremely strong evidence that the productivity-WBGT model is significant. The t-value for WBGT t1=-3.620 has a p-value of 0.009, which indicates that the regressor WBGT contributes significantly to the model.

5.

Dawal, Ismail, Taha, (2011). Affecting Satisfaction Factors Job in Two

To investigate how job satisfaction is affected by job characteristics, and job job

This study found that job satisfaction was significantly correlated with job characteristics, environments, and job organization. The environmental factors did affect job satisfaction and the strength of the correlation was influenced surroundings, by the workers on the

environment organization.

Automotive Industries in Malaysia. Jurnal

Teknologi. 44 (A): 6580.

depending

function of the building. 6. Ismail, Jusoh, Nuawi, Deros, Rahman, Assessment Makhtar, (2009). of To determine the thermal comfort among worker at Malaysian industry. automotive The result of PMV at the related industry is between 1.8 and 2.3, where PPD at that building is between 60% to 84%. The survey result indicated that the temperature more influenced comfort to the occupants. World

Thermal Comfort at Manual Assembly Workstation. Car Body

Academy of Science, Engineering and

Technology. 54 2009.

26

7.

Ismail, Jusoh, Sopian, Usman, Zulkifli,

To determine the thermal comfort including the

The PMV at Stamping Station is slightly warm. 31% are likely to be satisfied with thermal comfort at this station. Door Check Assembly

Rahman, (2009)

purpose of air conditioning systems and natural

ventilation among workers.

(Myvi) also slightly warm and PPD is 54%. For Door Check Assembly (BLM), the PMV is 1.29 and PPD is 60%. Door Check Assembly for BLM and Myvi using air

conditioning but there still different PMV and PPD value. 8. Atmaca, Kaynakli, To investigate the local differences between body segments caused by high radiant temperature, and to analyze the interior surface temperatures for different wall and with ceiling their In this study, PMV index reaches +1.5 for case (1), +1.1 for case (2) and +1 for case (3), indicating to be between slightly warm and warm. For the insulated walls and ceiling such as cases of (4), (5) and (6), this value remain under +0.3. It is shown that the body segments close the relatively hot surfaces are more affected than others and interior surface temperatures of un-insulated walls and ceilings exposed to a strong solar radiation reach high levels, all of which cause thermal discomfort for the occupants in buildings. 9. Wafi, Ismail, (2010). Occupants Thermal To predict the thermal The results obtained showed the thermal comfort level for male and female and also that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) between all parameters inside and outside hostels. This study predicted that climate affects thermal comfort in hostels located in a warm humid climate zone and also determined the actual thermal comfort in the hostel rooms. 10. Ismail, (2011). To show the effect of For the sound pressure level, the

Yigit, (2006). Effects of radiant temperature on thermal comfort. Building Environment. 3210-3220. and 42:

constructions

effect on thermal comfort.

comfort level of students.

Satisfaction A Case Study in Universiti

Sains Malaysia (USM) Hostels Penang,

Malaysia. ISSN 1450216X Vol.46 No.3

(2010), pp.309-319.

27

Multiple Regressions

Linear of

temperature,

illuminance

model equation is given an optimum value at 88.16 dB which is higher than the standard value that

and sound pressure level on workers productivity.

Environmental Factors toward Discrete

permissible via 85 dB for heavy industry (IFC Environmental

Human Performance.

Guidelines for Occupational Health and Safety). For illuminance, an optimum illuminance value that

obtained is 417.75 Lux. Compared to IFC Environmental Guidelines for Occupational Health and Safety, the calculated value is located below than maximum standard value via 500 lx. 11. Ismail, Yusof, To optimize level the to The result shows that, it is apparent from the linear relationship, the optimum value of production (value1) attained when temperature value (WBGT) is 24.5C. For

Makhtar, Deros, Rani, (2010). Optimization

temperature enhance performance.

worker

of Temperature Level to Enhance Worker in

Performance

comfortable temperature is within 24-27C (International Organization for Standard, 2005).

Automotive Industry. American Journal of Applied Sciences 7

(3): 360-365. 12. Taiwo, influence environment (2009). of The work on To analyze the impact of work future productivity. environment on workers The result of T-test analysis

indicated that employee productivity problems are within the

workers productivity: A case of selected oil and gas industry in Lagos, African Nigeria. Journal of

environment. All efforts targeted toward alleviating employee

productivity problems should be directed at the work environment. Conducive work environment

Business Management Vol. 4 (3), pp. 299307. 13. Ismail et. al. (2008). Modelling of Workers Productivity Environmental Using To determine the effects of illuminance (lux), relative humidity (%) and Wet Bulb Globe Temperature on the

stimulates creativity of employees that may lead to better methods that would enhance productivity. The results from the correlation analysis revealed that there are a multiple linear relationships between the Illuminance, relative humidity

28

Parameters Malaysian

in Electronic

operators productivity at Malaysian industry. electronic

(%)

and

Wet

Bulb

Globe

Temperature and productivity of the workers. The multiple linear

Industry. Journal - The Institution Engineers, Vol. 70. of Malaysia.

regression expression obtained was Productivity = 657.248 26.561 relative humidity + 1.343 Wet Bulb Globe Temperature.

14.

Ismail, Haniff, Deros, Rahman, Nuawi, Rani, (2010). The Influence Of Sound Pressure Towards Production

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of noise on the operators productivity and

The results from the correlation analysis revealed there is a weak negative relationship between the sound pressure level (dB) and the productivity of the workers. The linear regression analysis further reveals that there is a linear equation model with negative slope to

Level Workers Rate.

performance at Malaysian automotive industry.

describe the relationship of sound pressure level (dB and workers productivity for the assembly section involved. 15. Ismail, Haniff, Deros, (2010). Influence Of Wet-Bulb Temperature Towards Performance: Anova Globe (Wbgt) Workers An Analysis. To determine the effects Web-Bulb Globe The results from the correlation analysis revealed there is a weak negative relationship between the WBGT and productivity of the workers. The linear regression

Temperature (WBGT) on the operators performance at Malaysian automotive industry.

analysis further reveals that there is a linear equation model with negative slope to describe the relationship of WBGT and workers performance for the assembly section involved. The linear regression line obtained is Y = -13.3X + 425.

ISBN: 978-967-50809501. pp. 435-441.

16.

Seppnen

et.

al.

To evaluate the potential productivity improved benefits of

The studies indicate an average 2% decrement in work performance per

o

(2003). Cost Benefit Analysis Night-Time Ventilative Cooling In Office Building. Of The

temperature

degree C temperature rise, when the

o

control, and to apply the information for a costbenefit analyses of nighttime ventilative cooling,

temperature is above 25 C. When we use this relationship to evaluate night-time ventilative cooling, the resulting benefit to cost ratio varies

29

from 32 to 120. 17. Thwala, Monese, To identify the factors that promotes motivational among workers as positive behaviour construction to in improve the There are definite differences

(2005). Motivation As A Tool To Improve Productivity On The Construction Site.

between different cultures as to how people can be motivated; this also must be taken into consideration. Management should play an active and continuous role in managing on site motivational processes; employees desired outcomes should be tied to performance; should focus and on

production

construction site.

management

eliminating performance obstacles.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.0

INTRODUCTION

This chapter will be providing a review of the methodology that has been suggested in conducting the study. It is start with the designing of the study, where the methodology in performing this study has been review. Framework of the study in the other hand, will review the planning that have been suggested in conducting the study. A review of data modeling software that will be used also will be discussed in general.

