Chapter 13 - Developmental and Cognitive Disorders Childhood disorder development of skills is sequential and we affect their life.

So gotta treat them asap Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Developmental disorder featuring maladaptive levels of inattention, excessive activity, and impulsiveness (inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity [at least 6 months and has to be in more than one environment]) DSM Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 6 or more symptoms of inattention, persisting for 6 months or more o Careless mistakes in school o Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or at play o Often appearing not to listen when spoken to o Failure to follow through with school work or chores o Frequent difficulty organizing tasks and activities o Avoids/dislikes tasks that require sustained mental effort o Often loses things necessary for tasks activities o Easily distracted o Often forgetful 6 or more symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity, persisting 6 months or more o Frequent fidgeting with hands and feet or squirming in seat o Often leaves seat in classroom o Often running or climbing inappropriate times o Difficulty engaging quietly in leisure questions are posed o Excessive talking blurting out answers before questions are posed o Difficulty awaiting turn o Often interrupts or intrudes on others Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level Some of symptoms present before age 7 Some impairment from symptoms is present in two or more settings Significant impairment in functioning Types of ADHD Combined Predominately inattentive Predominately hyperactive Impulsive

Secondary impact of ADHD Poor academic performance Poor social relationships Statistics More boys are diagnoses than girls Develop 3-4 years old Course Differential Diagnosis Causes Heritability (related to dopamine) We dont really know, only correlations Treatment Stimulant medication (improve attention, hyperactivity) Other prescriptions Intervention Learning Disorder reading (fluency), mathematics (written expression) or written expression performance substantially below the level expected relative to the persons age, intelligence quotient score and education DSM Learning Disorder Performance in reading, math, or writing at level substantially below that expected given the persons chronological age, measured intelligence, and education The disturbance significantly interfere with academic achievement or activities or daily living that require these skills If sensory deficit is present, the learning difficulties are in excess of those usually associated with it Reading Disorder Reading performance significantly below the standard for that age level Mathematics Disorder Mathematics performance significantly below the standard for that age level Disorder of written expression Condition in which writing performance is significantly below the standard for that age level Verbal and Communication Disorders Studdering disturbance in the fluency and time patterning of speech (for example, sound and syllable repetitions or prolongations)

Expressive language disorder An individuals problems in spoken communication, as measured by significantly low scores on standardized tests of expressive language relative to nonverbal intelligence test scores. Symptoms may include a markedly vocabulary or errors in verb tense Selective mutism Developmental disorder characterized by the individuals consistent failure to speak in specific social situations despite speaking in other situations Tic disorder Disruption in early development involving involuntary motor movements or vocalizations Causes Family Environment Genetic Treatment Direct Instruction script teaching until the child develops that skill Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD one of several wideranging, significant, and long lasting dysfunctions that appear before the age of 18 Retts Disorder Progressive neurological developmental disorder featuring constant hand-wringing, mental retardation, and impaired motor skills Childhood Disintegrative Disorder pervasive developmental disorder involving severe regression in language, adaptive behavior, and motor skills after a 2 to 4 year period of normal development Autistic Disorder / Autism - pervasive developmental disorder characterized by significant impairment in social interactions and communication and restricted patterns of behavior, interest, and activity Impairment in social interactions eye contact and gestures Impairment in communication - delay or complete lack of communication, they stop talking after a start, repeat back what you say (palalia)

Restricted behavior, interests only interested in one thing and they talk about them forever but then they shut off and not talk about anything else

DSM -Autistic Disorder Impairment in social interaction, evidenced by various nonverbal behaviors such as lack of eye to eye gaze, facial expressions, and body postures; failure to develop peer relationships; lack of interest in sharing enjoyment or achievements with others; and lack of social or emotional reciprocity Impairment in communication, such as delay in development of spoken language, impairment inability to initiate or sustain a conversation with others, stereotyped and repetitive use of language or idiosyncratic language, and lack of make-believe or imitative play appropriate to developmental level Restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, such as unusual preoccupation that is abnormal in either its intensity or its focus, inflexible adherence to routines or rituals, stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms, and persistent preoccupation with parts of objects Onset if delays or abnormal functioning before age 3 Causes (garbage because we dont know) If you have a child with autism, then you have a pretty high chance of having a child without Larger migdala? Have a lot of anxiety Aspergers Disorder pervasive developmental disorder characterized by impairments in social relationships and restricted or unusual behaviors but without the language delays seen in autism No language delay Speech is formal and monotone Treatment of Pervasive Developmental Disorders Types behavioral therapy (ABA) help with communication and social skills Biological treatments Integration