Nowadays, in Malaysia, the manufacturing industry can be considered as one of the main source of income for the nation. However, some of the industry cannot fully optimize the resource and all the workers due to some of the environmental factors that affected their productivity. This problem not only inconvenience, but also economic loss due to reduced industrial production. Therefore, this study will be focusing at one of the manufacturing industry in Malaysia and is chosen as subject. Because of the factory is consist of not only the machines but also humans, the poor environmental ergonomic factors such as illuminance, noise, air velocity, air temperature and relative humidity will reduce the workers job productivity. The selection of specific location for this at the industry will be done during the initial plant visit and it is based on few criteria as following:

To choose the study location, some considerations must be taken, such as: 1.The workstation which has many problems with environment factors (temperature, noise, illuminance and relative humidity); 2.A workstation which produced an

31

amount of products in a range of time and under the effects of temperature and relative humidity; 3.The location that most workers easily get tired and have less productivity; 4.The location that frequently received complain from workers regarding the uncomfortable working environment. This criterion is essential to see the effect of the temperature, noise, illuminance and relative humidity on the worker productivity. One critical manual assembly workstation had been chosen as a subject for the study. The human subjects for the study constitute operators at some of a station in the factory.

3.1

DESCRIPTION OF WORKSTATION In order to proceed to data collection, the most crucial step to be taken is

selecting a suitable and fulfilling all the criteria as stated in the above subtopic. A workshop in Nilai which is one of a sub-company of DRB-HICOM SDN BHD is selected as the location for the study. For the workstation, the painting room in the workshop is chosen as the room is considered as the worst case scenario of all the workstations in the workshop. The selected location producing a product over a period of time and under the effects of certain environmental factors such as illuminance, relative humidity, air temperature, noise and air velocity. This criterion is essential in order to obtain which factors contribute utmost to the worker productivity based on output of assemblies among operators. The production line was consists of 5 man operators. The whole station was based on zero level from the ground in the workshop. In the entrance of the workstation, plastic curtains are used as door. In addition, the ventilation system of the room is consists of 1 industrial stand fan, 2 air flow wall fan, and 6 vacuum devices. All these equipments are used to let the heat and uneasy smell of paints to be flowed out from the room. For painting job, 4 steel cages and 4 working tables are placed in the room. The part that needs to be painted will be placed either in the cages or on the tables during painting session. Other than that, there are also some small cabinets which used to store paints and a small washroom, just for cleaning purpose. Figure 3.1 below show the workflow at the painting workstation.

32

Place part on working table or inside cage

Preparing paints and its spray

Painting the part and let it dry

Put away the completed part

Figure 3.1: Workflow at the painting workstation

Figure 3.2: View of the plastic curtains (door) and steel cages

33

Figure 3.3: Inside view of the workstation

Figure 3.4: One of the workers preparing paints

34

3.2

SUBJECT OF STUDY

All 5 of the workers in the selected workstation will be the participant in this study. The number is selected because the workers in the workstation are too little, so the number of participants to the number of the workers in the workstation be 100% so that the achieve result will become more accurate. Their anthropometric data such as sex, age, height, weight will be recorded through questionnaire survey. Their working experience in particular industry also will be recorded. For field measurement all employees in this study will consider exposed to a same physical effect.

3.3

PROCEDURE OF STUDY To conduct this study, there are steps should be done. First is to do some

review about the previous study that has been done. It is important to get starting view about how this study will be going to be done. Then few appropriated standards also required for the study and it obtained through preliminary study. The methodology and findings of previous researchers reviewed in order to get the better overview of this study. After that a survey questionnaire also is prepared in order to obtain the anthropometric data from subject during the experimental study in the industry. After all the previous steps are completed, it is needed to search for a manufacturing industry in order to conduct the study there. Once the industry is found, it is required to request for their permission. Then, there will be a first visit to the selected industry once after getting their permission to choose and decide a specific workstation suitable to conduct the study or field work. During the field work, all the equipment that will be used need to be calibrate before setup them at the chosen location to start collect the data for every 1 minute of interval. All the prepared questionnaires will be given to the workers that have been selected as the participant before or after collecting the environmental data and request them to fill up the form. The field work is planned to start at 9am until 5pm for two consecutive days at each location. During the field measurement, the environmental or weather conditions such as sunny, raining, cloudy will be recorded with the timeline. This is to correlate the environmental condition to the measured data in discussion part in

35

chapter 4. The measured data that are collected using thermal comfort instrument will be transferred to laptop and verified at the end of each measurement day to ensure that data is complete and able to use for thermal verification analysis. The data obtain through field measurement analyzed using Microsoft Excell software to obtain the graph of production rate versus all the environmental parameters and PMV and PPD values of each working environment. The data obtain through questionnaire survey approach are analyses and correlate with the empirical findings. Finally, all the measured data is been analyze using SPSS software to find the optimized environmental factors. Figure 3.5 shows the flow chart of this study.

36

Start

Problem Identification, Formulate the Objective of Study and Establish Research Direction

Equipment setup and data measurement

Literature Review

Data collection through survey approach (Distribute questionnaire)

Find and Request permission from industry to conduct study No Approval from industry Yes Plant visit to make early arrangement for study

Transfer field measurement data into laptop

Confirmation of data Yes

No

Result Analysis Analyze data from questionnaire ANOVA analysis Compare results to standard value Compare results to past study that been reviewed

PMV and PPD method

Workers perception using statistical method

Model the data using computational analysis

Conclusion and recommendation

End

Figure 3.5: Flow Chart of Study

37

3.4

DATA COLLECTION METHOD

There are two data collection methods that will be used in order to complete this study. First method is by using survey approach (questionnaire) and the other is the field work data measurement using an instrument which is thermal comfort instrument. The questionnaire approach is used to collect the anthropometric data of the participant.

3.4.1

Questionnaire Form

A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. Although they are often designed for statistical analysis of the responses, this is not always the case. Questionnaires have advantages over some other types of surveys in that they are cheap, do not require as much effort from the questioner as verbal or telephone surveys, and often have standardized answers that make it simple to compile data. However, such standardized answers may frustrate users. Questionnaires are also sharply limited by the fact that respondents must be able to read the questions and respond to them. Thus, for some demographic groups conducting a survey by questionnaire may not be practical. As a type of survey, questionnaires also have many of the same problems relating to question construction and wording that exist in other types of opinion polls. For this study, the questionnaire form is used to collect the anthropometry data of the subjects are collected by asking them to fill. Some of the element that needs to be filled by the subjects is about their personal information, medical problem and about the work place environment.

3.4.2

Field Work Data Measurement

The measurements data of Illuminance, Relative Humidity (%), Airflow (m/s), Air Temperature (oC) and Radiant Temperature (oC), Wet Globe Bulb Temperature (WBGT) of the surrounding workstation area and an amount of products were produced. All the parameters are measured using thermal comfort

38

instrument. The production rate is represented the productivity of the workers. The amount of the products are taken every 30 minutes were compared with the measurement value of the parameters that been taken. The data measurement is scheduled to be taken beginning with the start of the dayshift at 9.00 am the daily measurements continued until the end of the dayshift at 5.00 pm. The time interval between each data is 1 minute.

3.4.3

Equipments used for data measurement

The field work data measurement will be using thermal comfort instrument which capable to obtain all parameters that need to be measured.

Figure 3.6: Thermal comfort instrument

3.4.4

Measurement Parameter

All the data or parameters that going to be collected during the field work are Illuminance, Relative Humidity (%), Airflow (m/s), Air Temperature (oC) and Radiant Temperature (oC), Wet Globe Bulb Temperature (WBGT). Every one of the are measured using thermal comfort instrument. Whilst, the activity level of the

39

workers and the clothing will be observed in order to estimate the metabolic rate and clothing insulations values to calculate the PMV and PPD. 3.5 DATA ANALYSIS METHOD After securing the all the data, they need to be analyzed using some different methods and softwares depending on how the data needs to be presented. The process of evaluating data using analytical and logical reasoning

to examine each component of the data provided. This form of analysis is just one of the many steps that must be completed when conducting a research experiment. Data from various sources is gathered, reviewed, and then analyzed to form some sort of finding or conclusion. There are a variety of specific data analysis method, some of which include data mining, text analytics, business intelligence, and data

visualizations. Data analytics (DA) is the science of examining raw data with the purpose of drawing conclusions about that information. Data analytics is used in many industries to allow companies and organization to make better business decisions and in the sciences to verify or disprove existing models or theories. Data analytics is distinguished from data mining by the scope, purpose and focus of the analysis. Data miners sort through huge data sets using sophisticated software to identify undiscovered patterns and establish hidden relationships. Data analytics focuses on inference, the process of deriving a conclusion based solely on what is already known by the researcher.

3.5.1

Data Analysis Method (PMV and PPD Method)

Predicted mean vote (PMV) is a parameter for assessing thermal comfort in an occupied zone base on the conditions of metabolic rate, clothing, air speed besides temperature and humidity. PMV values refer the ASHRAE thermal sensation scale that ranges from 3 to 3 as follows: 3=hot, 2=warm, 1=slightly warm, 0=neutral, 1=slightly cool, 2=cool, 3=cold. Predicted percentage dissatisfied (PPD) is used to estimate the thermal comfort satisfaction of the occupant. It is considered that satisfying 80% of occupant is good;

40

that is, PPD less than 20% is good. All the data that were collected will be described in PMV and PPD graph of function's form.

3.5.2

Computational Analysis using SPSS software

SPSS (originally, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) was released in its first version in 1968 after being developed by Norman H. Nie and C. Hadlai Hull. SPSS is among the most widely used programs for statistical analysis in social science. It is used by market researchers, health researchers, survey companies, government, education researchers, marketing organizations and others. The original SPSS manual (Nie, Bent & Hull, 1970) has been described as one of "sociology's most influential books". In addition to statistical analysis, data management (case selection, file reshaping, creating derived data) and data documentation (a metadata dictionary is stored in the data file) are features of the base software. Using this software, it will be used to analyze the data according to bivariate statistics: ANOVA and correlation of the results. The relationship of all the parameters between production rates can be correlated using the ANOVA approach in this software. It will make it easy for analyzing the data as all the calculations are done itself. The comparison between the actual variation of the group averages and that expected from the above formula is expressed in terms of the F ratio: F = (found variation of the group averages) / (expected variation of the group averages)

Thus if the null hypothesis is correct we expect F to be about 1, whereas "large" F indicates a location effect. How big should F be before we reject the null hypothesis? P reports the significance level. In terms of the details of the ANOVA test, note that the number of degrees of freedom ("d.f.") for the numerator (found variation of group averages) is one less than the number of groups; the number of degrees of freedom for the denominator (so called "error" or variation within groups or expected variation) is the total number of leaves minus the total number of groups. The F ratio can be computed from the ratio of the mean sum of squared deviations of each group's mean from the overall mean [weighted by the size of the group] ("Mean

41

Square" for "between") and the mean sum of the squared deviations of each item from that item's group mean ("Mean Square" for "error"). In the previous sentence mean means dividing the total "Sum of Squares" by the number of degree of freedoms.

CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.0

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, we will discuss further about the result and analysis for every data that has been collected. All the data will be displayed in term of graphical and graph. The graph are including graph of production rate versus illumninance, graph of production rate versus relative humidity, graph of production rate versus air velocity, graph of production rate versus air temperature and graph of production rate versus noise. This is to make them easy to be analyzed. This chapter also contains PMV and PPD analysis and workers perception study analysis on environmental factors of work place. In the end of this the chapter, it will discuss the key findings of this study and comparing with previous research findings. All the data analysis is done using Statistical Package for Science Socials (SPSS).

4.1

QUESTIONNAIRE (WORKERS PERCEPTION STUDY) ANALYSIS

4.1.1

Respondents Profile Survey

The total populations in this company are thirty eight people which work in eleven different workstations. But, this survey only includes all the workers in the selected workstation (Painting Room), which are only five people. The working hour of the workers is from 9a.m. to 6p.m., daily from Monday until Friday and usually only having one shift. The charts will show the characteristics of the respondents:

43

4.1.2

Respondents profiles

Figures 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3 shows all the workers profiles result that were collected using survey approach. Based on the questionnaires that have been distributed to all the respondents, the results show that, all the respondents that took part in this study are 100% male. For the age fraction, most of the respondents are in the range of 30-39 years old (60%). Another 20% of the respondents are between 2029 years old and the rest are between 40-49 years old (20%). The working experiences of the workers in the workstation mostly in between 1-5 years (39%) and follows with 11-15 years (23%), <1 year (19%) and between 6-10 years (19%).

0%

Male Female 100%

Figure 4.1: Respondents Gender

20%

20% 20-29 30-39 40-49 60%

Figure 4.2: Respondents Age

44

23%

19%

< 1 year

1-5 years
6-10 year

19% 39%

11-15 year >16 year

Figure 4.3: Respondents Working Experiences Workers Perception Analysis toward environmental factors of Workplace

4.1.3

This section is important part of the questionnaire. In this section, the human perception will measure based on their experience at the workstation and also about their job. Moreover, the questionnaire also can be determine the actual condition and situation that worker has to face every day. The outcome of this section is about the comfortable of the workstation. Besides that, its about condition of tools and machinery at the workstation. Furthermore, about improvement or any changes elements at workstation to increase the level of safety and also human-being. The scale that has been used easier to respondent categorizing the parameter based on the level of the condition.

Scale: 12345Strongly disagree Disagree Unsure Agree Strongly agree

According to the Figure 4.4, it is showing about the workers perception towards environmental factors in the selected workstation.