Intellectual Disability

Mental retardation significantly sub-average intellectual functioning paired with deficits in adaptive functioning such as selfcare or occupational activities, appearing before age 18 Subaverage IQ (below 70) impairment of daily activity Four Levels Mild - IQ : 50- 70 Moderate - IQ: 35 - 50 Severe - IQ: 25 - 35 Profound IQ: below 25

DSM Mental Retardation Intellectual functiong significantly below average, with a measurement of approximately 70 or below an IQ test Deficits or impairments in adaptive functioning in areas such as communication, self-care, home living. Interpersonal skills, use of community resources, functional academic skills, and safety Onset before age 18 Statistics : 90% is mild , 1% is moderate, sever and profound Post natel - something 25% no known cause maybe environmental effect Causes Dominant Recessive X linked leach/? girl can have one of the X chromosomes but are only carriers, guy have hyperactivity Treatment Behavioral Therapy Communication training Down Syndrome type of mental retardation caused by a chromosomal aberration (chromosome 21) and involving characteristic physical appearance. Sometimes know as trisomy 21. Amniocentesis prenatal medical procedure that allows that detection of abnormalities (for example, down syndrome) in the developing fetus. It involves removal and analysis of amniotic fluid from the mother

Fragile X syndrome pattern of abnormality caused by a defect in the X chromosome resulting in mental retardation, learning problems, and unusual physical characteristics Cultural-familial retardation mild mental retardation that may be caused largely by environmental influences Prevention: education and social support

Cognitive Disorders Delirium rapid-onset reduced clarity of consciousness and cognition, with confusion, disorientation, and deficits in memory and language DSM Delirium Disturbance of consciousness with reduced ability to focus, sustain, or shift attention A change in cognition (such as memory deficit or disorientation) that is not accounted for by dementia The disturbance develops over a short period and fluctuates during the course of the day Evidence of a physiological basis Dementia gradual-onset deterioration of brain functioning, involving memory loss, inability to recognize objects or faces, and problems in planning and abstract reasoning, These are associated with frustration and discouragement Agnosia inability to recognize and name objects; may be a symptom of dementia or other brain disorders Facial agnosia type of agnosia characterized by a persons inability to recognize even familiar faces Alzheimers disease disease of the cerebral cortex that causes an atypical form of senile dementia, discovered in 1906 by German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer DSM Alzheimers disease Multiple cognitive deficits, including memory impairment, and at least one of the following disturbances o Aphasia o Apraxia o Agnosia o Disturbance in executive functioning (planning, sequencing) Significant impairment in functioning involving a decline from the previous level Gradual onset and continuing cognitive decline Dementia of the Alzheimers type gradual onset of cognitive deficits caused by Alzheimers disease, principally indentified by a persons inability to recall newly or previously learned material. Most common form of dementia

Vascular dementia progressive brain disorder involving loss of cognitive functioning, caused by blockage of blood flow to the brain that appears concurrently with other neurological signs and symptoms Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Disease that causes AIDS Aphasia impairment or loss of language skills resulting from brain damage caused by stroke, Alzheimers disease, or other illness or trauma Head trauma injury to the head and, therefore, to the brain, typically caused by accidents; can lead to cognitive impairments, including memory loss Parkinsons disease degeneration brain disorder principally affecting motor performance (for example, tremors and stooped posture) associated with reduction in dopamine. Dementia may be a result as well. Huntingtons disease genetic disorder marked by involuntary limb movements and progressing to dementia Picks disease rare neurological disorder that results in presenile dementia Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease extremely rare condition that causes dementia Deterministic in genetics, genes that lead to nearly a 100% chance of developing the associated disorder. These are rare in the population. Susceptibility in genetics, genes that only slightly increase the risk of developing the disorder, but in contrast to the deterministic genes, these are more common in the population Amnestic disorder deterioration in the ability to transfer information from short to long term memory, in the absence of other dementia symptoms, as a result of head trauma or drug abuse DSM Amnestic disorder Development of memory impairment such as inability to learn new information or inability to recall previously learned information

Significant impairment in functioning representing a decline form previous level Disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of delirium or dementia Evidence of a physiological basis, such as head trauma