45

100% 90% 80% 70%

Percentage\%

60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1 2 3 Level of condition 4 5

Ventilation
Humidity Noise Heat Lighting

Figure 4.4: Workers Perception Analysis toward environmental factors of Workplace

4.2

EXPERIMENTAL DATA ANALYSIS

4.2.1

Result for Illuminance

The illuminance levels were taken to identify the effect of relative humidity on the worker performances. The data of production rate and illuminance (lux) are taken for every 30 minutes. A graph was plotted to show the relationship between the production rate and the illuminance levels. The graph in Figure 4.5 describes the relationship between production rates versus illuminance levels. Based on the graph, we can note that the production rates were decreased the illuminance increased.

46

Table 4.0: Illuminance, production rate and time data

Time 10.02-10.32 10.32-10.52 11.02-11.32 11.32-11.52 12.02-12.32 12.32-12.52 14.02-14.32 14.32-14.52 15.02-15.32 15.32-15.52 16.02-16.32 16.32-16.52 17.02-17.32

Production Rate (units) 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 4 5 3 4 4 4

Illuminance (lx) 234.87 153.57 106.2 77.63 76.83 80.07 109.1 73.33 95.63 84.9 86.93 82.07 45.63

Production Rate(units)

5 y = -0.009x + 4.994 R = 0.252

2 40 90 140 Illuminance(Lux) 190 240

Figure 4.5: Graph of production rate versus illuminance

47

250 Illuminance\lux 200 150 y = -8.337x + 158.8

100
50 0

Time

Figure 4.6: Time series of illuminance data measured at the workstation

The illuminance has some interesting correlations with the temperatures. It appears that the value of illuminance were significantly drops as the time goes by. Starting with values, slightly above 200 lx, the illuminance decreased to values around of 50 lux during the remaining day as illustrated by Figure 4.6. The values were not really constant due to the effect from other source of light which is the sunlight. When any people especially the workers went in or out the workstation, they will open the plastic curtain that act as the door, which cause the sunlight enters the room and affect the results. The decrease in illuminance is definitely visible. On the whole, the environmental characteristics until the end of the day can be regarded as constant. It is very probable that the measured values are far below the recommended values of 200 to 500 lux for high contrast performance. There is only some time when the illuminance exceeds 200 lx. The ISO standard ISO 8995-1:2002 (CIE 2001/ISO 2002) states that in the areas where continuous work is carried out the maintained work plane illuminance should not be less than 200 lx. So, the illuminace in this workstation is considered as unsuitable and unsafe for the workers as most of the times, the illuminance does not exceed 200 lx. The obtained

relationship model between illuminance and production rate was y = -0.009x + 4.994. The results obtained for the illuminance is in-line with the finding from Van

48

Bommel et al. (2002) and Juslen and Tenner (2005) where the increasing of illuminance levels lead to an increase in productivity.

Regression and ANOVA analysis

The results for regression and ANOVA analysis were presented in tables below. The coefficient of determination, R2, of 0.252 indicates that 25.2% of the production rate variation was due to illuminance variation. The hypothesis was as follows: Ho: = 0 (The relationship between illuminance (%) and production rate is not significant) Ho: 0 (The relationship between illuminance (%) and production rate is significant)

Table 4.1: Regression and ANOVA analysis of illuminance

Model

R Square

Adjusted R Square .184

.502(a)

.252

Std. Error of the Estimate .77883

a. Predictors: (Constant), Illuminance Model 1 Regression Residual Total Sum of Squares 2.251 6.672 8.923 df 1 11 12 Mean Square 2.251 .607 F 3.711 Sig. .080(a)

a. Predictors: (Constant), Illuminance b. Dependent Variable: Production Rate In a multiple linear regression model, it is customary to refer to R2 as the coefficient of the multiple determinations. For the productivity regression model, R2 = 0.252 and the output report R2 x 100% = 25.2%. This can be interpreted using the equation model obtained, which has approximately 25.2% of the observed variability in productivity. This means that environmental factors (dependent variable) in this

49

model are able to predict productivity at 25.2% accuracy. In order to understand the significance of the regression relationship between illuminance level and the production rate for the area of population, an F-test were conducted. The F value from the ANOVA is 3.711. The value of the significance level was selected to be 0.05 ( = 0.05). Because the P value is 0.080, we can reject Ho: 0 in favor of Ho: = 0 at the 0.05 significance level. This strongly suggests that there is no relationship between the illuminance and the production rate. Thus, there is strong evidence that the simple linear model relating production rate and illuminance (lx) is not significant. A study of office workers at the call centre by Boyce (2004) indicated that illuminace have a statistically significant effect on average handling time that is greater than 1%. The biggest effect of these variables predicted by the regression is between 17% to 19% reduction in average handling time. In metal industry, Van Bommel et al. (2002) conducted a study on the effect of increasing the illuminance based on increased task performance, reduction of rejects and the decreased number of accidents. The result of the study revealed that the increasing of illuminance from the minimum required 300 lx (minimum) to 500 lx could lead to an increase of productivity from 3% to 11% based realistic assumptions that the increase of illuminance from 300 lux to 2000 lx would increase the productivity from 15% to 20%.

4.2.2

Result for Relative Humidity

The relative humidity levels were taken to identify the effect of relative humidity on the worker performances. The data of production rate and relative humidity (%) are taken for every 30 minutes. A graph was plotted to show the relationship between the production rate and the relative humidity levels. The graph in Figure 4.7 describes the relationship between production rates versus relative humidity levels. Based on the graph, we can note that the production rates were increased the relative humidity increased.

50

Table 4.2: Relative humidity, production rate and time data

Time 10.02-10.32 10.32-10.52 11.02-11.32 11.32-11.52 12.02-12.32 12.32-12.52 14.02-14.32 14.32-14.52 15.02-15.32 15.32-15.52 16.02-16.32 16.32-16.52 17.02-17.32

Production Rate (units) 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 4 5 3 4 4 4

Relative Humidity (%) 63 61 57 58 59 58 50 52 54 52 51 53 54

6 Production Rate(units)

y = 0.022x + 2.833 R = 0.011

2 45 50 55 Relative Humidity(%) 60 65

Figure 4.7: Graph of production rate versus relative humidity

51

70 Relative humidity\% 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

y = -0.835x + 61.38

Time

Figure 4.8: Time series of relative data measured at the workstation

The relative humidity trend is mostly similar from the illuminance which the trend is decreasing. However, the trend of the relative humidity values is more scattered. From Figure 4.8, the relative humidity seems to increase and decrease in some times. This may have occurs due to the effect of the activities and tools that are used by the workers. But even so, it still can be conclude that, until the end of the experiment, the values are decreasing. It seems that the values of 70% relative humidity are normal in the perceptions of the workers for the tropical climate, but it is generally agreed that 70% relative humidity value is high. The recommended values between 50 and 60% relative humidity are overridden. The personal impression confirms with this fact. The standard of humidity is 40% RH (20 to 60% ranges) (ASHRAE Standard 55). By comparing the result with the standards, it can be said that, the relative humidity in the workstation is normal. The finding on the effect of relative humidity towards productivity is same with the finding by Tsutsumi et al. (2007) where they had found the subjective performance was at the same level under four different levels of relative humidity and the relative humidity shows no effect towards workers. However, Tsutsumi et al. (2007) reported their subjects were more tired at 70% RH after relative humidity (%) step change. The obtained relationship model between relative humidity and production rate was y = 0.022x + 2.833. The findings on the effects of relative humidity on productivity are not in line

52

with finding by Tsutsumi et al. (2007), who found that the subjects performance was equal under different level of relative humidity. However, in his journal, Tsutsumi (2007) also reported that their subjects were more tired after a step change in relative humidity.

Regression and ANOVA analysis

The results for regression and ANOVA analysis were presented in tables below. The coefficient of determination, R2, of 0.011 indicates that 1.1% of the production rate variation was due to relative humidity variation. The hypothesis was as follows: Ho: = 0 (The relationship between relative humidity (%) and production rate is not significant) Ho: 0 (The relationship between relative humidity (%) and production rate is significant)

Table 4.3: Regression and ANOVA analysis of relative humidity

Model

R Square

Adjusted R Square

1 .106(a) .011 -.079 a. Predictors: (Constant), Relative Humidity Model 1 Regression Residual Total Sum of Squares .100 8.823 8.923 df 1 11 12

Std. Error of the Estimate .89560

Mean Square .100 .802

F .125

Sig. .731(a)

a. Predictors: (Constant), Relative Humidity b. Dependent Variable: Production Rate

In a multiple linear regression model, it is customary to refer to R2 as the coefficient of the multiple determinations. For the productivity regression model, R2 = 0.011 and the output report R2 x 100% = 1.1%. This can be interpreted using the equation

53

model obtained, which has approximately 1.1% of the observed variability in productivity. This means that environmental factors (dependent variable) in this model are able to predict productivity 1.1% accuracy. In order to understand the significance of the regression relationship between relative humidity level and the production rate for the area of population, an F-test were conducted. The F value from the ANOVA is 0.125. The value of the significance level was selected to be 0.05 ( = 0.05). Because the P value is 0.731, we can reject Ho: 0 in favor of Ho: = 0 at the 0.05 significance level. This strongly suggests that there is no relationship between the relative humidity and the production rate. Thus, there is strong evidence that the simple linear model relating production rate and relative humidity (%) is not significant.

4.2.3

Result for Air Velocity

The air velocity levels were taken to identify the effect of air velocity on the worker performances. The data of production rate and air velocity (ms-1) are taken for every 30 minutes. A graph was plotted to show the relationship between the production rate and the air velocity levels. The graph in Figure 4.9 describes the relationship between production rates versus air velocity levels. Based on the graph, we can note that the production rates were decreased the air velocity increased.

Table 4.4: Air velocity, production rate and time data Air Velocity(ms-1) 0.2 0.17 0.2 0.13 0.1 0.1 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.23 0.27 0.17 0.2

Time 10.02-10.32 10.32-10.52 11.02-11.32 11.32-11.52 12.02-12.32 12.32-12.52 14.02-14.32 14.32-14.52 15.02-15.32 15.32-15.52 16.02-16.32 16.32-16.52 17.02-17.32

Production Rate(units) 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 4 5 3 4 4 4

54

Production Rate(units)

y = -8.980x + 5.652 R = 0.247

2 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Air Velocity(ms-1)

Figure 4.9: Graph of production rate versus air velocity

0.3 0.25 Air Velocity\m/s 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 y = 0.004x + 0.145

Time

Figure 4.10: Time series of air velocity data measured at the workstation

From Figure 4.10, it can be seen that the air velocity trend is not really uniform. The values of the air velocity measured in the workstation are increasing

55

and decreasing un-uniformly in matters of time. There are times when the value of the air velocity will peak and drop. This condition happens because of the tools that were used by the workers, painting air-sprays are producing high speed of air which affecting the measured data. The average air velocity in the workstation is 0.175 m/s which almost follow the standard value which the value should be less than 40 fpm or 0.2m/s (ASHRAE Standard 55). This may because of the workstation is located indoor and having good ventilation system. The obtained relationship model between air velocity and production rate was y = -8.980x + 5.652. Federspiel et al. (2004) had investigated the relationship of ventilation rates with the performance of nurses in health industry working at a call centre. The findings from the study indicated that the effect of ventilation rate on workers performance at this call centre was very small (probably less than 1%) or nil. However, there is some evidence of workers performance improvements at 2% or more when the ventilation rate per person was very high.

Regression and ANOVA analysis

The results for regression and ANOVA analysis were presented in tables below. The coefficient of determination, R2, of 0.247 indicates that 24.7% of the production rate variation was due to air velocity. The hypothesis was as follows: Ho: = 0 (The relationship between air velocity and production rate is not significant) Ho: 0 (The relationship between air velocity and production rate is significant) Table 4.5: Regression and ANOVA analysis of air velocity

Model

R Square .247

Adjusted R Square .179

.497(a)

Std. Error of the Estimate .78157

a. Predictors: (Constant), Air Velocity

56

Model 1 Regression Residual Total

Sum of Squares 2.204 6.719 8.923

df 1 11 12

Mean Square 2.204 .611

F 3.608

Sig. .084(a)

a. Predictors: (Constant), Air Velocity b. Dependent Variable: Production Rate In a multiple linear regression model, it is customary to refer to R2 as the coefficient of the multiple determinations. For the productivity regression model, R2 = 0.247 and the output report R2 x 100% = 24.7%. This can be interpreted using the equation model obtained, which has approximately 24.7% of the observed variability in productivity. This means that environmental factors (dependent variable) in this model are able to predict productivity 24.7% accuracy. In order to understand the significance of the regression relationship between air velocity level and the production rate for the area of population, an F-test were conducted. The F value from the ANOVA is 3.608. The value of the significance level was selected to be 0.05 ( = 0.05). Because the P value is 0.084, we can reject Ho: = 0 in favor of Ho: 0 at the 0.05 significance level. This strongly suggests that there is a significant relationship between the air velocity and the production rate. Thus, there is strong evidence that the simple linear model relating production rate and air velocity is significant.

4.2.4

Result for Air Temperature

The air velocity levels were taken to identify the effect of air velocity on the worker performances. The data of production rate and air temperature (C) are taken for every 30 minutes. A graph was plotted to show the relationship between the production rate and the air temperature (C) levels. The graph in Figure 4.11 describes the relationship between production rates versus air temperature (C) levels. Based on the graph, we can note that the production rates were decreased the air temperature (C) increased.

57

Table 4.6: Air temperature, production rate and time data

Time 10.02-10.32 10.32-10.52 11.02-11.32 11.32-11.52 12.02-12.32 12.32-12.52 14.02-14.32 14.32-14.52 15.02-15.32 15.32-15.52 16.02-16.32 16.32-16.52 17.02-17.32

Production Rate(units) 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 4 5 3 4 4 4

Air temperature(C) 32.47 31.53 32.77 32.13 32.07 32.1 34.3 34.63 35.13 34.73 35.1 34.77 34.03

Production Rate(units)

y = -0.107x + 7.675 R = 0.028

2
31 31.5 32 32.5 33 33.5 34 34.5 35 35.5

Air temperature(C)

Figure 4.11: Graph of production rate versus air temperature

58

36 Air temperature\C 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 y = 0.282x + 31.54

Time

Figure 4.12: Time series of air temperature data measured at the workstation

Figure 4.12 presented the air temperature against time that measured in a Painting Room workstation. The measurement conducted from 10.02am to 5.32pm. The lowest air temperature was obtained about at the starting of measurement 31.5C. At first the air temperature start at 32.5C, then it dropped slightly, before the WBGT was increased until evening. Meanwhile, the air temperatures were fluctuating few times. One of main reason could be because the measurement device is placed nearer to door where it opens and thus it has much influences of outside environment. The integrated thermal comfort equipment used to measure the data at this location where it required connecting to laptop. Since, the temperature at the room was quite high and in consideration of laptop condition, the equipment was place nearer to door. The measurement day was sunny. The actual air temperature could be higher than measured if the equipment was placed far away from the door or centre of room. However, the air temperature is also affected by an industrial fan and 2 air flow fan that were placed in the room. Without them, the air temperature might get higher value. The maximum air temperature obtained is 35.13C at 3.02pm and 3.32pm. The average air temperature at the room is 33.52C and it is considered slightly warm temperature environment. the standard thermal comfort for winter is 68 to 74F (20 to 23.5C) and for summer is 73 to 79F (22.5 to 26C)(ASHRAE Standard 55). The obtained relationship model between air temperature and

59

production rate was y = -0.107x + 7.675. The findings for air temperature were similar to finding of Fisk (2000) where by increasing the air ventilation will significantly increase the performance of the operators. Previous research done by Ettner and Grzywacz (2001) showed that the work environments were associated with perceived effects of work on health. This research used a national sample of 2,048 workers who were asked to rate the impact of their respective jobs on their physical and mental health. Regression analyses proved that workers responses were significantly correlated with health outcomes. In addition, Shikdar and Sawaqed (2003) pointed out that there are high correlations between performance indicators and health, facilities, and environmental attributes. In other words, companies with higher risks of environmental problems could face more problems in performance such as low productivity, and high absenteeism. Employees experiencing discomfort and dissatisfaction at work could have their productivity affected because their inability to perform their work properly. The productivity increase cause by the air temperature could be related to the attention and cognitive aspect of the operators which has been studied by Staffan and Knez (2001). They found that the combination of air temperature and illuminance level had a significant effect on cognitive performance.

Regression and ANOVA analysis

The results for regression and ANOVA analysis were presented in tables below. The coefficient of determination, R2, of 0.28 indicates that 28% of the production rate variation was due to air temperature. The hypothesis was as follows: Ho: = 0 (The relationship between air temperature and production rate is not significant) Ho: 0 (The relationship between air temperature and production rate is significant)

60

Table 4.7: Regression and ANOVA analysis of air temperature

Model

R Square

Adjusted R Square -.060

.168(a)

.028

Std. Error of the Estimate .88784

a. Predictors: (Constant), air temperature Model 1 Regression Residual Total Sum of Squares .252 8.671 8.923 df 1 11 12 Mean Square .252 .788 F .320 Sig. .583(a)

a. Predictors: (Constant), air temperature b. Dependent Variable: Production Rate In a multiple linear regression model, it is customary to refer to R2 as the coefficient of the multiple determinations. For the productivity regression model, R2 = 0.28 and the output report R2 x 100% = 28%. This can be interpreted using the equation model obtained, which has approximately 28% of the observed variability in productivity. This means that environmental factors (dependent variable) in this model are able to predict productivity at 28% accuracy. In order to understand the significance of the regression relationship between air temperature level and the production rate for the area of population, an F-test were conducted. The F value from the ANOVA is 0.320. The value of the significance level was selected to be 0.05 ( = 0.05). Because the P value is 0.583, we can reject Ho: 0 in favor of Ho: = 0 at the 0.05 significance level. This strongly suggests that there is no significant relationship between the air temperature and the production rate. Thus, there is strong evidence that the simple linear model relating production rate and air temperature is not significant. From study done by A. R. Ismail (2010) to indicate relationship between all parameters and workers productivity, a significantly that air temperature has a strong effect to employee productivity in the studied workstation.

61

4.2.5

Result for Noise

The air velocity levels were taken to identify the effect of noise (dB) on the worker performances. The data of production rate and noise (dB) are taken for every 30 minutes. A graph was plotted to show the relationship between the production rate and the noise (dB) levels. The graph in Figure 4.13 describes the relationship between production rates versus noise (dB) levels. Based on the graph, we can note that the production rates were decreased the noise (dB) increased.

Table 4.8: Noise, production rate and time data

Time 10.02-10.32 10.32-10.52 11.02-11.32 11.32-11.52 12.02-12.32 12.32-12.52 14.02-14.32 14.32-14.52 15.02-15.32 15.32-15.52 16.02-16.32 16.32-16.52 17.02-17.32

Production Rate(units) 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 4 5 3 4 4 4

Noise(dB) 69 70.9 61.7 63 61.9 60.2 59.1 59.3 64.2 60.2 59.9 60.5 60.5

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Production Rate(units)

5 y = -0.064x + 8.088 R = 0.076 4

2 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72

Noise(dB)

Figure 4.13: Graph of production rate versus noise

80

70 60
Noise\dB 50 40 30 20 10 0

y = -0.631x + 66.75

Time

Figure 4.14: Time series of noise data measured at the workstation

Figure 4.14 described the noise against time graph that measured at Painting Room workstation. The measurement started at 10.02am and the noise was increased a little before decrease drastically from maximum value of 70.9dB to 61.7dB at 11.02am. Then the noise were dropping constantly for certain moments between 11.32am until 2.32pm and this can be clearly observed from figure above .After that,

63

the relative humidity started to increase slightly to 64.2dB before decreased back to 60dB and stay increasing constantly for two hour. To conclude, noise values are shown some fluctuation in measured value until the measurement stopped at 5.32pm. The noise obtained is 59.1dB at 2.02pm until 2.32pm. The average noise in the location is 62.34dB. The limitation of noise at industrial, commercial and traffic areas generally is 70 dB in 24 hours (World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for Community Noise, 1999). The obtained relationship model between noise and production rate was y = -0.064x + 8.088. Khan et al. (2005) had studied the effect of noise to productivity on data entry task on computers for short duration. The study was conducted at four levels of noise intensity at 70 dB, 80, 90 dB and 100 dB. In the study, all the subjects involving a group of male had to look at small chucks of data, memorize it and then type it to the computer. At the same time, the recorded noise was subsequently played in a randomized manner during experimental sessions. The study showed that the effect of noise is statistically significant (F3, 27=2.96; p>0.05) because it was found that human performance affected and improved as the noise level was increased. The finding was contradict with the general perception that people working under noisy environment pay more attention and concentrates more on their assigned task.

Regression and ANOVA analysis

The results for regression and ANOVA analysis were presented in tables below. The coefficient of determination, R2, of 0.076 indicates that 7.6% of the production rate variation was due to noise. The hypothesis was as follows: Ho: = 0 (The relationship between noise and production rate is not significant) Ho: 0 (The relationship between noise and production rate is significant) Table 4.9: Regression and ANOVA analysis of noise

Model

R Square .076

Adjusted R Square -.008

.276(a)

Std. Error of the Estimate .86576

64

a. Predictors: (Constant), Noise Model 1 Regression Residual Total Sum of Squares .678 8.245 8.923 df 1 11 12 Mean Square .678 .750 F .905 Sig. .362(a)

a. Predictors: (Constant), Noise b. Dependent Variable: Production Rate

In a multiple linear regression model, it is customary to refer to R2 as the coefficient of the multiple determinations. For the productivity regression model, R2 = 0.076 and the output report R2 x 100% = 7.6%. This can be interpreted using the equation model obtained, which has approximately 7.6% of the observed variability in productivity. This means that environmental factors (dependent variable) in this model are able to predict productivity at 7.6% accuracy. In order to understand the significance of the regression relationship between air temperature level and the production rate for the area of population, an F-test were conducted. The F value from the ANOVA is 0.905. The value of the significance level was selected to be 0.05 ( = 0.05). Because the P value is 0.362, we can reject Ho: = 0 in favor of Ho: 0 at the 0.05 significance level. This strongly suggests that there is a significant relationship between the noise and the production rate. Thus, there is strong evidence that the simple linear model relating production rate and noise is significant. Previous study that has been done by Ismail et al. (2010), reveals that there is a linear equation model with negative slope to describe the relationship of sound pressure level (dB) and workers productivity for the assembly section involved. A study on exposure to noise, the attitudes and knowledge towards noise-induced hearing loss at steel rolling mills industry in Africa by Olege et al. (2005), indicated that 93% of workers demonstrated awareness of the hazard of noise to hearing and 10% of workers complained of hearing loss. Noise measurement showed that 53% of factory workers were exposed to noise levels more than 85 dB. There is a statistically significant (P< 0.001) relationship between the measured sound levels and awareness of noise exposure.

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4.3

PMV AND PPD ANALYSIS

Predicted mean vote (PMV) is a parameter for assessing thermal comfort in an occupied zone based on the conditions of metabolic rate, clothing, air velocity besides temperature and humidity. All the air velocity, temperature and humidity data were measured using Thermal comfort instrument, while the activity level and occupants clothing were observed during the measurement. PMV values refer the ASHRAE thermal sensation scale (Son et al, 2008) that ranges from 3 to 3 as follows: 3=hot, 2=warm, 1=slightly warm, 0=neutral, 1=slightly cool, 2=cool, 3=cold. Referring to ISO7730, the value of both parameters is estimated as in Table 4.10:

Table 4.10: Metabolic rate value of the workers in the workstation (ISO7730)

Location Painting Room

Metabolic rate Met 2.0 W/m2 116

Description Standing and medium activity (painting using spray, and lift object)

Table 4.11: Clothing insulation value of the workers in the workstation (ISO7730)

Clothing Location Insulation Clo Painting Room 0.75 m2.K/W 0.115 For wearing underpants, shirt, trousers, socks and shoes. Description

Table 4.10 above is about the metabolic rate of the workers in the selected workstation. The workers in the workstation are doing medium activities which are preparing the paint, painting using spray, and lifting object. So, from these activities, according to ISO7730, it can be used to estimate their metabolic rate. Whilst, Table

66

4.11 is about the thermal insulation for typical combinations of clothing that were wear by the workers. By observation, the workers were wearing similar type of clothing which includes underpants, shirts, trousers, socks and shoes. Once again, referring to ISO7730, the clothing insulation values can be determined. Using both above values and plus with the measured values, PMV and PPD values for all measured locations were calculated using online thermal comfort calculator which based on ISO7730 (1993). The PMV is an index that predicts the mean value of the votes of a large group of persons on the 7-point thermal sensation scale, based on the heat balance of the human body. Thermal balance is obtained when the internal heat production in the body is equal to the loss of heat to the environment. In a moderate environment, the human thermoregulatory system will automatically attempt to modify skin temperature and sweat secretion to maintain heat balance. The calculated PMV and PPD values are shown in Table 4.12 below:

Table 4.12: PMV and PPD values at measured locations

Location Painting Room

PMV 2.7

PPD (%) 96.7

Thermal comfort condition Warm and slightly hot environment.

The PMV thermal sensation scale value is uncovered that, the environment in the Painting Room should be nearly uncomfortable for the workers to do their works because the condition in the room is warm and slightly hot. This is shown by the values of PMV and PPD, which are 2.7 and 96.7% respectively. The PPD value show that 96.7% which means that most of the people are dissatisfied with the condition whilst the remaining of 3.3% people are still preferred to work at such of that situation. A study done by Ismail et al. (2009) obtained that the thermal comfort assessments of this station which is the scale PMV is 2.1 and PPD is 19% are likely to be satisfied by the worker. It shows that the condition of both location of the study were almost same.

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Upon completing this study, it can be seen that the parameters that have significant impact or effects towards the production rates are noise and air velocity, while the other factors such as illuminance, air temperature and relative humidity did not give significant effects to the workers productivity in the selected workstation. According to the Fisk and Rosenfeld (1997), productivity was one of the most important factors affecting the overall performance to any organization, from small enterprises to the entire nations. Increased attention had focused on the relationship between the work environment and productivity since the 1990s. This study also highlight that the value of PMV and PPD are calculated to be 2.7 and 96.7% respectively and show that the workstation has warm and slightly hot condition. To compare this studys findings with the past study is quite different. Meanwhile, the thermal comfort assessment at body assembly station shows that the PMV index was between the range of 1.76 and 2.1. The average metabolic rate of worker at this station is 116 W/m2 with the clothing rate of 1.1 clo for long sleeves. As a result, the PPD value higher than tire receiving station with 65% to 81% (Ismail et al., 2009). This shows that the thermal sensation at body assembly was warm. Furthermore, the paint shop area considered as most discomfort environment with PMV value was 2.1 and 2.8 with PPD value was 81.1% to 97.8% (Ismail et al., 2010). The average metabolic rate of worker at this station is 93 W/m2 with the clothing rate of 0.9 clo for long sleeves. This showed that at the paint shop area the thermal sensation was warm and almost hot. Compare to this study which the PPD value obtained was 96.7%, it shown that the environmental condition in the location of this study is better compared to the other studies. The difference values between all the studies may be because of the various types of activities or task performed which influence metabolic rate and different attire requirements at workstations at automotive industry and manufacturing industry also influences the resulted predicted mean vote (PMV) values. However, the productivity in the selected location was not influenced by other factor such as the level of occupational stress of the workers. This was supported by the findings of Yao et al. (2009), which the study demonstrates that level of physiological stress has increased job satisfaction, and level of psychological stress had not decreased job satisfaction. Further, the study confirms that occupational stress does act as a partial determinant of job satisfaction in the stress models of the organizational sector sample.

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4.4

COMPARISON OF RESULTS TO STANDARD VALUES

Table 4.13 below shows the comparison between the experimental values that obtained from this study to the standard values. This to show whether the selected workstation follows the standard environmental values that has been set.

Table 4.13: Comparison of results to standard values

Parameters

Experimental Standard values values

I.

Illuminance (lx)

100.5 lux

> 200 lux ISO 8995-1:2002 (CIE

2001/ISO 2002) II. Air (ms-1) Velocity 0.18 ms-1 < 0.2 ms-1 (ASHRAE Standard 55) 55.5 % 20% to 60% (ASHRAE Standard 55) 22.5C to 26C (ASHRAE Standard 55) 62.3 dB < 70dB (World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for

III.

Relative Humidity (%)

IV.

Air Temperature 33.5 C (C)

V.

Noise (dB)

Community Noise, 1999)

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1

INTRODUCTION Chapter 5 will explain about the conclusion that has been made after finishing

this study. All the findings will be concluded in this chapter as well as some suggestion and recommendation which can improve the condition of the workstation. 5.2 RECOMMENDATION As for recommendation, most of the industry in Malaysia should become more responsible especially in the scope of environmental factors, because we already know their effect on workers productivity. Industry must alert on the minimum standards of environmental parameters that already been set to avoid any problem to the workers. For this workstation which has been selected as the study location, it still needed to improve the environmental condition in the area so that it will achieve the minimum standard. It is to make sure that all the workers in the workstation can work comfortably and avoiding any harm and danger towards them.

5.3

CONCLUSION This study had achieved its objective to obtain a prediction equation model,

which relates the environmental factors to production rate in a quantitative way by using inferential statistical analysis. The linear equation model is useful to production engineers as a guideline to determine the right illuminance level (lx), relative humidity (%), air velocity (m/s), noise (dB) and air temperature (C) during the feasibilities study to allow production line achieves the optimum output. The productivity prediction equation model obtained is:

70

Productivity = 29.242 0.009 illuminance + 6.022 relative humidity 8.98 air velocity 0.064 noise 0.107 air temperature

Nevertheless after conducting the p-test, the results show that only two factors contributed to the productivity, which is air velocity and noise. Therefore, the correct productivity prediction equation model is: Productivity = 13.74 8.98 air velocity 0.064 noise

Research on the relationship of workplace environmental factors to the productivity or performance is very limited and characterized by a short time perspective or perception with emphasis on survey methods, statistical analysis, satisfaction and the preferences measurement. The study like this is important to help the industry no matter it is manufacturing or automotive. This is due to by conducting more similar research, indirectly, it will find the weakness of production line in term or environmental ergonomic and human comfort. This study is done to prove empirically the previous perception studies based on the role of environmental factors to productivity. It is expected that this study would be beneficial to the automotive industries in Malaysia. The research findings are restricted to the Malaysian workplace environment, where the awareness among workers on productivity is still low. The results might vary for tests carried out for different sample sizes, types of industries and countries.

71

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APPENDIX A
-1

Time 10.02-10.12 10.12-10.22 10.22-10.32 10.32-10.42 10.42-10.52 10.52-11.02 11.02-11.12 11.12-11.22 11.22-11.32 11.32-11.42 11.42-11.52 11.52-12.02 12.02-12.12 12.12-12.22 12.22-12.32 12.32-12.42 12.42-12.52 12.52-13.02 13.02-13.12 13.12-13.22 13.22-13.32 13.32-13.42 13.42-13.52 13.52-14.02 14.02-14.12 14.12-14.22 14.22-14.32 14.32-14.42 14.42-14.52 14.52-15.02 15.02-15.12 15.12-15.22 15.22-15.32 15.32-15.42 15.42-15.52 15.52-16.02 16.02-16.12 16.12-16.22 16.22-16.32 16.32-16.42 16.42-16.52 16.52-17.02 17.02-17.12 17.12-17.22 17.22-17.32

Illuminance(Lux) 335 271.9 97.7 93.6 136 231.1 147 96.2 75.4 78 79.5 75.4 88.8 73.5 68.2 63.1 70.8 106.3 123.3 108 96 77.6 65.1 77.3 112.7 100 74.2 80.5 108.7 65.5 69.5 82 94.1 83.5 89.8 85.6 91.1 77.8 91.9 89.4 84.8 72 69.1 42.6 25.2

Relative Humidity(%) 65 63 61 62 61 59 57 56 57 59 58 58 58 59 59 59 59 55 53 50 49 48 51 51 50 47 48 50 53 54 54 54 53 52 52 51 51 50 51 53 53 53 54 54 55

Air Velocity(ms ) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 B 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Air Temperature(C) 32.8 32.5 32.1 31.5 31.3 31.8 32.7 33 32.6 32.1 32.2 32.1 32.1 32.2 31.9 31.8 32.1 32.4 33.6 34.5 34.8 34.7 34.8 34.4 34.3 35.6 35.5 35 34.2 34.3 34 33.7 33.9 34.4 34.8 35 35.1 35 35.2 34.8 34.8 34.7 34.5 34.1 33.5

Noise(dB) 62.3 73.2 71.6 70.5 70.8 71.4 61.1 61.1 62.9 61.6 63.7 63.7 62.1 61 62.5 60.9 62.3 60.5 60.4 60.7 59.6 58.9 59.3 59.1 58.7 60 58.8 58.7 59.3 60 62.5 68.8 61.3 61 60.7 59 60.1 60.4 59.2 60.4 58.3 62.8 59.9 60.6 60.9

Production Rate 3

Name : Muhammad Naif Helmi Bin Abdul Manap Matrix No.: ME08022 Project Title : Modelling of Environmental Factors toward Human Productivity at Manufacturing Industry Supervisor : Ir. Ahmad Rasdan Ismail Session : 2011/2012 (PSM 1)

Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Activity

13

14

15

Project Progress Planning Actual Planning Actual Planning Actual Planning Actual Planning Actual Planning Actual

Get the project title and arrange weekly appointment with supervisor.

List of company for project

State the objective, scope and background of the study. (Chapter 1)

Review related journals and references

APPENDIX B

Select a company

Data collection

Report Progress Planning Actual Planning Actual Planning Actual Planning Actual Planning Actual

Introduction (Chapter 1)

Literature Review (Chapter 2)

Methodology (Chapter 3)

Report for PSM1

Final year project 1 presentation

80

Name : Muhammad Naif Helmi Bin Abdul Manap Matrix No.: ME08022 Project Title : Modelling of Environmental Factors toward Human Productivity at Manufacturing Industry Supervisor : Ir. Ahmad Rasdan Ismail Session : 2011/2012 (PSM 2)

Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Activity

12

13

14

15

Project Progress Planning Actual Planning Actual Planning Actual Planning Actual Planning Actual Planning Actual

Data analysis

Modeling construction

Model verification

Model modifications

APPENDIX C

Statistical Analysis

Documenting result

Report Progress Planning Actual Planning Actual Planning Actual Planning Actual

Result and Discussion (Chapter 4)

Conclusion (Chapter 5)

Compile report for PSM2

Final year project 2 presentation

81